Phosphorus Nutrition in Ruminants Grazing Tropical Rangelands

Nutritional deficiency of phosphorus (P) is a major constraint to productivity of cattle grazing many tropical rangelands with low P soils, particularly in northern Australia, South America and Africa. Cattle growth and reproductive rates may be severely reduced. Such P deficiency is usually addressed by providing supplements containing calcium phosphates. In the seasonally dry tropics such supplements are most effective when fed during the summer rainy season when the pasture quality as energy and protein are highest. Young cattle often continue to grow slowly when P deficient, but with reduced bone mineralization. Cows with normally high bone mineral reserves (from previously P-adequate diets) can mobilize bone P during late pregnancy and lactation when diet P is insufficient. This mobilization may contribute up to ca. one-third of the P requirements and allow P-deficient cows to maintain milk production and calf growth, but is associated with reduced pasture intake and severe loss of cow liveweight. Cows can replenish bone minerals when P intake exceeds immediate requirements for growth and milk. Since on large commercial farms in rangelands it is often difficult to effectively implement P supplementation of cattle during the rainy season the mobilization and replenishment of body mineral reserves are important for managing P nutrition through the annual cycle. Biochemical markers in blood are valuable for diagnosis of P deficiency in grazing cattle. In conclusion, understanding of the nutritional physiology of cattle provides opportunities to improve management of P nutrition of cattle grazing P deficient rangelands and alleviating production losses.

Download Full-text

Management of phosphorus nutrition of beef cattle grazing seasonally dry rangelands: a review

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an19344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (7) ◽

pp. 863

Author(s):

R. M. Dixon ◽

S. T. Anderson ◽

L. J. Kidd ◽

M. T. Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Cattle Grazing ◽

Early Lactation ◽

P Nutrition ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Calf Growth ◽

Soil P ◽

Seasonally Dry

This review examines the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency as a major constraint to productivity of cattle grazing rangelands with low-P soils. Nutritional deficiency of P may severely reduce liveweight (LW) gain of growing cattle (e.g. by 20–60 kg/annum) and the productivity of breeder cow herds as weaning rate, mortality and calf growth. In seasonally dry tropical environments, the production responses to supplementary P occur primarily during the rainy season when the nutritional quality of pasture as metabolisable energy (ME) and protein is high and pasture P concentration is limiting, even though the P concentrations are higher than during dry season. When ME and nitrogen of rainy-season pasture are adequate, then P-deficient cattle typically continue to gain LW slowly, but with reduced bone mineralisation (i.e. osteomalacia). In beef breeder herds when diet P is insufficient, cows with high bone P reserves can mobilise bone P reserves during late pregnancy and early lactation. Mobilisation may contribute up to the equivalent of ~7 g diet P/day (one-third of the P requirements) in early lactation, and, thus, allow acutely P-deficient breeders to maintain calf growth for at least several months until depletion of cow body P reserves. However, severe P deficiency in cattle is usually associated with reduced voluntary intake (e.g. by 20–30% per kg LW), severe LW loss and poor reconception rates. When P intake is greater than immediate requirements, breeders can replenish bone P. Replenishment in mature cows occurs slowly when ME intake is sufficient only for slow LW gain, but rapidly at ME intakes sufficient for rapid LW gain. Bone P replenishment also occurs in late-pregnant heifers even when losing maternal LW. Intervals of mobilisation and replenishment of body P reserves will often be important for P nutrition of beef breeder cows through annual cycles. Diagnosis of P deficiency in grazing cattle is difficult and must encompass estimation of both diet P intake and availability of P from body reserves. Cattle behaviour (e.g. pica, osteophagea), low soil P concentrations and low herd productivity provide valuable indicators. Some constituents of blood (plasma inorganic P, calcium, plasma inorganic P:calcium ratios and endocrine markers) are valuable indicators, but the threshold values indicative of P deficiency at various ME intakes are not well established. It is evident that knowledge of both the nutritional physiology and requirements for P provide opportunities to better manage P nutrition to alleviate production losses in low-input systems with beef cattle grazing rangelands.

Download Full-text

Blood Phosphorus Concentration as an Indicator of Phosphorus Deficiency in Growing Cattle

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019036136 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 136

Author(s):

Rob Dixon ◽

Stephen Anderson ◽

Lisa Kidd ◽

Mary Fletcher

Keyword(s):

Diet Quality ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Phosphorus Deficiency ◽

Cattle Grazing ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

Threshold Values ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Inorganic P ◽

P Concentration ◽

Young Cattle

Inadequate intakes of phosphorus (P) by cattle can cause P deficiency and severely reduce productivity. Blood inorganic P concentration (Pi) is often used as an indicator of P deficiency. Results from two experiments (E1 and E2) with young cattle grazing tropical P-deficient rainy season pastures without or with additional P, or fed in pens on higher energy pelleted diets ranging in P concentration (E3), were used to examine the relationships between Pi and liveweight (LW) gain. When Pi was >2.0 mmol/L average LW gains were 0.71, 0.85 and 1.04 kg/day in E1, E2 and E3, respectively. These differences between experiments were most likely associated with diet limitations other than P. LW gain was related curvilinearly in E1 and E2, and linearly in E3, with Pi. The Pi ranged from ca. 1.0 mmol/L through to 2.5–3.0 mmol/L in each experiment. The reductions in LW gains from the maximum at Pi > 2.0 mmol/L for several lower Pi concentrations were calculated from these relationships. At Pi = 1.0 mmol/L the LW gains were 36–60% of the maximum, at Pi = 1.5 mmol/L LW gains were 59–84% of the maximum, and at Pi = 2.0 mmol/L the LW gains were 82–98% of the maximum. The reductions in LW gain at each Pi were substantially greater for E3 than for E1 and E2. It is concluded that the Pi threshold indicative of P deficiency varies with the diet quality and that the threshold values are substantially higher with higher diet quality.

Download Full-text

Efficiency of nitrogen metabolism in beef cattle grazing pasture and supplemented with different protein levels in the rainy season

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-017-1485-3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 715-720 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Renata Pereira da Silva-Marques ◽

Joanis Tilemahos Zervoudakis ◽

Luciana Keiko Hatamoto-Zervoudakis ◽

Pedro Ivo José Lopes da Rosa e Silva ◽

Núbia Bezerra do Nascimento Matos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Nitrogen Metabolism ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Cattle Grazing ◽

Protein Levels

Download Full-text

Training of Lemuru Fish Nuggets Processing for Stunting Children’s Mothers In Pantai Labu Sub-District Deli Serdang Regency

Journal of Saintech Transfer ◽

10.32734/jst.v3i1.4205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 60-70

Author(s):

Dini Lestrina ◽

Novriani Tarigan ◽

Oslida Martony

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineralization ◽

Work Productivity ◽

Zinc Intake ◽

Average Value ◽

High Incidence ◽

Simple Processing ◽

High Bone ◽

North Sumatra ◽

Initial Knowledge ◽

And Training

Failure of stunting in children will produce human resources that cannot compete in the era of globalization, affect work productivity, increase the risk of obesity, and lead to metabolic syndrome. Indonesia has a high incidence of stunting among children under five and school children, including North Sumatra with a prevalence of 42.3%, ranked fourth in the province with a high stunting prevalence. The prevalence of stunting in children aged 5-12 years increases every year. During the growth of very high bone mineralization, low intake of protein, calcium, and zinc influences linear growth. Aged 5-12 years is an opportunity to catch up and improve height. In terms of overcoming the lack of protein, calcium, and zinc intake as well as spurring the growth of schoolchildren, it can be done by giving Lemuru fish nuggets. Fish nugget processing is a simple processing method and has a long shelf life, with storage life in the freezer was 2 weeks. From the results of conseling and training conducted an initial and final knowledge assessment, it is known that initial knowledge is still lacking with an average value of 64.69 after the activity has increased to 83.95. Participants better understand the benefits of local food such as lemuru fish to cope with the stunting situation experienced by their child.

Download Full-text

New candidate markers of phosphorus status in beef breeder cows

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an17363 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (11) ◽

pp. 2291 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. T. Anderson ◽

L. J. Kidd ◽

M. A. Benvenutti ◽

M. T. Fletcher ◽

R. M. Dixon

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentration ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Bone Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Inorganic P ◽

Simple Index ◽

P Concentration ◽

Markers Of Bone Turnover ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation ◽

Bone Mineralisation

Determining the phosphorus (P) status of cattle grazing P-deficient rangelands in northern Australia is important for improving animal production in these areas. Plasma inorganic P concentration is currently the best diagnostic marker of dietary P deficiency in growing cattle but is not suitable for assessing the P status of breeder cows, which often mobilise substantial bone and soft tissue reserves in late pregnancy and lactation. Markers of bone turnover offer potential as markers of P status in cattle, as they reflect bone mobilisation or bone formation. Recent experiments investigating the physiology of beef breeder cows during diet P deficiency have indicated that the ratio of plasma total calcium concentration to plasma inorganic P concentration might be suitable as a simple index of P deficiency. However, a more specific measure of increased bone mobilisation in P-deficient breeders is plasma concentration of C-terminal telopeptide of Type 1 collagen. Also, plasma concentration of bone alkaline phosphatase is a marker of defective bone mineralisation in dietary P deficiency. These candidate markers warrant further investigation to determine their predictive value for P deficiency in cattle.

Download Full-text

Effects of age and state of incisor dentition on the chemical composition of the skeleton of sheep grazing hill pastures

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600047109 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 83 (1) ◽

pp. 145-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. R. Sykes ◽

A. C. Field ◽

R. G. Gunn

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Cancellous Bone ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Lumbar Vertebra ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Organic Matrix ◽

Dry Period ◽

Major Nutrients ◽

Female Sheep

SUMMARYThe chemical composition of the skeleton, mandible and 4th lumbar vertebra of 59 Scottish Blackface female sheep from a ‘broken mouth’ farm was determined. There were 27 6½-year-old sheep (11 with sound mouths, 16 with broken mouths), 16 5½-year old sheep (with loose incisor teeth which at the outset of the experiment were clipped to gum level) and 16 2½-year-old sheep. Sheep from each group were slaughtered at the beginning of pregnancy and in mid-lactation and from those with broken mouths and from the 5½-year-old and 2½-year-old groups at the end of the subsequent dry period. The sheep grazed hill pastures and received an energy supplement during late pregnancy and early lactation.There were no differences between the 6½-year-old sheep with broken mouths and those with sound mouths in total skeletal mineral content or in the density of ash (ash: volume ratio) or organic matrix (organic matter: volume ratio) in the mandible and lumbar vertebra at the beginning of pregnancy or in mid-lactation. Nor were there differences in the density of ash or organic matrix between any groups, although the skeletons of the 6½-year-old sheep were larger. The lumbar vertebra, which is rich in cancellous bone, had a lower ash and organic matrix density in the 5½- and 2½-year-old sheep. It is suggested that bone mineralization may proceed slowly on such hill pastures.The rates of repletion of the skeleton during the dry period, 0·35, 0·47 and 0·66 g Ca/day, respectively, in the 6½-year-old sheep with broken mouths, 5½-year-old and 2½-year-old sheep were much slower than rates given in the literature for sheep under controlled conditions. It is suggested that factors other than the major nutrients, protein, Ca and P, may be limiting repletion of the skeleton.Recovery of the ash density of the vertebra was not complete at the end of the dry period. This was especially so in the sheep with broken mouths and resulted mainly from a failure to replace bone organic matrix.The implications for the development of broken mouth of cyclical changes in the density of cancellous bone and of evidence that the ability to maintain and to remineralize the skeleton deteriorates with increasing age, are discussed.

Download Full-text

Abnormally high bone mineralization in children with osteogenesis imperfecta is neither associated with specific collagen mutations nor with clinical severity of the disease

Bone ◽

10.1016/j.bone.2009.04.175 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. S105

Author(s):

N. Fratzl-Zelman ◽

P. Roschger ◽

B.M. Misof ◽

F. Rauch ◽

F.H. Glorieux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Osteogenesis Imperfecta ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

High Bone ◽

Severity Of The Disease

Download Full-text

Deferoxamine-induced bone changes in haemodialysis patients: A histomorphometric study

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0730227 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 227-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sam A. Charhon ◽

Pascale Chavassieux ◽

Georges Boivin ◽

May Parisien ◽

Marie-Claire Chapuy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineralization ◽

Bone Lesion ◽

Chronic Haemodialysis ◽

Serum Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Histomorphometric Study ◽

Bone Biopsies ◽

Bone Changes ◽

High Bone ◽

Tetracycline Labelling ◽

Osteoid Volume

1. The histological effects of deferoxamine therapy were assessed on transiliac bone biopsies taken after double tetracycline labelling from 16 uraemic patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis, all having aluminium deposits in bone. Eight patients had osteomalacia, five had an ‘aplastic’ bone lesion and three a high bone turnover with a marked increase in osteoid volume. 2. Deferoxamine was administered intravenously once a week at doses ranging from 1 to 6 g for a mean duration of 7.6 ± 3.3 (sd) months. 3. Deferoxamine therapy was associated with significant reductions in stainable aluminium deposits, osteoid volume, osteoid surfaces and thickness index of osteoid seams. The osteoblastic osteoid surfaces as well as the bone formation rates also increased significantly. 4. A rise in resorption parameters and in serum parathyroid hormone levels was observed in patients with osteomalacia. The percentage reductions in stainable aluminium and in osteoid volume were correlated with the degree of hyperparathyroidism. 5. These data show that deferoxamine therapy reduces stainable bone aluminium and improves bone mineralization in low turnover osteomalacia and that the presence of hyperparathyroidism is associated with an increased response to deferoxamine therapy.

Download Full-text

Role of Silicon in Mediating Phosphorus Imbalance in Plants

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10010051 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

An Yong Hu ◽

Shu Nan Xu ◽

Dong Ni Qin ◽

Wen Li ◽

Xue Qiang Zhao

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

P Uptake ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Schematic Model ◽

P Nutrition ◽

Greenhouse Production ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Soil P ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

The soil bioavailability of phosphorus (P) is often low because of its poor solubility, strong sorption and slow diffusion in most soils; however, stress due to excess soil P can occur in greenhouse production systems subjected to high levels of P fertilizer. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that can alleviate multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. Although numerous studies have investigated the effects of Si on P nutrition, a comprehensive review has not been published. Accordingly, here we review: (1) the Si uptake, transport and accumulation in various plant species; (2) the roles of phosphate transporters in P acquisition, mobilization, re-utilization and homeostasis; (3) the beneficial role of Si in improving P nutrition under P deficiency; and (4) the regulatory function of Si in decreasing P uptake under excess P. The results of the reviewed studies suggest the important role of Si in mediating P imbalance in plants. We also present a schematic model to explain underlying mechanisms responsible for the beneficial impact of Si on plant adaption to P-imbalance stress. Finally, we highlight the importance of future investigations aimed at revealing the role of Si in regulating P imbalance in plants, both at deeper molecular and broader field levels.

Download Full-text