scholarly journals Determination of the Thermally Comfortable Air Temperature with Consideration of Individual Clothing and Activity as Preparation for a New Smart Home Heating System

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (19) ◽  
pp. 1224
Author(s):  
Alexander Peikos ◽  
Carole Binsfeld
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Home Heating ◽  
Extensive Evaluation

The aim of this paper is to determine a thermally comfortable air temperature in an automated living room. This calculated temperature should serve as input for a user-specific and dynamic heating control in an automated living space. In addition to the usual physical factors (air temperature, humidity, air velocity and radiation temperature), individual clothing and activity should be taken into account. The calculation of such a temperature is based on different methods and indices which are usually used for the evaluation of the thermal comfort. The thermal insulation of the worn clothing is determined by 3 different methods. These is a radio frequency identification system, a thermal imaging camera system and a theoretical calculation of the clothing likely to be worn based on temperature data. The activity performed is only taken into account indirectly through the generated heart rate. All these methods are ultimately very well suited for use in temperature regulation in an automated home, but require further research and extensive evaluation.

scholarly journals A method for estimating scheduled and manual override heating behaviour and settings from measurements in low energy UK homes

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adorkor Bruce-Konuah ◽  
Rory V. Jones ◽  
Alba Fuertes
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Heating Duration

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for estimating scheduled and manual override heating events and heating settings from indoor air temperature and gas use measurements in UK homes.Design/methodology/approachLiving room air temperature and gas use data were measured in ten UK homes built to low energy standards. The temperature measurements are used to establish whether the central heating system is turned on or off and to estimate the heating setpoint used. The estimated heating periods are verified using the homes' average daily gas consumption profiles.FindingsUsing this method, the average number of heating periods per day was 2.2 (SD = 0.8) on weekdays and 2.7 (SD = 0.5) on weekends. The weekday mean heating duration was 8.8 h and for weekends, it was 9.8 h. Manual overrides of the settings occurred in all the dwellings and added an average of 2.4 h and 1.5 h to the heating duration on weekdays and weekends respectively. The mean estimated setpoint temperatures were 21.2 and 21.4°C on weekdays and weekends respectively.Research limitations/implicationsManual overrides of heating behaviours have only previously been assessed by questionnaire survey. This paper demonstrates an alternative method to identifying these manual override events and responds to a key gap in the current body of research that little is currently reported on the frequency and duration of manual heating overrides in UK homes.Practical implicationsThe results could be used to better inform the assumptions of space heating behaviour used in energy models in order to more accurately predict the space heating energy demands of dwellings.Originality/valueManual overrides of heating behaviours have only previously been assessed by questionnaire survey. This paper demonstrates an alternative method to identifying these manual override events and responds to a key gap in the current body of research that little is currently reported on the frequency and duration of manual heating overrides in UK homes.

Thermal Comfort Evaluation with Fireplace in Occupied Space

2013 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslav Ponechal ◽  
Silvia Baďurová
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Comfort Levels ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Thermal Climate ◽  
The Mean

The solid fuel heaters are popular in Slovakia again, where about 50% of new freestanding homes have one. The classic fireplace, with a blazing fire open to the room as traditional symbol of comfort and security becomes with better building thermal insulation a primary rather than an occasional indulgence heat source. This paper reports the results of field measurement and simulation investigating the thermal comfort criteria in occupied space with fireplace heating system. The field study was performed in a small furnished living-room. The indoor surface temperatures were captured with infrared camera and the mean radiant temperatures were calculated by the ESP-r simulation tool. Thermal comfort prediction maps (PPD and PMV index) are presented to describe range of occupant comfort levels with mean air temperature, air velocity and clothing level variations. It was found that this system provide full area improved thermal climate only with high air temperature level. The study was limited to the case with no vertical air temperature distribution.

ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT WINTER THERMAL DESCRIPTION OF RESIDENTIAL ROOMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2505-2510
Author(s):  
Shaqir Elezaj
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Work Space ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Heating Surfaces ◽  
The Stability

In the cold period of the year, the fences protect the living space from outside temperatures and wind, and the heating system allows the maintenance of a certain temperature. The stability of the temperate regime of housing or work space is in correlation with the existence of cold surfaces of outside fences and heating surfaces of the heating system. Cold and hot surfaces bind convective air currents and appear as sources of "positive” and “negative" radiation fluctuations, which are all the more intense - if there are major temperature differences. The outside air temperature is constantly changing. As a consequence, the temperature of the walls of the living or working space changes. The highest temperature differences occur in the peaks of rough winters. If the outside fences and the heating system allow the comfort conditions to be met within the living and working space, especially in the case of raw winters, it is possible to fill the required comfort throughout the winter. Infiltration of cold masses of the air, heat loss by radiation, or vice versa, in proportion to the increase in heat allocation, in people living inside the living or working space, create an unfavorable feeling of cold or increased heat. Such shades not only cause the feeling of a confrontation of life or work, but can also lead to various illnesses.

scholarly journals Energy Saving and Charging Discharging Characteristics of Multiple PCMs Subjected to Internal Air Flow

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Ahmed J. Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Air Heating ◽  
Room Model ◽  
Model Temperature

One essential utilization of phase change materials as energy storage materials is energy saving and temperature control in air conditioning and indirect solar air drying systems. This study presents an experimental investigation evaluating the characteristics and energy savings of multiple phase change materials subjected to internal flow in an air heating system during charging and discharging cycles. The experimental tests were conducted using a test rig consisting of two main parts, an air supply duct and a room model equipped with phase change materials (PCMs) placed in rectangular aluminum panels. Analysis of the results was based on three test cases: PCM1 (Paraffin wax) placed in the air duct was used alone in the first case; PCM2 (RT–42) placed in the room model was used alone in the second case; and in the third case, the two PCMs (PCM1 and PCM2) were used at the same time. The results revealed a significant improvement in the energy savings and room model temperature control for the air heating system incorporated with multiple PCMs compared with that of a single PCM. Complete melting during the charging cycle occurred at temperatures in the range of 57–60 °C for PCM1 and 38–43 °C for PCM2, respectively, thereby validating the reported PCMs’ melting–solidification results. Multiple PCMs maintained the room air temperature at the desired range of 35–45.2 °C in the air heating applications by minimizing the air temperature fluctuations. The augmentation in discharging time and improvement in the room model temperature using multiple PCMs were about 28.4% higher than those without the use of PCMs. The total energy saving using two PCMs was higher by about 29.5% and 46.7% compared with the use of PCM1 and PCM2, respectively. It can be concluded that multiple PCMs have revealed higher energy savings and thermal stability for the air heating system considered in the current study.

Super lightweight mobile RFID authentication protocol for bit replacement operation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yubao Hou ◽  
Hua Liang ◽  
Juan liu
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Authentication Protocol ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Rfid Systems ◽  
Rfid System ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
Replacement Operation ◽  
Mobile Rfid

In the traditional RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) system, a secure wired channel communication is used between the reader and the server. The newly produced mobile RFID system is different from the traditional RFID system, the communication between the reader and the server is based on a wireless channel, and the authentication protocol is suitable for traditional RFID systems, but it cannot be used in mobile RFID systems. To solve this problem, a mutual authentication protocol MSB (Most Significant Bit) for super lightweight mobile radio frequency identification system is proposed based on bit replacement operation. MSB is a bitwise operation to encrypt information and reduce the computational load of communication entities. Label, readers, and servers authenticate first and then communicate, MSB may be used to resistant to common attacks. The security analysis of the protocol shows that the protocol has high security properties, the performance analysis of the protocol shows that the protocol has the characteristics of low computational complexity, the formal analysis of the protocol based on GNY logic Gong et al. (1990) provides a rigorous reasoning proof process for the protocol.

scholarly journals A Physical Layer Security Enhancement Scheme under the Ambient Backscatter System

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Pengfei Hou ◽  
Jianping Gong ◽  
Jumin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Physical Layer Security ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Artificial Noise ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Secrecy Rate ◽  
Channel Quality ◽  
Backscatter Communication ◽  
Ambient Backscatter

In this paper, we proposed a scheme that Injects artificial noise from the tag end (IANT) to enhance the physical layer security of the ambient backscatter communication (ABC) system. The difference between the ABC system and the traditional radio frequency identification system is whether it uses the radio frequency (RF) signals in the environment to supply energy and modulation information for passive tags. In the IANT scheme, we select the best tag to communicate with the reader according to the channel quality between tags and reader, and at the same time select another tag to generate artificial noise that affects the receiving effect of the eavesdropper. This paper uses the method of generating noise copies in the reader to reduce the interference of artificial noise on the signal received by the reader. The simulation results show that with the increase in channel quality between tags and reader and the increase in the number of tags, the proposed IANT scheme is significantly superior to the contrast scheme in terms of system achievable secrecy rate, effectively enhancing the physical layer security of the ABC system.

Cascade control of «smart home» heating

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Sergey Polyakov ◽  
V. Akimov ◽  
A. Polukazakov
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Cascade Control ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Home Heating ◽  
Input Signals ◽  
Selection Of

The article discusses the issues of implementing the conversion of input signals of «smart» sensors for automation of the heating system, an algorithm for calculating the parameters of measuring circuits with a nonlinear element and an operational amplifier is developed. The issues of modeling cascade control of residential building heating systems are investigated. The results of the analysis and selection of parameters of the cascade control system are presented. An algorithm implementing the operation of a virtual object is given. The structures of management of residential building objects are proposed. The method of calculating the adjustment of the controller for cascade control is given. For the heating system stand, the procedure for setting the parameters of the process of PID control of the coolant temperature is considered. The results confirming the achievability of the proposed structural changes are obtained. The results of experimental studies are presented.

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