Hydrometallurgical Process to Recover Cobalt from Spent Li-Ion Batteries

The growth of the lithium-ion battery industry requires a secure supply of raw materials and appropriate end-of-life management of batteries. In almost five years, global cobalt consumption has increased by nearly 30%, driven mainly by rechargeable batteries. Consequently, several risks have been identified for cobalt, in particular the growing demand for electric vehicles, which could exceed current production. Therefore, research into the recovery of this critical metal, from industrial or urban waste, is particularly important in the years to come. In this study, cobalt is recovered from a lithium-ion battery leachate in hydroxide form. The thermodynamic simulations performed with Visual Minteq showed that it was possible to recover 99.8% of cobalt (II) hydroxide at 25 °C. Based on these results, experiments were conducted to validate the hypotheses put forward and to compare the results obtained with the simulations performed. Experimentally, several operating parameters were studied to determine the optimal conditions for cobalt recovery, in terms of yield, filterability, and selectivity. Results obtained in a batch reactor allowed the determination of the temperature conditions to be applied in continuous reactor. The cobalt (II) hydroxide precipitation in continuous reactor was carried out under different pH conditions. It was then possible to determine the optimal conditions for cobalt recovery in terms of yield and filterability. Results showed that working at pH 9 would effectively meet the desired criteria. Indeed, cobalt recovery is close to 100% and filtration flow rate is three times higher. Results obtained allow a better understanding of cobalt (II) hydroxide precipitation.

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Overview of lithium ion battery raw materials

Commodities at a Glance ◽

10.18356/1dcc6d50-en ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 5-13

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lithium Ion

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Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Praseodymium Doped SnO2 Particles as Negative Electrode Material of Lithium-Ion Battery

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.370 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 492 ◽

pp. 370-374

Author(s):

Xiao Zhen Liu ◽

Guang Jian Lu ◽

Xiao Zhou Liu ◽

Jie Chen ◽

Han Zhang Xiao

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Electrode Material ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Negative Electrode ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Reversible Capacity ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Coprecipitation Method ◽

Negative Electrode Material

Pr doped SnO2 particles as negative electrode material of lithium-ion battery are synthesized by the coprecipitation method with SnCl4·5H2O and Pr2O3 as raw materials. The structure of the SnO2 particles and Pr doped SnO2 particles are investigated respectively by XRD analysis. Doping is achieved well by coprecipitation method and is recognized as replacement doping or caulking doping. Electrochemical properties of the SnO2 particles and Pr doped SnO2 particles are tested by charge-discharge and cycle voltammogram experimentation, respectively. The initial specific discharge capacity of Pr doped SnO2 the negative electrode materials is 676.3mAh/g. After 20 cycles, the capacity retention ratio is 90.5%. The reversible capacity of Pr doped SnO2 negative electrode material higher than the reversible capacity of SnO2 negative electrode material. Pr doped SnO2 particles has good lithiumion intercalation/deintercalation performance.

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A review on synthesis and engineering of crystal precursors produced via coprecipitation for multicomponent lithium-ion battery cathode materials

CrystEngComm ◽

10.1039/c9ce00679f ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 1514-1530 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hongxu Dong ◽

Gary M. Koenig

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Cathode Materials ◽

High Performance ◽

Active Material ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Materials Synthesis ◽

Precise Control

Interest in developing high performance lithium-ion rechargeable batteries has motivated research in precise control over the composition, phase, and morphology during materials synthesis of battery active material particles.

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A stable high-voltage lithium-ion battery realized by an in-built water scavenger

Energy & Environmental Science ◽

10.1039/d0ee00060d ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1197-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Zhi Chang ◽

Yu Qiao ◽

Han Deng ◽

Huijun Yang ◽

Ping He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

High Voltage ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Simple Metal ◽

Lithium Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Organic Framework

A simple metal–organic framework (MOF) based in-built water scavenger can efficiently eliminate various hazards induced by water in lithium rechargeable batteries.

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An Overview of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2011.1363 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1363 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yixu Wang ◽

Hsiao-Ying Shadow Huang

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Cathode Materials ◽

Lithium Iron Phosphate ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Iron Phosphate ◽

High Energy ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Energy Storage Devices

ABSTRACTThe need for the development and deployment of reliable and efficient energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, is becoming increasingly important due to the scarcity of petroleum. In this work, we provide an overview of commercially available cathode materials for Li-ion rechargeable batteries and focus on characteristics that give rise to optimal energy storage systems for future transportation modes. The study shows that the development of lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries promises an alternative to conventional lithiumion batteries, with their potential for high energy capacity and power density, improved safety, and reduced cost. This work contributes to the fundamental knowledge of lithium-ion battery cathode materials and helps with the design of better rechargeable batteries, and thus leads to economic and environmental benefits.

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Cobalt recovery from the stripping solution of spent lithium-ion battery by a three-dimensional microbial fuel cell

Separation and Purification Technology ◽

10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 215 ◽

pp. 51-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Tao Huang ◽

Dongping Song ◽

Longfei Liu ◽

Shuwen Zhang

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Microbial Fuel Cell ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Cobalt Recovery

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Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology ◽

10.3762/bjnano.12.75 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 995-1020

Author(s):

Marina Tabuyo-Martínez ◽

Bernd Wicklein ◽

Pilar Aranda

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Storage Device ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Shuttle Effect ◽

Battery Technology

Rechargeable batteries are a major element in the transition to renewable energie systems, but the current lithium-ion battery technology may face limitations in the future concerning the availability of raw materials and socio-economic insecurities. Sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries are a promising alternative energy storage device for small- to large-scale applications driven by more favorable environmental and economic perspectives. However, scientific and technological problems are still hindering a commercial breakthrough of these batteries. This review discusses strategies to remedy some of the current drawbacks such as the polysulfide shuttle effect, catastrophic volume expansion, Na dendrite growth, and slow reaction kinetics by nanostructuring both the sulfur cathode and the Na anode. Moreover, a survey of recent patents on room temperature (RT) Na–S batteries revealed that nanostructured sulfur and sodium electrodes are still in the minority, which suggests that much investigation and innovation is needed until RT Na–S batteries can be commercialized.

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Battery Remaining Useful Life Prediction with Inheritance Particle Filtering

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12142784 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 2784 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lin Li ◽

Alfredo Alan Flores Saldivar ◽

Yun Bai ◽

Yun Li

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Particle Filtering ◽

Health Management ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Rechargeable Batteries ◽

Remaining Useful Life ◽

Tuning Parameters ◽

Degradation Data ◽

Capacity Degradation ◽

Useful Life

Accurately forecasting a battery’s remaining useful life (RUL) plays an important role in the prognostics and health management of rechargeable batteries. An effective forecast is reported using a particle filter (PF), but it currently suffers from particle degeneracy and impoverishment deficiencies in RUL evaluations. In this paper, an inheritance PF is developed to predict lithium-ion battery RUL for the first time. A battery degradation model is first mapped onto a PF problem using the genetic algorithm (GA) framework. Then, a Lamarckian inheritance operator is designed to improve the light-weight particles by heavy-weight ones and thus to tackle particle degeneracy. In addition, the inheritance mechanism retains certain existing information to tackle particle impoverishment. The performance of the inheritance PF is compared with an elitism GA-based PF. The former has fewer tuning parameters than the latter and is less sensitive to tuning parameters. Both PFs are applied to the prediction of lithium-ion battery RUL, which is validated using capacity degradation data from the NASA Ames Research Center. The experimental results show that the inheritance PF method offers improved RUL prediction and wider applications. Further improvement is obtained with one-step ahead prediction when the charging and discharging cycles move along.

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