scholarly journals Recycling of Aseptic Beverage Cartons: A Review

Recycling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Gordon Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Multilayer Structure ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Lignocellulosic Wastes ◽  
Paper Fibers

Aseptic beverage cartons are multilayer polymer-coated paperboards with a layer of aluminum foil. Due to their multilayer structure it is commonly assumed that they cannot be recycled. This is not the case and this review details the multifarious processes that are used to recycle aseptic beverage cartons. Hydrapulping to recover the paper fibers that constitute 75% of the carton is the most widespread process, followed by the manufacture of construction materials such as boards and tiles which utilize the complete carton. A range of mechanical, chemical and thermal processes are used to separate the PolyAl (polyethylene and aluminum) residual that remains after the paper fibers have been recovered. The simplest process involves agglutination followed by extrusion to obtain pellets that can then be used in industrial and consumer products or combined with other materials such as lignocellulosic wastes. Chemical approaches involve the solubilization of polyethylene and the removal of aluminum. Various thermal processes have also been investigated and a novel microwave-induced pyrolysis process appears the most commercially viable. It is concluded that the focus in future years is likely to be on recycling cartons into construction materials where there is a theoretical yield of 100% compared with 75% for hydrapulping.

Recovery of Paper Fibers From TetraPak® Packaging: Material and Energetic Valorization of the Remaining Fraction

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Castro ◽  
Cândida Vilarinho ◽  
Jorge Araújo ◽  
Joana Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Reactor ◽  
Anoxic Environment ◽  
Paper Fibers ◽  
Alternative Routes

In this study, a methodology was developed for the treatment/valorization of all the constituent fractions of TetraPak ®, proposing pyrolysis technology for the recycling of plastic and aluminum fraction, resulting in the recovery process of the paper fibers. In percentage these three elements are distributed approximately as follows: 70% of cardboard (kraft paper), 25% of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and 5% of aluminum foil [1, 2, 3, 4]. It was developed an integrated and innovative methodology that starts with the recovery of the paper fibers, which must reintegrate the production cycle of the packaging company. Followed by the valorization of the remaining fraction, this fraction consists in plastic and aluminum, and is valorized through a pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis process is an irreversible chemical modification of compounds by the action of heat and in the absence of oxygen. This technology are used for energy recovery, which causes thermal degradation of the compounds in anoxic environment, and is therefore considered an environmentally friendly technology and it is considered one of the alternative routes for treatment of waste TetraPak ® packaging [4]. The pyrolysis tests were carried out in laboratory reactor at different temperatures (between 300 and 500°C). At the end of this process the aluminum was recovered and it was produced a synthesis gas with added value. This produced gas was constituted by CO, H2, CO2 e CH4 with maximum values recorded of 5000, 3200 e 7.5 ppm e 40%, respectively. The laboratory test were confirmed by the analysis of the thermal behavior by DTA/TGA and it was confirmed that the temperature of 500°C is the most indicated for energetic valorization of the aluminum, paper and plastic fraction.

scholarly journals New Look on Antifungal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-525
Author(s):  
BARBARA ŻAROWSKA ◽  
TOMASZ KOŹLECKI ◽  
MICHAŁ PIEGZA ◽  
KATARZYNA JAROS-KOŹLECKA ◽  
MAŁGORZATA ROBAK
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
First Time ◽  
Water Filters

The progress of research on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has led to their inclusion in many consumer products (chemicals, cosmetics, clothing, water filters, and medical devices) as a biocide. Despite the widespread use of AgNPs, their biocidal activity is not yet fully understood and is usually associated with various factors (size, composition, surface, red-ox potential, and concentration) and, obviously, specific features of microorganisms. There are merely a few studies concerning the interaction of molds with AgNPs. Therefore, the determination of the minimal AgNPs concentration required for effective growth suppression of five fungal species (Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium pinophilum, Chaetomium globosum, Trichoderma virens, and Aspergillus brasiliensis), involved in the deterioration of construction materials, was particularly important. Inhibition of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) and yeasts (Candida albicans and Yarrowia lipolytica) was also assessed as the control of AgNPs effectiveness. AgNPs at the concentrations of 9–10.7 ppm displayed high inhibitory activity against moulds, yeast, and bacteria. The TEM images revealed that 20 nm AgNPs migrated into bacterial, yeast, and fungal cells but aggregated in larger particles (50–100 nm) exclusively inside eukaryotic cells. The aggregation of 20 nm AgNPs and particularly their accumulation in the cell wall, observed for A. brasiliensis cells, are described here for the first time.

Nanocomposites of Hydrophobized Cellulose Nanocrystals and Polypropylene

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 659-665
Author(s):  
Blake R. Teipel ◽  
Ryan J. Vano ◽  
Bryan S. Zahner ◽  
Elisa M. Teipel ◽  
I-Cheng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Competitive Systems ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties ◽  
Robust Integration

ABSTRACTCellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are high-strength sustainable nanomaterials, the incorporation of which to a host polymer matrix can potentially lead to nanocomposites with superior mechanical properties. However, the mismatch in surface energy of CNCs and common structural polymers is a challenge that needs to be overcome to prevent the aggregation of CNCs and ensure the robust integration of CNCs into a polymer matrix. Herein, we report an approach involving the functionalization of CNCs with maleated-anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) through diethylenetriamine (DETA) linkers to significantly enhance the compatibility between CNCs and polypropylene. Polypropylene/modified CNC nanocomposites displayed 74% and 76% increase in elastic modulus in comparison to neat polypropylene and polypropylene/untreated CNC nanocomposites, respectively. The tensile strength was also higher for nanocomposites with modified CNC than neat polypropylene, as well as nanocomposites with untreated CNCs. The tensile strength at 5.5% strain of polypropylene/modified CNC nanocomposites was 32% and 28% larger that of polypropylene and polypropylene/untreated CNC nanocomposites, respectively. Finally, such CNC-based nanocomposites have a lower density than many competitive systems resulting in opportunities to propagate this environmentally-responsible technology to nanocomposites used in additive manufacturing, automotive applications, construction materials and consumer products.

scholarly journals КОНСТРУКТИВНО-ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МЕТАЛЕВИХ ЛОПАТЕЙ НЕСУЧОГО І РУЛЬОВОГО ГВИНТІВ ВЕРТОЛЬОТА

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-51
Author(s):  
А. Г. Гребеников ◽  
И. А. Воронько ◽  
Ю. В. Дьяченко ◽  
В. В. Коллеров ◽  
И. В. Малков ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Parametric Modeling ◽  
Honeycomb Core ◽  
Surface Strengthening ◽  
Aluminum Honeycomb ◽  
Blade Tip

Analysis of the foreign and domestic work experience, manufacturing and operation of the helicopters with metal blades of the main (MR) and tail (TR) rotors is performed. General requirements for the helicopter MR and TR blades design are formulated. Structural arrangement of the helicopter MR metal blade is reviewed, features of the construction materials for the metal blades are noted. Features of the MR and TR metal blades design with the pressed spar and aluminum honeycomb core are given. Parametric modeling technique of the helicopter MR metal blade is presented. The manufacturing rout technology and the method of the surface strengthening of the metal blade tip are presented. The scheme and the manufacturing rout technology of the pressed aluminum spar are given; the geometrical twist features, the surface strengthening and the assembling of the spar with the blade tip are re- viewed. The features of the electric-heating patch bonding on the spar leading edge are shown. Following technological steps of the blade metal rear area manufacturing are reviewed: the rolled aluminum foil degreasing; the aluminum honeycomb structures manufacturing; the aluminum honeycomb core butt milling. The features of the blade rear area assembling and metal blade assembling by bonding in the jig are presented; the content of works outside of the jig for metal blade of the helicopter main rotor is given.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers cause oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 703-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukiko Kawashiro ◽  
Hideki Fukata ◽  
Koji Sato ◽  
Hiroyuki Aburatani ◽  
Hidetaka Takigami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Human Umbilical Vein ◽  
Commercial Mixture ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants to prevent combustion in consumer products, such as electronics, construction materials, and textiles and, therefore, have become important commercial substances. PBDEs were also detected in maternal blood, breast milk, umbilical cord blood, and cord tissue, thereby indicating that fetuses were also exposed to PBDEs. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of PBDEs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cultured HUVECs were exposed to a commercial mixture of penta-BDE (DE71), octa-BDE (DE79), and deca-BDE (DE83). Each gene expression that was altered in DNA microarray was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. The results indicated that gene expressions concerning antioxidant system, i.e., thioredoxin family, 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24), and tumor suppressor protein p53, were altered by PBDEs exposure in HUVECs. Moreover, it was demonstrated that thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) was a target gene in exposure to DE71 and DE79 in HUVECs, by drastically decreasing time-dependent TXNIP expression in HUVECs.

Ultrastructural changes in murine lymphoma cells exposed to ultraviolet-A radiation

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 104-105
Author(s):  
Delma P. Thomas ◽  
Dianne E. Godar
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ultraviolet A ◽  
Uv Spectrum ◽  
Lymphoma Cells ◽  
Murine Lymphoma ◽  
Transmission Electron

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from all three waveband regions of the UV spectrum, UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVC (200-290 nm), can be emitted by some medical devices and consumer products. Sunlamps can expose the blood to a considerable amount of UVR, particularly UVA and/or UVB. The percent transmission of each waveband through the epidermis to the dermis, which contains blood, increases in the order of increasing wavelength: UVC (10%) < UVB (20%) < UVA (30%). To investigate the effects of UVR on white blood cells, we chose transmission electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure changes in L5178Y-R murine lymphoma cells.

Beliefs about bilingual labels on consumer products

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Lim ◽  
Michael S. Wogalter
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Products

Corrosion monitoring and root cause identification in high solids concentrators

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 467-477
Author(s):  
PASI NIEMELAINEN ◽  
MARTTI PULLIAINEN ◽  
JARMO KAHALA ◽  
SAMPO LUUKKAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Passive Area

Black liquor high solids (about 80%) concentrators have often been found to suffer from aggressive corrosion. In particular, the first and second effect bodies are susceptible to corrosion attacks resulting in tube leaks and wall thinning, which limit the availability and lifetime of evaporator lines. Corrosion dynamics and construction materials have been studied extensively within the pulp and paper industry to understand the corrosion process. However, it has been challenging to identify root causes for corrosion, which has limited proactive measures to minimize corrosion damage. Corrosion of the first phase concentrator was studied by defining the potential regions for passive area, stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, and general corrosion. This was achieved by using a technique called polarization scan that reveals ranges for the passive area in which the equipment is naturally protected against corrosion. The open circuit potential, also known as corrosion potential, and linear polarization resistance of the metal were monitored online, which allowed for definition of corrosion risks for stainless steel 304L and duplex stainless steels 2205 and SAF 2906. An online temperature measurement added insight to the analysis. A process diagnostics tool was used to identify root causes of the corrosion attacks. Many of the root causes were related to process conditions triggering corrosion. Once the metal surface was activated, it was difficult to repassivate the metal naturally unless a sufficient potential range was reached.

Contrasting underlying mechanisms of different barrier coating types

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Bryan McCulloch ◽  
John Roper ◽  
Kaitlin Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
Barrier Coatings ◽  
Barrier Materials ◽  
Barrier Coating ◽  
Coating Type ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Barrier coatings are used in applications including food packaging, dry goods, and consumer products to prevent transport of different compounds either through or into paper and paperboard substrates. These coatings are useful in packaging to contain active ingredients, such as fragrances, or to protect contents from detrimental substances, such as oxygen, water, grease, or other chemicals of concern. They also are used to prevent visual changes or mechanical degradation that might occur if the paper becomes saturated. The performance and underlying mechanism depends on the barrier coating type and, in particular, on whether the barrier coating is designed to prevent diffusive or capillary transport. Estimates on the basis of fundamental transport phenomena and data from a broad screening of different barrier materials can be used to understand the limits of various approaches to construct barrier coatings. These estimates also can be used to create basic design rules for general classes of barrier coatings.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document