scholarly journals Accuracy of Solid-State Residential Water Meters under Intermittent Flow Conditions

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5339
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Arregui ◽  
Laura Pastor-Jabaloyes ◽  
Angel V. Mercedes ◽  
Francesc J. Gavara
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Intermittent Flow ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
State Water ◽  
Water Meters

Accurate water consumption measurement of customers is a crucial component of water utility sustainability. During the last decade, sophisticated measuring technologies without moving components, known as solid-state water meters or static meters, have emerged. Solid-state water meters promise an improved accuracy with more processing and transmission capabilities in comparison with traditional mechanical meters. A compromise needs to be reached between energy consumption and battery life as all these new features are extremely demanding on electric energy. The usual approach adopted by the manufacturer is to reduce the frequency with which static meters take measurements of the circulating flow. This reduction in signal sampling frequency can have a significant effect on the accuracy of the instruments when measuring water consumption events of 30 s or less, these events being common in residential customers. The research presented analyses of the metrological performance of 28 commercially available solid-state water meters from six different manufacturers in the presence of intermittent flows of various durations. The results show that the magnitude and dispersion of the error under intermittent flows is significantly larger in comparison to steady state flow conditions. The ultrasonic meters examined were more influenced by the intermittency than the electromagnetic meters.

scholarly journals Water meter replacement and its impact on water consumption, utility revenue and payback periods

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Brinkley ◽  
A A Ilemobade ◽  
M Ncube
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Returns On Investment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Meter

Mechanical water meter accuracy degrades over time due to wear and tear. Based on this premise, many water utilities around the world undertake meter replacement projects. In many instances, these projects neither assess the potential or actual impacts of meter replacement on consumption and utility revenue, nor undertake meter replacement based on a best practice, customised metering policy. From 2013 to 2015, Johannesburg Water (SOC) Limited embarked on a project to replace more than 50 000 mechanical water meters that had not been read over a period of 180 days due to technical faults. This study obtained and analysed two databases of these meters and arrived at a sorted and validated database comprising 3 679 meter replacements. For each meter replacement, twelve months of water consumption data was obtained for the period prior to and after replacement. This study then investigated the impact of replacement on water consumption, utility revenue and payback periods. Some high-level highlights from the study include the following: (i) a metering policy that addresses such issues as efficient meter database management, and the optimum meter replacement age and/or volumetric reading, is critical for any water utility if it is to obtain the best results from meter replacement; (ii) in order to guarantee the highest returns on investment, bulk meters (40 mm and larger) should be prioritised for meter replacement over single-stand residential meters; (iii) the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters with 15 mm meters resulted in more accurate metering of consumption by virtue of increased consumption; and (iv) payback of the 15 mm replacement mechanical meters was achieved within 12 months, with the replacement of 20 mm and 25 mm meters resulting in average monthly revenue increases per property of R266.70 and R203.08 respectively.

scholarly journals Measurements of water consumption for the development of new test regimes for domestic water meters

2021 ◽  
pp. 101963
Author(s):  
Daniel Schumann ◽  
Corinna Kroner ◽  
Bülent Unsal ◽  
Søren Haack ◽  
Johan Bunde Kondrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Meters

scholarly journals Metrological performance of single-jet water meters over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Carmen Virginia Palau ◽  
Juan Manzano ◽  
Iban Balbastre Peralta ◽  
Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽  
Guilherme Vieira do Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metrological Operation ◽  
Operation Period ◽  
Single Jet ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Over Time

To maintain quality measurement of water consumption, it is necessary to know the metrology of single-jet water meters over time. Knowing the accuracy of these instruments over time allows establishing a metrological operation period for different flow rates. This will aid water companies to optimize management and reduce economic losses due to unaccounted water consumption. This study analyzed the influence of time on the measurement error of single-jet water meters to evaluate the deterioration of the equipment and, with that, launch the metrological operation period. According to standards 8316 and 4064 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 808 meters of metrological Class B were evaluated in six water supplies, with age ranges of 3.7 to 16.4 years of use. The measurement error was estimated by comparing the volume measured in a calibrated tank with the volume registered by the meters at flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1. The metrological operation period of the meters was obtained for each flow rate by the relation between error of measurement and time of use (simple linear regression). According to the results, the majority of the equipment presents increasing under-registration errors over time, more pronounced at low flow rates and with less favorable operating conditions. The metrological operation period for flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1 is estimated at approximately 3, 8, 14 and 13 years. This operation period combined with consumption patterns of users will establish the best time to replace the meters.

Energy Benchmarking of Water and Wastewater Treatment, Distribution and Collection: A Case Study of Austin Water Utility

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill B. Kjellsson ◽  
David Greene ◽  
Raj Bhattarai ◽  
Michael E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Water And Wastewater

Nationally, 4% of electricity usage goes towards moving and treating water and wastewater. The energy intensity of the water and wastewater utility sector is affected by many factors including water source, water quality, and the distance and elevation that water must be transported. Furthermore, energy accounts for 10% or more of a utility’s total operating cost, suggesting that energy savings can account for significant cost savings. Better knowledge of where and when energy is used could support strategic energy interventions and reveal opportunities for efficiency. Accordingly, this investigation quantifies energy intensity by process and type, including electricity and natural gas, and explores the time-varying nature of electric energy consumption for potable water distribution using the Austin Water Utility (AWU) in Austin, Texas as a case study. This research found that most of energy consumed by the AWU is for pumping throughout the distribution network (57%) and at lift stations (10%) while potable water treatment accounts for the least (5%). Though the focus is site specific, the methodology shown herein can be applied to other utilities with sufficient data.

Review on the Development of Solid State Transformer

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Bharat Bhushan Khare ◽  
Rajeev Shankar Pathak ◽  
Sanjeev Sharma ◽  
Vinod Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Smart Grid ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Transformer Oil ◽  
Solid State Transformer ◽  
Solid State Transformers ◽  
Compact Size

According to future renewable electric energy distribution and management (FREEDM) system, solid state transformers play an important role in smart grid technologies. They have several advantages over conventional transformers such as bi-directional power flow, light in weight, compact size, etc. They also compensate the environmental issues which are created due to transformer oil. Because of various advantages over traditional transformer, SST is preferred widely at the present time. So in this chapter, the various architectures, needs, and applications of solid state transformers are discussed. The global market of SST has continuously improved because it has several applications and benefits.

scholarly journals Wireless Middleware Solutions for Smart Water Metering

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Alvisi ◽  
Francesco Casellato ◽  
Marco Franchini ◽  
Marco Govoni ◽  
Chiara Luciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Water Meters ◽  
Water Metering

While smart metering applications have initially focused on energy and gas utility markets, water consumption has recently become the subject of increasing attention. Unfortunately, despite the large number of solutions available on the market, the lack of an open and widely accepted communication standard means that vendors typically propose proprietary data collection solutions whose adoption causes non-trivial problems to water utility companies in term of costs, vendor lock-in, and lack of control on the data collection infrastructure. There is the need for open and interoperable smart water metering solutions, capable of collecting data from the wide range of water meters on the market. This paper reports our experience in the development and field testing of a highly interoperable smart water metering solution, which we designed in collaboration with several water utility companies and which we deployed in Gorino Ferrarese, Italy, in collaboration with CADF (Consorzio Acque Delta Ferrarese), the water utility serving the city. At the core of our solution is SWaMM (Smart Water Metering Middleware), an interoperable wireless IoT middleware based on the Edge computing paradigm, which proved extremely effective in interfacing with several types of smart water meters operating with different protocols.

scholarly journals Dust/ice mixing in cold regions and solid-state water in the diffuse interstellar medium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Potapov ◽  
Jeroen Bouwman ◽  
Cornelia Jäger ◽  
Thomas Henning
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
State Water

scholarly journals Revealing Unreported Benefits of Digital Water Metering: Literature Review and Expert Opinions

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monks ◽  
Stewart ◽  
Sahin ◽  
Keller
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Australian Water ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Monetary Benefit ◽  
Business Cases ◽  
Water Meters

Digital water meters can take Australian water utilities into the world of internet of things (IoT) and big data analytics. The potential is there for them to build more efficient processes, to enable new products and services to be offered, to defer expensive capital works, and for water conservation to be achieved. However, utilities are not mounting business cases with sufficient benefits to cover the project and operational costs. This study undertakes a literature review and interviews of industry experts in the search for unreported benefits that might be considered for inclusion in business cases. It identifies seventy-five possible benefits of which fifty-seven are classified as benefiting the water utility and forty are classified as benefiting customers (twenty-two benefit both). Many benefits may be difficult to monetize. Benefits to customers may have a small monetary benefit to the water utility but provide a significant benefit to customer satisfaction scores. However, for utilities to achieve these potential benefits, eight change enablers were identified as being required in their systems, processes, and resources. Of the seventy-five benefits, approximately half might be considered previously unreported. Finally, a taxonomy is presented into which the benefits are classified, and the enabling business changes for them to be realized are identified. Water utilities might consider the taxonomy, the benefits, and the changes required to enable the benefits when developing their business cases.

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