scholarly journals LoRaFarM: A LoRaWAN-Based Smart Farming Modular IoT Architecture

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia Codeluppi ◽  
Antonio Cilfone ◽  
Luca Davoli ◽  
Gianluigi Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Iot Platform ◽  
Smart Farming ◽  
High Level

Presently, the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT)-related technologies in the Smart Farming domain is rapidly emerging. The ultimate goal is to collect, monitor, and effectively employ relevant data for agricultural processes, with the purpose of achieving an optimized and more environmentally sustainable agriculture. In this paper, a low-cost, modular, and Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN)-based IoT platform, denoted as “LoRaWAN-based Smart Farming Modular IoT Architecture” (LoRaFarM), and aimed at improving the management of generic farms in a highly customizable way, is presented. The platform, built around a core middleware, is easily extensible with ad-hoc low-level modules (feeding the middleware with data coming from the sensors deployed in the farm) or high-level modules (providing advanced functionalities to the farmer). The proposed platform has been evaluated in a real farm in Italy, collecting environmental data (air/soil temperature and humidity) related to the growth of farm products (namely grapes and greenhouse vegetables) over a period of three months. A web-based visualization tool for the collected data is also presented, to validate the LoRaFarM architecture.

scholarly journals Analysis of Web-Based IoT through Heterogeneous Networks: Swarm Computing over LoRaWAN

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Samira Afzal ◽  
Laisa C. C. De Biase ◽  
Geovane Fedrecheski ◽  
William T. Pereira ◽  
Marcelo K. Zuffo
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Binary Object ◽  
The Impact

The Internet of Things (IoT) leverages added valued services by the wide spread of connected smart devices. The Swarm Computing paradigm considers a single abstraction layer that connects all kinds of devices globally, from sensors to super computers. In this context, the Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) emerges, spreading out connection to the IoT end devices. With the upsides of long-range, low power and low cost, LPWAN presents major limitations regarding data transmission capacity, throughput, supported packet length and quantity per day limitation. This situation makes LPWAN systems with limited interoperability integrate with systems based on REpresentational State Transfer (REST). This work investigates how to connect web-based IoT applications with LPWANs. The analysis was carried out studying the number of packets generated for a use case of REST-based IoT over LPWAN, specifically the Swarm OS over LoRaWAN. The work also presents an analysis of the impact of using promising schemes for lower communication load. We evaluated Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) to make transmission over the restricted links of LPWANs possible. The attained results show the reduction of 98.18% packet sizes while using SCHC and CBOR compared to HTTP and JSON by sending fewer packets with smaller sizes.

scholarly journals Smart Monitoring and Controlling of Appliances Using LoRa Based IoT System

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Nur-A-Alam ◽  
Mominul Ahsan ◽  
Md. Abdul Based ◽  
Julfikar Haider ◽  
Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
At Home

In the era of Industry 4.0, remote monitoring and controlling appliance/equipment at home, institute, or industry from a long distance with low power consumption remains challenging. At present, some smart phones are being actively used to control appliances at home or institute using Internet of Things (IoT) systems. This paper presents a novel smart automation system using long range (LoRa) technology. The proposed LoRa based system consists of wireless communication system and different types of sensors, operated by a smart phone application and powered by a low-power battery, with an operating range of 3–12 km distance. The system established a connection between an android phone and a microprocessor (ESP32) through Wi-Fi at the sender end. The ESP32 module was connected to a LoRa module. At the receiver end, an ESP32 module and LoRa module without Wi-Fi was employed. Wide Area Network (WAN) communication protocol was used on the LoRa module to provide switching functionality of the targeted area. The performance of the system was evaluated by three real-life case studies through measuring environmental temperature and humidity, detecting fire, and controlling the switching functionality of appliances. Obtaining correct environmental data, fire detection with 90% accuracy, and switching functionality with 92.33% accuracy at a distance up to 12 km demonstrated the high performance of the system. The proposed smart system with modular design proved to be highly effective in controlling and monitoring home appliances from a longer distance with relatively lower power consumption.

scholarly journals LPWAN-Based Vehicular Monitoring Platform with a Generic IP Network Interface

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Santa ◽  
Ramon Sanchez-Iborra ◽  
Pablo Rodriguez-Rey ◽  
Luis Bernal-Escobedo ◽  
Antonio Skarmeta
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Traffic Monitoring ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Network Interface ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Compression Scheme ◽  
Campus Environment ◽  
Transmission Distance ◽  
Monitoring Platform

Remote vehicle monitoring is a field that has recently attracted the attention of both academia and industry. With the dawn of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, the possibilities for performing this task have multiplied, due to the emergence of low-cost and multi-purpose monitoring devices and the evolution of wireless transmission technologies. Low Power-Wide Area Network (LPWAN) encompasses a set of IoT communication technologies that are gaining momentum, due to their highly valued features regarding transmission distance and end-device energy consumption. For that reason, in this work we present a vehicular monitoring platform enabled by LPWAN-based technology, namely Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). Concretely, we explore the end-to-end architecture considering vehicle data retrieving by using an On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) interface, their compression with a novel IETF compression scheme in order to transmit them over the constrained LoRaWAN link, and information visualization through a data server hosted in the cloud, by means of a web-based dashboard. A key advance of the proposal is the design and development of a UNIX-based network interface for LPWAN communications. The whole system has been tested in a university campus environment, showing its capabilities to remotely track vehicle status in real-time. The conducted performance evaluation also shows high levels of reliability in the transmission link, with packet delivery ratios over 95%. The platform boosts the process of monitoring vehicles, enabling a variety of services such as mechanical failure prediction and detection, fleet management, and traffic monitoring, and is extensible to light vehicles with severe power constraints.

scholarly journals Low Cost Circularly Polarized Antenna for IoT Space Applications

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1564
Author(s):  
Le Huy Trinh ◽  
Nguyen Vu Truong ◽  
Fabien Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Circular Polarization ◽  
Radiation Pattern ◽  
Insertion Loss ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Circularly Polarized ◽  
Compact Size

This work presents the use of a three-element radiating structure for circularly polarized Low-Power Wide Area Network (LP-WAN) communication with space. The proposed structure has a 72 mm × 72 mm × 12 mm compact size with Right-Handed Circular Polarization (RHCP) and a 120∘ wide beamwidth radiation pattern. Printed on low-cost FR4 Epoxy substrate, a feeding network circuit based on Quasi Lumped Quadrature Coupler (QLQC), it achieves a −0.6 dB insertion loss and a very compact size. The final structure has a 69% total efficiency and a 3.14 dBic realized gain.

scholarly journals LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4273
Author(s):  
Jeferson Rodrigues Cotrim ◽  
João Henrique Kleinschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Coverage Area

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) led to the deployment of many applications that use wireless networks, like smart cities and smart agriculture. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) meet many requirements of IoT, such as energy efficiency, low cost, large coverage area, and large-scale deployment. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) networks are one of the most studied and implemented LPWAN technologies, due to the facility to build private networks with an open standard. Typical LoRaWAN networks are single-hop in a star topology, composed of end-devices that transmit data directly to gateways. Recently, several studies proposed multihop LoRaWAN networks, thus forming wireless mesh networks. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art multihop proposals for LoRaWAN. In addition, we carried out a comparative analysis and classification, considering technical characteristics, intermediate devices function, and network topologies. This paper also discusses open issues and future directions to realize the full potential of multihop networking. We hope to encourage other researchers to work on improving the performance of LoRaWAN mesh networks, with more theoretical and simulation analysis, as well as practical deployments.

scholarly journals Eco-Efficient Mobility in Smart City Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8443
Author(s):  
Ramon Sanchez-Iborra ◽  
Luis Bernal-Escobedo ◽  
José Santa
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
Traffic Efficiency

Cooperative-Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) have brought a technological revolution, especially for ground vehicles, in terms of road safety, traffic efficiency, as well as in the experience of drivers and passengers. So far, these advances have been focused on traditional transportation means, leaving aside the new generation of personal vehicles that are nowadays flooding our streets. Together with bicycles and motorcycles, personal mobility devices such as segways or electric scooters are firm sustainable alternatives that represent the future to achieve eco-friendly personal mobility in urban settings. In a near future, smart cities will become hyper-connected spaces where these vehicles should be integrated within the underlying C-ITS ecosystem. In this paper, we provide a wide overview of the opportunities and challenges related to this necessary integration as well as the communication solutions that are already in the market to provide these moving devices with low-cost and efficient connectivity. We also present an On-Board Unit (OBU) prototype with different communication options based on the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) paradigm and several sensors to gather environmental information to facilitate eco-efficiency services. As the attained results suggest, this module allows personal vehicles to be fully integrated in smart city environments, presenting the possibilities of LoRaWAN and Narrow Band-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) communication technologies to provide vehicle connectivity and enable mobile urban sensing.

scholarly journals Low-Cost LoRaWAN Node for Agro-Intelligence IoT

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Valente ◽  
Sérgio Silva ◽  
Diogo Duarte ◽  
Filipe Cabral Pinto ◽  
Salviano Soares
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Intelligent Sensors ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Water Tension

Intelligent agriculture in general, but especially when agricultural fields are very heterogeneous, requires a large number of sensors in order to obtain an effective control and thus increase productivity. This need becomes more evident in vineyards on the farms of the demarcated Douro region due to the specificities of the territory and the vineyards themselves. Thus, it is necessary to have low cost sensors which are, essentially, easy to install and maintain. In the present work, a node with these characteristics was developed, which, in addition, is low consumption and communicates wirelessly through a Long Rang Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) network. To obtain an easy installation, a library of clusters was created for the LoRaWAN network and dedicated to sensors used in agriculture, especially those using an asynchronous serial protocol for intelligent sensors. Three nodes were developed and tested with sensors used in agriculture to measure several environmental parameters (soil and air temperature; wind speed, gust and direction; soil water content, water tension and electrical conductivity; solar radiation; precipitation; atmospheric and vapor pressure; relative humidity; and lightning strikes count). The three nodes send data to a server through an existing gateway on the farm. The data are decoded and sent to an Internet-of-Things analytics platform where it is aggregated, viewed and analyzed. Samples of the data collected are presented. The developed nodes are of small dimensions ( 85 × 65 × 35 m m ), thus making them easy to handle and install. Energy consumption depends on the distance to the gateway, and the number and type of sensors connected to each node. In the implemented cases, the maximum consumption was ≈ 400 μ A . The development of a cluster based library makes the node plug-and-play. The developed nodes will be a great step forward for the use of wireless sensors in smart agriculture in Douro vineyards.

scholarly journals LoRaWAN and Blockchain based Safety and Health Monitoring System for Industry 4.0 Operators

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Froiz-Míguez ◽  
Paula Fraga-Lamas ◽  
José Varela-Barbeito ◽  
Tiago M. Fernández-Caramés
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Safety And Health

The latest advances in the different Industry 4.0 technologies have enabled the automation and optimization of complex tasks of production processes thanks to their ability to monitor and track the state of physical elements like machinery, environmental sensors/actuators or industrial operators. This paper focuses on the latter and presents the design and evaluation of a system for monitoring industrial workers that provides a near real-time decentralized response system aimed at reacting and tracing events that affect operator personal safety and health. Such a monitoring system is based on the information collected from sensors encapsulated in IoT wearables that are used to measure both personal and environmental data. The communications architecture relies on LoRaWAN, an LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network) technology that offers good reliability in harsh communications environments and that provides relatively long distance communications with low-energy consumption. Specifically, each wearable sends the collected information (e.g., heart rate, altitude, external temperature, gas concentration, location) from the sensors to the nearest LoRaWAN gateway, which is transmitted to a pool of nodes where information is stored in a distributed manner. Such a decentralized system allows for providing information redundancy and guarantees its availability as long as there is an operative node. In addition, the proposed system is able to store and to process the collected data through smart contracts in a blockchain, which eliminate the need for a central backend and ensure the traceability and immutability of such data in order to share them with third parties (e.g., insurance companies or medical services).

scholarly journals Technical Considerations in Remote LIMS Access via the World Wide Web

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ulma ◽  
David M. Schlabach
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Analytical Result

The increased dependency on the World Wide Web by both laboratories and their customers has led LIMS developers to take advantage of thin-client web applications that provide both remote data entry and manipulation, along with remote reporting functionality. Use of an LIMS through a web browser allows a person to interact with a distant application, providing both remote administration and real-time analytical result delivery from virtually anywhere in the world. While there are many benefits of web-based LIMS applications, some concern must be given to these new methods of system architecture before justifying them as a suitable replacement for their traditional client-server systems. Developers and consumers alike must consider the security aspects of introducing a wide area network capable system into a production environment, as well as the concerns of data integrity and usability.

scholarly journals An Orthogonal Air Pollution Monitoring Method (OAPM) Based on LoRaWAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Rahim Haiahem ◽  
Pascale Minet ◽  
Selma Boumerdassi ◽  
Leila Azouz Saidane
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Monitoring Application

High accuracy air pollution monitoring in a smart city requires the deployment of a huge number of sensors in this city. One of the most appropriate wireless technologies expected to support high density deployment is LoRaWAN which belongs to the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) family and offers long communication range, multi-year battery lifetime and low cost end devices. It has been designed for End Devices (EDs) and applications that need to send small amounts of data a few times per hour. However, a high number of end devices breaks the orthogonality of LoRaWAN transmissions, which was one of the main advantages of LoRaWAN. Hence, network performances are strongly impacted. To solve this problem, we propose a solution called OAPM (Orthogonal Air Pollution Monitoring) which ensures the orthogonality of LoRaWAN transmissions and provides accurate air pollution monitoring. In this paper, we show how to organize EDs into clusters and sub-clusters, assign transmission times to EDs, configurate and synchronize them, taking into account the specificities of LoRaWAN and the features of the air pollution monitoring application. Simulation results corroborate the very good behavior of OAPM.

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