scholarly journals Marine Robotics for Deep-Sea Specimen Collection: A Systematic Review of Underwater Grippers

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Angela Mazzeo ◽  
Jacopo Aguzzi ◽  
Marcello Calisti ◽  
Simonepietro Canese ◽  
Fabrizio Vecchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Marine Robotics ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
Biological Interest ◽  
Marine Applications ◽  
Underwater Manipulation ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Specific Technology

The collection of delicate deep-sea specimens of biological interest with remotely operated vehicle (ROV) industrial grippers and tools is a long and expensive procedure. Industrial grippers were originally designed for heavy manipulation tasks, while sampling specimens requires dexterity and precision. We describe the grippers and tools commonly used in underwater sampling for scientific purposes, systematically review the state of the art of research in underwater gripping technologies, and identify design trends. We discuss the possibility of executing typical manipulations of sampling procedures with commonly used grippers and research prototypes. Our results indicate that commonly used grippers ensure that the basic actions either of gripping or caging are possible, and their functionality is extended by holding proper tools. Moreover, the approach of the research status seems to have changed its focus in recent years: from the demonstration of the validity of a specific technology (actuation, transmission, sensing) for marine applications, to the solution of specific needs of underwater manipulation. Finally, we summarize the environmental and operational requirements that should be considered in the design of an underwater gripper.

scholarly journals Underwater navigation using visual markers in the context of intervention missions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 172988141983896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Gomez Chavez ◽  
Christian A Mueller ◽  
Tobias Doernbach ◽  
Andreas Birk
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Visual Markers ◽  
Underwater Navigation ◽  
Underwater Manipulation

Intervention missions, that is, underwater manipulation tasks, for example, in the context of oil-&-gas production, require a high amount of precise, robust navigation. In this article, we describe the use of an advanced vision system suited for deep-sea operations, which in combination with artificial markers on target structures like oil-&-gas production-Christmas-trees significantly boosts navigation performance. The system is validated in two intensive field tests running off the shore of Marseille, France. In the experiments, a commercial remotely operated vehicle equipped with the system and a mock-up structure with an oil-&-gas production panel is used to evaluate the navigation performance.

scholarly journals Development of an Easy-to-Operate Underwater Raman System for Deep-Sea Cold Seep and Hydrothermal Vent In Situ Detection

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5090
Author(s):  
Qingsheng Liu ◽  
Jinjia Guo ◽  
Wangquan Ye ◽  
Kai Cheng ◽  
Fujun Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Cold Seep ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Bacterial Mats ◽  
Optical Module ◽  
In Situ Detection

As a powerful in situ detection technique, Raman spectroscopy is becoming a popular underwater investigation method, especially in deep-sea research. In this paper, an easy-to-operate underwater Raman system with a compact design and competitive sensitivity is introduced. All the components, including the optical module and the electronic module, were packaged in an L362 × Φ172 mm titanium capsule with a weight of 20 kg in the air (about 12 kg in water). By optimising the laser coupling mode and focusing lens parameters, a competitive sensitivity was achieved with the detection limit of SO42− being 0.7 mmol/L. The first sea trial was carried out with the aid of a 3000 m grade remotely operated vehicle (ROV) “FCV3000” in October 2018. Over 20,000 spectra were captured from the targets interested, including methane hydrate, clamshell in the area of cold seep, and bacterial mats around a hydrothermal vent, with a maximum depth of 1038 m. A Raman peak at 2592 cm−1 was found in the methane hydrate spectra, which revealed the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the seeping gas. In addition, we also found sulfur in the bacterial mats, confirming the involvement of micro-organisms in the sulfur cycle in the hydrothermal field. It is expected that the system can be developed as a universal deep-sea survey and detection equipment in the near future.

Concept Design of Mining System of Seafloor Hydrothermal Deposit

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Takagawa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Hydrothermal Deposit ◽  
Mining System ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Rough Sea

Japan Deep Sea Technology Association had carried out concept design of the mining system for seafloor hydro-thermal deposit from 2008 through 2009. Through this concept design, the economic evaluation of the system with parameter of annual production of the ore was discussed, and it was clarified that more than 500 thousand tons annually would enable us to get positive balance. The environmental effect by mining was also discussed and was concluded that the active hydrothermal vents are not the targets of mining, instead, the dead vents are the targets. Then, the technological feasibility of each subsystem was discussed which constitutes the mining system, from the digger to the surface transporter. Finally, it was concluded that the mining system for hydrothermal deposits is feasible using the state-of-the-art technology even in rough sea around Japan.

scholarly journals Spatial Representation of NOAA’s Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) Dive Tracks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Moses Thiong'o
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Monterey Bay ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Technology Program ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
Deep Sea Corals ◽  
The Many

The oceans make up about 70% of the earth’s surface and serve as habitats for many deep and shallow creatures. In depths of about 50 meters and more, deep-sea corals and sponges occur mostly along seamounts, continental margins, undersea canyons and ridges. They, deep-sea corals and sponges, play a key role in supporting the health of the ocean as they preserve the biodiversity and long-term sustainability of commercial and recreational fish species. With the many benefits that are attached to deep-sea corals and sponges, the Deep-Sea Corals and Research Technology Program (DSCRTP) has been collecting coral and sponge location data from hundreds of remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys. However, DSCRTP does not have a spatial representation of the area covered by each ROV while searching for corals and sponges in the deep-sea. A spatial representation would provide critical information to researchers and managers to understand where a survey for corals and sponges has happened, and where a survey is yet to be done in the deep-sea. Therefore, the goal of this study is to create a spatial representation of the ROV surveys that have been collected in Monterey Bay and Hawaii sections of the deep-sea.

Depth Profiling Investigation of Seawater Using Combined Multi-Optical Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangquan Ye ◽  
Jinjia Guo ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Fujun Qi ◽  
Kai Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Sea Trial ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Diving Depth ◽  
Optical Spectrometry

Depth profiling investigation plays an important role in studying the dynamic processes of the ocean. In this paper, a newly developed hyphenated underwater system based on multi-optical spectrometry is introduced and used to measure seawater spectra at different depths with the aid of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). The hyphenated system consists of two independent compact deep-sea spectral instruments, a deep ocean compact autonomous Raman spectrometer and a compact underwater laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system for sea applications (LIBSea). The former was used to take both Raman scattering and fluorescence of seawater, and the LIBS signal could be recorded with the LIBSea. The first sea trial of the developed system was taken place in the Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea, in June 2015. Over 4000 multi-optical spectra had been captured up to the diving depth about 1800 m at maximum. The depth profiles of some ocean parameters were extracted from the captured joint Raman–fluorescence and LIBS spectra with a depth resolution of 1 m. The concentrations of [Formula: see text] and the water temperatures were measured using Raman spectra. The fluorescence intensities from both colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and chlorophyll were found to be varied in the euphotic zone. With LIBS spectra, the depth profiles of metallic elements were also obtained. The normalized intensity of atomic line Ca(I) extracted from LIBS spectra raised around the depth of 1600 m, similar to the depth profile of CDOM. This phenomenon might be caused by the nonbuoyant hydrothermal plumes. It is worth mentioning that this is the first time Raman and LIBS spectroscopy have been applied simultaneously to the deep-sea in situ investigations.

Microbiological Monitoring for Water-Quality Assessment

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-313
Author(s):  
PHILLIP E. GREESON
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Sediment Distribution ◽  
Microbiological Monitoring ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Sediment Mixture

The weakest link in the chain of events leading to production of reliable microbiological-monitoring data is a poor or indequate sample. This results primarily from diversity of environmental conditions from which a sample must be collected. In surface waters affinity of microbiological organisms for suspended particles necessitates that sampling procedures be designed to collect a representative sample of the water-sediment mixture. The key problem and the challenge to microbiological monitoring is production of a sterilizable, depth-integrating sampler that will accommodate the disparity of sediment distribution as related to variations in depth and cross-section and the changes in streamflow. Until such a sampler has been designed, tested, and made readily available, the data produced in microbiological-monitoring programs involving surface waters can be considered of questionable accuracy, regardless of the notable advances that are taking place in the state-of-the-art of analytical procedures.

scholarly journals Mobile Elements in Ray-Finned Fish Genomes

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Carducci ◽  
Marco Barucca ◽  
Adriana Canapa ◽  
Elisa Carotti ◽  
Maria Assunta Biscotti
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Biological Interest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Molecular Bases

Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) are a very diverse group of vertebrates, encompassing species adapted to live in freshwater and marine environments, from the deep sea to high mountain streams. Genome sequencing offers a genetic resource for investigating the molecular bases of this phenotypic diversity and these adaptations to various habitats. The wide range of genome sizes observed in fishes is due to the role of transposable elements (TEs), which are powerful drivers of species diversity. Analyses performed to date provide evidence that class II DNA transposons are the most abundant component in most fish genomes and that compared to other vertebrate genomes, many TE superfamilies are present in actinopterygians. Moreover, specific TEs have been reported in ray-finned fishes as a possible result of an intricate relationship between TE evolution and the environment. The data summarized here underline the biological interest in Actinopterygii as a model group to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the high biodiversity observed in this taxon.

The hydroid and early medusa stages of the deep sea jellyfish Earleria purpurea (Hydrozoa: Mitrocomidae) from the Monterey Bay Submarine Canyon, USA

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2902 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
CHAD L. WIDMER
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Submarine Canyon ◽  
Monterey Bay ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Free Swimming

The hydroid and early medusa stages of the deep sea hydrozoan jellyfish Earleria purpurea (Hydrozoa: Mitrocomidae) are described. Mature medusae were collected from the Monterey Bay submarine canyon near Monterey, California, USA utilizing a remotely operated vehicle and returned to the laboratory for culturing. In vitro fertilized eggs developed into free-swimming planulae larvae that settled and metamorphosed into benthic hydroid colonies consisting of feeding hydranths and medusa producing gonangia. Newly released medusae were grown to maturity and placed on educational display at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. The hydranths and gonangia were compared and found to be distinct from those of E. corachloeae the only other member of the Genus Earleria with a described life cycle.

The Technique of Raman Spectroscopy: A State-of-the-Art Comparison to Infrared

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard J. Sloane
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Made In

This paper in a tabulated summary format discusses the state-of-the-art of Raman spectroscopy for commercially available instrumentation. A comparison to infrared is made in terms of (I) instrumentation, (II) sample handling, and (III) applications. Although the two techniques yield similar and often complementary information, they are quite different from the point of view of instrumentation and sampling procedures. This leads to various advantages and disadvantages or limitations for each. These are discussed as well as the future outlook.

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