Wearable Technologies in Field Hockey Competitions: A Scoping Review

The aim of this review is to investigate the common wearable devices currently used in field hockey competitions, and to understand the hockey-specific parameters these devices measure. A systematic search was conducted by using three electronic databases and search terms that included field hockey, wearables, accelerometers, inertial sensors, global positioning system (GPS), heart rate monitors, load, performance analysis, player activity profiles, and competitions from the earliest record. The review included 39 studies that used wearable devices during competitions. GPS units were found to be the most common wearable in elite field hockey competitions, followed by heart rate monitors. Wearables in field hockey are mostly used to measure player activity profiles and physiological demands. Inconsistencies in sampling rates and performance bands make comparisons between studies challenging. Nonetheless, this review demonstrated that wearable devices are being used for various applications in field hockey. Researchers, engineers, coaches, and sport scientists can consider using GPS units of higher sampling rates, as well as including additional variables such as skin temperatures and injury associations, to provide a more thorough evaluation of players’ physical and physiological performances. Future work should include goalkeepers and non-elite players who are less studied in the current literature.

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An Investigation of the Physical and Electrical Properties of Knitted Electrodes When Subjected to Multi-Axial Compression and Abrasion

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2021068002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 2

Author(s):

Arash M. Shahidi ◽

Theodore Hughes-Riley ◽

Carlos Oliveira ◽

Tilak Dias

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Applied Load ◽

Pressure Sensors ◽

Electrical Performance ◽

Electronic Textiles ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

Mechanical Loads ◽

And Performance ◽

Over Time

Knitted electrodes are a key component to many electronic textiles including sensing devices, such as pressure sensors and heart rate monitors; therefore, it is essential to assess the electrical performance of these knitted electrodes under different mechanical loads to understand their performance during use. The electrical properties of the electrodes could change while deforming, due to an applied load, which could occur in the uniaxial direction (while stretched) or multiaxial direction (while compressed). The properties and performance of the electrodes could also change over time when rubbed against another surface due to the frictional force and generated heat. This work investigates the behavior of a knitted electrode under different loading conditions and after multiple abrasion cycles.

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Review of physical fitness, physiological demands and performance characteristics of jockeys

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep200079 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

K.A. Legg ◽

D.J. Cochrane ◽

E.K. Gee ◽

C.W. Rogers

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Chronic Fatigue ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Search Terms ◽

Physiological Capacity ◽

Movement Dynamics ◽

Physiological Demands ◽

And Performance ◽

Training Programmes ◽

Work Done

This narrative review collates data from different equestrian disciplines, both amateur and professional, to describe the physiological demands, muscle activity and synchronicity of movement involved in jockeys riding in a race and to identify limitations within our current knowledge. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus using search terms related to jockeys, equestrian riders and their physiological demands, muscle use, movement dynamics and experience. Abstracts, theses and non-peer reviewed articles were excluded from the analysis. Jockeys work at close to their physiological capacity during a race. The quasi-isometric maintenance of the jockey position requires muscular strength and endurance, specifically from the legs and the core, both to maintain their position and adapt to the movement of the horse. Synchronous movement between horse and rider requires a coordinated activation pattern of the rider’s core muscles, resulting in less work done by the horse to carry the rider, possibly leading to a competitive advantage in race riding. Reports of chronic fatigue in jockeys demonstrate poor quantification of workload and recovery. The lack of quantitative workload metrics for jockeys’ limits calculation of a threshold required to reach race riding competency and development of sport-specific training programmes. Until the sport-specific demands of race riding are quantified, the development of evidence-based sport specific and potentially performance enhancing jockey strength and conditioning programmes cannot be realised.

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Effect of Changing Match Format from Halves to Quarters on the Performance Characteristics of Male University Field Hockey Players

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21165490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (16) ◽

pp. 5490

Author(s):

Elliot P. Lam ◽

Caroline D. Sunderland ◽

John G. Morris ◽

Laura-Anne M. Furlong ◽

Barry S. Mason ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Speed ◽

National Level ◽

Performance Characteristics ◽

Field Hockey ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

Total Distance ◽

Random Intercept ◽

Hockey Players ◽

The Uk

The study examined whether the performance characteristics of male university field hockey players differed when the match format was 2 × 35 min halves compared to 2 × 2 × 17.5 min quarters. Thirty-five male university field hockey players (age 21.2 ± 3.0 years, height 1.81 ± 0.07 m, body mass 75.1 ± 8.9 kg), competing at national level in the UK, were monitored over 52 matches played across the 2018–2019 (2 × 35 min halves) and 2019–2020 (2 × 2 × 17.5 min quarters) seasons using 15 Hz Global Positioning System units and heart rate monitors. Total distance, high-speed running distance (≥15.5 km·h−1), accelerations (≥2 m·s−1), decelerations (≤−2 m·s−1), average heart rate and percentage of time spent at >85% of maximum heart rate were recorded during both match formats. Two-level random intercept hierarchal models (Match—level 1, Player—level 2) suggested that the change in format from 2 × 35 min halves (2018–2019 season) to 2 × 2 × 17.5 min quarters (2019–2020 season) resulted in a reduction in total distance and high-speed running distance completed during a match (by 221 m and 120 m, respectively, both p < 0.001). As no significant cross-level interactions were observed (between season and half), the change from 35 min halves to 17.5 min quarters did not attenuate the reduced physical performance evident during the second half of matches (total distance: −235 m less in second half; high-speed running distance: −70 m less in second half; both p < 0.001). Overall, the findings suggest that the change in match format did alter the performance characteristics of male university field hockey players, but the quarter format actually reduced the total distance and high-speed running distance completed during matches, and did not attenuate the reduction in performance seen during the second half of matches.

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Cardiorespiratory Profile and Performance Demands of Elite Hip-Hop Dancers: Breaking and New Style

Medical Problems of Performing Artists ◽

10.21091/mppa.2018.3028 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 198-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew A Wyon ◽

Julie Harris ◽

Faye Adams ◽

Ross Cloak ◽

Francis A Clarke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Hip Hop ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Performance Data ◽

Treadmill Test ◽

Dance Performance ◽

Physiological Demands ◽

And Performance ◽

Performance Demands

AIMS: Dancers need to constantly maintain and develop their physiological capabilities to support their performances. Previously these physiological demands have been investigated only in traditional dance styles such as ballet and modern. The aim of this study was to examine the physiological demands of two types of hip-hop: new style and break dance. METHODS: Nine female new style dancers (age 20±6 yrs, height 163.5±1.4 cm, mass 55.8±22 kg) and 9 male break dancers (age 23±4.2 yrs, height 178.2±5.7 cm, mass 62.1±7.7 kg) volunteered for the study. Each subject completed a maximal graded treadmill test and a dance performance routine, either new style (approx 1:45–2:30 min) or breaking (2 min). Breathe-by-breathe gas analysis and heart rate (HR) were collected by a portable gas analyser, and blood lactate (BLa) was measured at the end of the treadmill test and each routine. RESULTS: The male breaker dancers had significantly higher VO2 peak than other equivalent dancers in other genres, whilst the female new style dancers were similar to that previously reported for female dancers. Performance data showed significant differences between the two styles for VO2, HR, and BLa (p<0.001) and for VO2 and HR relative to individual maximal treadmill data (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: New style is more comparable to other theatrical dance genres, with a lower relative mean VO2 demand, whilst break dance is shorter in duration, allowing a higher cardiorespiratory demand and generating significant levels of blood lactate. This difference is also reflected in the dancers’ cardiorespiratory profiles.

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Physical and Physiological Responses of U-14, U-16, and U-18 Soccer Players on Different Small-Sided Games

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports8050066 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Jorge López-Fernández ◽

Javier Sánchez-Sánchez ◽

Jorge García-Unanue ◽

Enrique Hernando ◽

Leonor Gallardo

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Age Groups ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

Physiological Load ◽

Global Positioning ◽

Physiological Demands ◽

Global Indicators ◽

Small Side

As most existing studies in youth academies are focused on top players, the objective of this research is to analyze the physical and physiological demands of various small-sided games (SSGs) on different age categories within a sub-elite soccer academy. We evaluated 63 young players from a Spanish sub-elite academy (under 14 = 21; under 16 = 21; under 18 = 21). Players performed four different small-side games focused on possession game (3-a-side; 4-a-side; 5-a-side; 6-a-side). The global indicators of performance and high-intensity actions were recorded through global positioning systems, whereas the heart rate responses were measured using heart rate monitors. Results: Under 16 ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 14 in the small side games 3v3 and 6v6. Furthermore, under 16 also ran a greater distance at high-intensity velocity than under 18 in the small side game 3v3 (p < 0.01). Under 14 showed greater acceleration at the highest intensity (> 2.75 m/s2) than the other age groups, under 16 and U18 (p < 0.01; ES (effect size) > 1). According to the physiological load, SSG 3v3 presented lower outcomes in Zone 6 (> 95% HRmax) than the small side game 4v4 and the small side game 5v5, in both under 14 and under 16. The workload of SSGs varies depending on the number of players, but also depending on the players’ ages. Therefore, when designing the SSGs it is important to consider both the players’ ages and the workload that want to be achieved.

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Investigating the Effect of Individual Rotations on the Physical and Physiological Performance in Elite Female Field Hockey Players

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11031022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1022

Author(s):

Aideen McGuinness ◽

Darren Kenna ◽

Adam Grainger ◽

Kieran Collins

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Speed ◽

Maximal Velocity ◽

Field Hockey ◽

Match Play ◽

Total Distance ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Rate Maximum ◽

Physiological Demands

To quantify the rotational demands of elite female field hockey with respect to position. Twenty-eight (n = 28) elite international field hockey players were recruited during the 2018–2020 seasons. Players were monitored with GPS technology and heart-rate monitors. Methods: Activity was categorised into total distance (m), relative total distance (m·min−1), high-speed distance (m; 16 km∙h−1), relative high-speed distance (m·min−1), max velocity (km·h−1), and percentage maximal velocity (%Vmax). Physiological demands were assessed via heart rate measures (bpm and % HRmax) and time > 80% heart rate maximum. Results: A single rotation equated to 7 ± 0.8 min. Players covered a mean total distance of was 868 ± 132 m (125.7 ± 5.9 m·min−1) with 140 ± 39 m at high-speed (21.7 ± 3.6 m·min−1). A significant difference was reported for relative total (p ≤ 0.001), and high-speed (p ≤ 0.001), distance across positional. Forwards were reported to cover the most relative total and high-speed distance (d = 1.0) when compared to defenders and midfielders. Conclusion: The study provides normative data for rotational demands of elite female field hockey. Coaches should consider these demands when developing training drills to better optimise the positional physical and physiological demands of competitive match-play.

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The Tour de France: An Updated Physiological Review

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.7.3.200 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 200-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Alfredo Santalla ◽

Conrad P. Earnest ◽

José A. Marroyo ◽

Alejandro Lucia

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Sporting Events ◽

Heart Rate Monitors ◽

Physiological Profile ◽

The World ◽

Tour De France ◽

Physiological Demands ◽

Over Time

From its initial inception in 1903 as a race premised on a publicity stunt to sell newspapers, the Tour de France had grown and evolved over time to become one of the most difficult and heralded sporting events in the world. Though sporting science and the Tour paralleled each other, it was not until the midlate 1980s, and especially the midlate 1990s (with the use of heart-rate monitors) that the 2 began to unify and grow together. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize what is currently known of the physiological demands of the Tour de France, as well as of the main physiological profile of Tour de France competitors.

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Demandas físicas y fisiológicas en el Hockey hierba femenino: diferencias entre los tiempos de juego (Physical and physiological demands in women’s field hockey: differences between play times)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i35.64151 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 273-277

Author(s):

Jeisson Andrés Leal Cussaría ◽

María José Ortega Gálvez ◽

Javier Porras Alvarez ◽

Javier Galvez Gonzalez

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

High Intensity ◽

Field Hockey ◽

Maximum Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Monitor ◽

Average Speed ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Physiological Demands

Los entrenadores y preparadores físicos deben conocer las demandas físicas y fisiológicas del hockey hierba para poder programar los entrenamientos orientados a las necesidades de la competición. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los patrones de movimiento en competición en jugadoras de hockey hierba en a lo largo de los cuatro periodos de partido. Participaron 18 jugadoras (22.8 ± 2.9 años), las cuales fueron monitorizadas mediante GPS y pulsómetro. Las jugadoras recorrieron 6668 m, de los cuales 276 fueron a alta intensidad (>18 km·h-1), con una velocidad media de 99.33 m·min-1 y se realizaron 7.28 sprints (>20 km·h-1) por partido. Las jugadoras que completaron todo el partido disminuyeron la distancia recorrida en el último cuarto (p < .001), no siendo así en las sustitutas. La frecuencia cardiaca máxima alcanzada en el último cuarto fue menor que en los anteriores (p < .001). Podemos considerar el hockey como un deporte de intensidad intermitente capaz de producir fatiga, por lo que los cambios rotatorios en el partido deben ser bien gestionados por los entrenadores.Abstract. Coaches and physical trainers must know the physical and physiological demands of field hockey to be able to tailor trainings based on the specific competition needs. The objective of the study was to analyze the patterns of movement of field hockey players during competition throughout four match quarters. A total of 18 players (22.8 ± 2.9 years of age), were monitored with GPS and heart rate monitor. The players covered 6,668 m, 276 of which were at high intensity (>18 km·h-1); an average speed of 99.33 m·min-1 and 7.28 sprints (> 20 km·h-1) were recorded by match. Those players who played the full match decreased the distance covered in the last quarter (p <.001), substitutes not displaying that trend. The maximum heart rate reached in the last quarter was lower than in the previous ones (p <.001). We can consider hockey as an intermittent intensity sport producing fatigue, therefore coaches should manage rotational changes during match with efficiency.

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Structural aspects of corporate governance and family firm performance: a systematic review

Journal of Family Business Management ◽

10.1108/jfbm-12-2017-0045 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 306-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Edem M. Azila-Gbettor ◽

Ben Q. Honyenuga ◽

Marta M. Berent-Braun ◽

Ad Kil

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Family Firms ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Family Firm ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Family Governance ◽

Search Terms ◽

And Performance ◽

Future Work

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to systematically review and examine extant knowledge on corporate governance structures (CGS) and performance relation within family firm and set the agenda for future research.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyses the content of 159 empirical articles retrieved mainly from Google Scholar and published between 2000 and 2016 in 61 highly ranked journals across different disciplines.FindingsThe review reveals fixation on quantitative approach and its associated techniques in examining CGS and performance nexus. The results from the review demonstrate heterogeneous relation between measures of CGS and performance. Suggestions for further studies include: measurement of non-economic performance of the family firm and incorporation of moderators and mediators from the organizations’ environment through the adoption of multilevel research.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of this review include: first, issues relating to key/search terms and journals used for the study; this may not be exhaustive and hence likely to lead to omission of key publications. Second, scholarly attention in terms of empirical studies on family governance, including family council, family assembly and family constitution, has been scarce (Suess, 2014; Klein, 2008; Witt, 2008); hence family governance is outside the scope of this review. In sum, future work may explore other keywords and publications not used in this review and consider review of family governance.Originality/valueThe authors offer a multidisciplinary conceptual framework that synthesizes and integrates the existing literature on CGS across different disciplines within family firms. This provides researchers across different disciplines a common platform for interdisciplinary discourse.

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Indices of Heart Rate Variability and Performance During a Response-Conflict Task Are Differently Associated With ADHD and Autism

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/1087054720972793 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108705472097279

Author(s):

Alessio Bellato ◽

Iti Arora ◽

Puja Kochhar ◽

Chris Hollis ◽

Madeleine J. Groom

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Response Conflict ◽

Mediation Model ◽

Conflict Task ◽

Accurate Performance ◽

And Performance ◽

Comorbid Adhd ◽

The Relationship

We investigated autonomic arousal, attention and response conflict, in ADHD and autism. Heart rate variability (HRV), and behavioral/electrophysiological indices of performance, were recorded during a task with low and high levels of response conflict in 78 children/adolescents (7–15 years old) with ADHD, autism, comorbid ADHD+autism, or neurotypical. ANOVA models were used to investigate effects of ADHD and autism, while a mediation model was tested to clarify the relationship between ADHD and slower performance. Slower and less accurate performance characterized ADHD and autism; however, atypical electrophysiological indices differently characterized these conditions. The relationship between ADHD and slower task performance was mediated by reduced HRV in response to the cue stimulus. Autonomic hypo-arousal and difficulties in mobilizing energetic resources in response to sensory information (associated with ADHD), and atypical electrophysiological indices of information processing (associated with autism), might negatively affect cognitive performance in those with ADHD+autism.

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