scholarly journals Collision-Free Transmissions in an IoT Monitoring Application Based on LoRaWAN

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 4053
Author(s):  
Rahim Haiahem ◽  
Pascale Minet ◽  
Selma Boumerdassi ◽  
Leila Azouz Saidane
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring

With the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of monitoring applications deployed is considerably increasing, whatever the field considered: smart city, smart agriculture, environment monitoring, air pollution monitoring, to name a few. The LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network)architecture with its long range communication, its robustness to interference and its reduced energy consumption is an excellent candidate to support such applications. However, if the number of end devices is high, the reliability of LoRaWAN, measured by the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), becomes unacceptable due to an excessive number of collisions. In this paper, we propose two different families of solutions ensuring collision-free transmissions. The first family is TDMA (Time-Division Multiple Access)-based. All clusters transmit in sequence and up to six end devices with different spreading factors belonging to the same cluster are allowed to transmit in parallel. The second family is FDMA (Frequency Divsion Multiple Access)-based. All clusters transmit in parallel, each cluster on its own frequency. Within each cluster, all end devices transmit in sequence. Their performance are compared in terms of PDR, energy consumption by end device and maximum number of end devices supported. Simulation results corroborate the theoretical results and show the high efficiency of the solutions proposed.

scholarly journals A Long-Distance Communication Architecture for Medical Devices Based on LoRaWAN Protocol

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Cristina Gaitan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Distance Communication

Recent market studies show that the market for remote monitoring devices of different medical parameters will grow exponentially. Globally, more than 4 million individuals will be monitored remotely from the perspective of different health parameters by 2023. Of particular importance is the way of remote transmission of the information acquired from the medical sensors. At this time, there are several methods such as Bluetooth, WI-FI, or other wireless communication interfaces. Recently, the communication based on LoRa (Long Range) technology has had an explosive development that allows the transmission of information over long distances with low energy consumption. The implementation of the IoT (Internet of Things) applications using LoRa devices based on open Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol for long distances with low energy consumption can also be used in the medical field. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a long-distance communication architecture for medical devices based on the LoRaWAN protocol that allows data communications over a distance of more than 10 km.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of Nodes Density on the Energy Consumption of LoRa

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Aizat Faiz Ramli ◽  
Muhammad Ikram Shabry ◽  
Mohd Azlan Abu ◽  
Hafiz Basarudin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
The Impact

LoRaWAN is one of the leading Low power wide area network (LPWAN) LPWAN technologies that compete for the formation of big scale Internet of Things (IoT). It uses LoRa protocol to achieve long range, low bit rate and low power communication. Large scale LoRaWAN based IoT deployments can consist of battery powered sensor nodes. Therefore, the energy consumption and efficiency of these nodes are crucial factors that can influence the lifetime of the network. However, there is no coherent experimental based research which identifies the factors that influence the LoRa energy efficiency at various nodes density. In this paper, results on measuring the packet delivery ratio, packet loss, data rate and energy consumption ratio ECR to gauge the energy efficiency of LoRa devices at various nodes density are presented. It is shown that the ECR of LoRa is inversely proportional to the nodes density and that the ECR of the network is smaller at higher traffic indicating better network energy efficiency. It is also demonstrated that at high node density, spreading factor SF of 7 and 9 can improve the energy efficiency of the network by 5 and 3 times, respectively, compare to SF 11.

scholarly journals A Survey on LoRaWAN Technology: Recent Trends, Opportunities, Simulation Tools and Future Directions

Electronics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Mukarram A. M. Almuhaya ◽  
Waheb A. Jabbar ◽  
Noorazliza Sulaiman ◽  
Suliman Abdulmalek
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Small Data ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Comparative Review

Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption). Between all obtainable LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) technology has attracted much interest from both industry and academia due to networking autonomous architecture and an open standard specification. This paper presents a comparative review of five selected driving LPWAN technologies, including NB-IoT, SigFox, Telensa, Ingenu (RPMA), and LoRa/LoRaWAN. The comparison shows that LoRa/LoRaWAN and SigFox surpass other technologies in terms of device lifetime, network capacity, adaptive data rate, and cost. In contrast, NB-IoT technology excels in latency and quality of service. Furthermore, we present a technical overview of LoRa/LoRaWAN technology by considering its main features, opportunities, and open issues. We also compare the most important simulation tools for investigating and analyzing LoRa/LoRaWAN network performance that has been developed recently. Then, we introduce a comparative evaluation of LoRa simulators to highlight their features. Furthermore, we classify the recent efforts to improve LoRa/LoRaWAN performance in terms of energy consumption, pure data extraction rate, network scalability, network coverage, quality of service, and security. Finally, although we focus more on LoRa/LoRaWAN issues and solutions, we introduce guidance and directions for future research on LPWAN technologies.

scholarly journals An Orthogonal Air Pollution Monitoring Method (OAPM) Based on LoRaWAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Rahim Haiahem ◽  
Pascale Minet ◽  
Selma Boumerdassi ◽  
Leila Azouz Saidane
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Monitoring Application

High accuracy air pollution monitoring in a smart city requires the deployment of a huge number of sensors in this city. One of the most appropriate wireless technologies expected to support high density deployment is LoRaWAN which belongs to the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) family and offers long communication range, multi-year battery lifetime and low cost end devices. It has been designed for End Devices (EDs) and applications that need to send small amounts of data a few times per hour. However, a high number of end devices breaks the orthogonality of LoRaWAN transmissions, which was one of the main advantages of LoRaWAN. Hence, network performances are strongly impacted. To solve this problem, we propose a solution called OAPM (Orthogonal Air Pollution Monitoring) which ensures the orthogonality of LoRaWAN transmissions and provides accurate air pollution monitoring. In this paper, we show how to organize EDs into clusters and sub-clusters, assign transmission times to EDs, configurate and synchronize them, taking into account the specificities of LoRaWAN and the features of the air pollution monitoring application. Simulation results corroborate the very good behavior of OAPM.

scholarly journals An Efficient Void Aware Framework for Enabling Internet of Underwater Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1219
Author(s):  
Ahmad M. Khasawneh ◽  
Maryam Altalhi ◽  
Arvind Kumar ◽  
Geetika Aggarwal ◽  
Omprakash Kaiwartya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Environment ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Assisted Navigation ◽  
Significant Research

The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an emerging area in marine science and engineering. It has witnessed significant research and development attention from both academia and industries due to its growing underwater use cases in oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, seismic monitoring, tactical surveillance, and assisted navigation for waterway transport. Information dissemination in the underwater network environment is very critical considering network dynamism, unattainable nodes, and limited resources of the tiny IoUT devices. Existing techniques are majorly based on location-centric beacon messages, which results in higher energy consumption, and wastage of computing resources in tiny IoUT devices. Towards this end, this paper presents an efficient void aware (EVA) framework for information dissemination in IoUT environment. Network architecture is modeled considering potential void region identification in the underwater network environment. An efficient void aware (EVA) information dissemination framework is proposed focusing on detecting void network region, and intelligent void aware data forwarding. The comparative performance evaluation attests to the benefits of the proposed framework in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay for information dissemination in IoUT.

scholarly journals Optimization of LoRaWAN Access control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajer Tounsi ◽  
Norhane Benkahla ◽  
Ye-Qiong Song ◽  
Mounir Frikha
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Mobile Environment ◽  
Access Technique

Abstract Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) enables flexible long-range communication with low power consumption which is suitable for IoT applications. LoRaWAN’s performance is due on the one hand to its spreading factor modulation allowing the spread out of communication between end-devices and gateways on different frequency channels and data rates. And on the other hand, to the ability to manage for each node its data rate and its transmission power thanks to the adaptive data rate (ADR) scheme in order to increase the overall network capacity and to maximize the battery life of end devices. However, because of the Aloha access technique adopted by LoRaWAN, the risk of using the same data rate on the same channel is not negligible. Despite the limitation of the duty cycle for each node, the risk of collision is high with the increase of the number of end devices which degrades the LoRaWAN’s performance. In this context, our paper proposes different approaches to improve the performance of LoRaWAN. The first contribution consists in improving the ADR technique to meet the characteristics of a mobile environment. The new mechanism proposed, called VHMM-based E-ADR, consists of adapting the data rate of the end-device according to its position. The second contribution consists in better managing the use of the duty cycle by proposing a dynamic sharing mechanism (Dynamic Duty-Cycle). The last contribution consists in proposing a deterministic access technique to replace Aloha. Our experimental study has shown that our proposals give better results in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and energy consumption than basic LoRaWAN in a mobile environment.

scholarly journals Energy Constrained Optimization for Spreading Factor Allocation in LoRaWAN

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shusuke Narieda ◽  
Takeo Fujii ◽  
Kenta Umebayashi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Spread Spectrum ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Spreading Factor ◽  
Average Energy Consumption ◽  
Distributed Genetic Algorithm

This paper discusses a spreading factor allocation for Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). Because Long Range (LoRa) is based on chirp spread spectrum that each spreading factor is approximately orthogonal to each other, the performance of LoRaWAN can be enhanced by allocating the spreading factor appropriately to end devices (EDs). Several spreading factor allocation techniques have been reported. Techniques shown in existing studies can improve some characteristics (e.g. throughput or packet reception probability (PRP)); however, there are a few studies that have focused on the energy consumption of the EDs. The LoRa communication offers a low power communication and this enables the improvement of the performance in exchange for the energy consumption. This paper presents a performance improvement technique via spreading factor allocations for LoRaWAN. We define the optimization problem for the spreading factor allocation to maximize the PRP under a constraint for the average energy consumption of all the EDs. It enables for the performance improvement under the constraint of the average energy consumption of all the EDs by solving the problem. This study further develops a method to solve the defined problem based on a distributed genetic algorithm, which is metaheuristics method. Although the techniques shown in the existing studies give the average energy consumption as a result of the performance improvement by the spreading factor allocation, the presented technique can enhance the LoRaWAN performance by allocating the spreading factor to EDs under the constraint for the average energy consumption of all the EDs. Numerical examples validate the effectiveness of the presented technique. The PRP performance of the presented technique is superior to that of the techniques shown in the existing studies despite that the average energy consumption of all the EDs of the presented technique is less than that of the techniques shown in the existing studies.

Field Study of Low-Energy Long-Distance Wireless Communication for IoT Application in Remote Areas

Mekatronika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Kwai Yang Sak ◽  
Ahmad Najmuddin Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Long Distance

Long Range (LoRa) is a wireless radio frequency technology under the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). LoRa is able to communicate long range and low energy consumption. The communication range has become an essential element in the wireless radio frequency technology in the Internet of Things (IoT). The presence of LoRa is able IoT application performs in long communication distances with high noise sensitivity ability. People can operate, monitor, and do a variety of tasks from a remote distance. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the performance of the LoRa connection between radio transceivers in remote locations. The different environment and structural elements affect the LoRa performance. This thesis will be supported by the experiment that LoRa communication in different environments and tests. This experiment tests in line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS). Two sets of LoRa parameters, including Spreading Factor (SF), Bandwidth, and coding rate, are tested in different environments. The experiment tests the LoRa performance in various aspects: received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet received ratio (PPR) at different coverage ranges. In addition, the LoRa performance is evaluated in university, residential areas and vegetation areas under similar temperature, weather, and time. The LoRa coverage distance in the vegetation area and university area is reached 900 meters in the LOS test. Still, the vegetation area's signal is more stable and able to receive weaker RSSI signals. The LoRa coverage distance in the NLOS test is shorter compared to the LOS test. NLOS test has only one-third of the LOS LoRa communication distance. It is due to the signal penetration on structural elements such as buildings and woods cause the signal power loss and only transmitting a shorter distance. The LoRa parameter with SF9, 31.25kHz bandwidth and 4/8 coding rate has a better coverage range and stable connection.

„Stadtwerke sind prädestiniert für IoT“

BWK ENERGIE. ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (01-02) ◽  
pp. 24-25
Author(s):  
Alexander Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Internet Der Dinge

IOT | Das Internet der Dinge (IoT) ist bei Stadtwerken zum Trendthema avanciert. Die items GmbH aus Münster, Full-Service-IT-Dienstleister für die Versorgungsbranche, baut aktuell ein interdisziplinäres IoT-Team auf, um Stadtwerke beim Aufbau und Betrieb von Infrastrukturen im Bereich der Long-Range-Wide-Area-Network (LoRaWAN)-Technologie unterstützen zu können. Im Gespräch mit BWK erläutert Alexander Sommer, Leiter Innovation & Transformation, die Strategie von items.

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