scholarly journals Keto-Adaptation and Endurance Exercise Capacity, Fatigue Recovery, and Exercise-Induced Muscle and Organ Damage Prevention: A Narrative Review

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihui Ma ◽  
Katsuhiko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Muscle Health ◽  
Improve Exercise Capacity ◽  
Exercise Induced

A ketogenic diet (KD) could induce nutritional ketosis. Over time, the body will acclimate to use ketone bodies as a primary fuel to achieve keto-adaptation. Keto-adaptation may provide a consistent and fast energy supply, thus improving exercise performance and capacity. With its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, a KD may contribute to muscle health, thus preventing exercise-induced fatigue and damage. Given the solid basis of its potential to improve exercise capacity, numerous investigations into KD and exercise have been carried out in recent years. This narrative review aims to summarize recent research about the potential of a KD as a nutritional approach during endurance exercise, focusing on endurance capacity, recovery from fatigue, and the prevention of exhaustive exercise-induced muscle and organ damage.

Exhaustive endurance exercise activates brain glycogen breakdown and lactate production more than insulin-induced hypoglycemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Brain Glycogen ◽  
Insulin Group ◽  
Exercise Induced

Brain glycogen localized in astrocytes produces lactate via cAMP signaling, which regulates memory functions and endurance capacity. Exhaustive endurance exercise with hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Since insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, this study tested the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates exercise-induced brain glycogen decrease. To test the hypothesis, the effects of insulin- and exhaustive exercise-induced hypoglycemia on brain glycogen levels were compared using the microwave irradiation method in adult Wistar rats. The insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise induced similar levels of severe hypoglycemia. Glycogen in the hypothalamus and cerebellum decreased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise; however, glycogen in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were lower compared to the insulin group. Blood glucose correlated positively with brain glycogen, but the slope of regression lines was greater in the exercise group compared to the insulin group in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem, but not the hypothalamus and cerebellum. Brain lactate and cAMP levels in the hypothalamus and cerebellum increased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise, but those in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were higher compared to the insulin group. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates the exercise-induced reduction in brain glycogen, at least in the hypothalamus and cerebellum. However, glycogen reduction during exhaustive endurance exercise in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem is not due to hypoglycemia alone, implicating the role of exercise-specific neuronal activity in brain glycogen decrease.

scholarly journals Microbiome potentiates endurance exercise through intestinal acetate production

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. E956-E966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Okamoto ◽  
Katsutaro Morino ◽  
Satoshi Ugi ◽  
Fumiyuki Nakagawa ◽  
Mengistu Lemecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Endurance Testing

The intestinal microbiome produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from dietary fiber and has specific effects on other organs. During endurance exercise, fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids are major energy substrates. However, little is known about the role of SCFAs during exercise. To investigate this, mice were administered either multiple antibiotics or a low microbiome-accessible carbohydrate (LMC) diet, before endurance testing on a treadmill. Two-week antibiotic treatment significantly reduced endurance capacity versus the untreated group. In the cecum acetate, propionate, and butyrate became almost undetectable in the antibiotic-treated group, plasma SCFA concentrations were lower, and the microbiome was disrupted. Similarly, 6-wk LMC treatment significantly reduced exercise capacity, and fecal and plasma SCFA concentrations. Continuous acetate but not saline infusion in antibiotic-treated mice restored their exercise capacity ( P < 0.05), suggesting that plasma acetate may be an important energy substrate during endurance exercise. In addition, running time was significantly improved in LMC-fed mice by fecal microbiome transplantation from others fed a high microbiome-accessible carbohydrate diet and administered a single portion of fermentable fiber ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, the microbiome can contribute to endurance exercise by producing SCFAs. Our findings provide new insight into the effects of the microbiome on systemic metabolism.

scholarly journals Nicotinamide Riboside supplementation does not alter whole-body or skeletal muscle metabolic responses to a single bout of endurance exercise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Stocks ◽  
Stephen P. Ashcroft ◽  
Sophie Joanisse ◽  
Yasir S. Elhassan ◽  
Gareth G. Lavery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Nicotinamide Riboside ◽  
Exercise Induced

AbstractOral supplementation of the NAD+ precursor Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) has been reported to increase Sirtuin (SIRT) signalling, mitochondrial biogenesis and endurance capacity in rodent skeletal muscle. However, whether NR supplementation can elicit a similar response in human skeletal muscle is unclear. This study aimed to assess the effect of 7-day NR supplementation on exercise-induced transduction and transcriptional responses in skeletal muscle of young, healthy, recreationally active human volunteers. In a double-blinded, randomised, counter-balanced, crossover design, eight male participants (age: 23 ± 4 years, VO2peak: 46.5 ± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1) received one week of NR or cellulose placebo (PLA) supplementation (1000 mg·d-1) before performing one hour of cycling at 60% Wmax. Muscle biopsies were collected prior to supplementation and pre-, immediately and three-hours post-exercise from the medial vastus lateralis, whilst venous blood samples were collected throughout the trial. Global acetylation, auto-PARylation of PARP1, acetylation of p53Lys382 and MnSODLys122 were unaffected by NR supplementation or exercise. Exercise led to an increase in AMPKThr172 (1.6-fold), and ACCSer79 (4-fold) phosphorylation, in addition to an increase in PGC-1α (∼5-fold) and PDK4 (∼10-fold) mRNA expression, however NR had no additional effect on this response. There was also no effect of NR supplementation on substrate utilisation at rest or during exercise or on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Finally, NR supplementation blunted the exercise induced activation of skeletal muscle NNMT mRNA expression, but had no effect on mRNA expression of NMRK1, NAMPT or NMNAT1, which were not significantly affected by NR supplementation or exercise. In summary, one week of NR supplementation does not augment skeletal muscle signal transduction pathways implicated in mitochondrial adaptation to endurance exercise.

scholarly journals Myostatin is a key mediator between energy metabolism and endurance capacity of skeletal muscle

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (4) ◽  
pp. R444-R454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Mouisel ◽  
Karima Relizani ◽  
Laurence Mille-Hamard ◽  
Raphaël Denis ◽  
Christophe Hourdé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Exercise Induced

Myostatin (Mstn) participates in the regulation of skeletal muscle size and has emerged as a regulator of muscle metabolism. Here, we hypothesized that lack of myostatin profoundly depresses oxidative phosphorylation-dependent muscle function. Toward this end, we explored Mstn −/− mice as a model for the constitutive absence of myostatin and AAV-mediated overexpression of myostatin propeptide as a model of myostatin blockade in adult wild-type mice. We show that muscles from Mstn −/− mice, although larger and stronger, fatigue extremely rapidly. Myostatin deficiency shifts muscle from aerobic toward anaerobic energy metabolism, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial respiration, reduced expression of PPAR transcriptional regulators, increased enolase activity, and exercise-induced lactic acidosis. As a consequence, constitutively reduced myostatin signaling diminishes exercise capacity, while the hypermuscular state of Mstn−/− mice increases oxygen consumption and the energy cost of running. We wondered whether these results are the mere consequence of the congenital fiber-type switch toward a glycolytic phenotype of constitutive Mstn −/− mice. Hence, we overexpressed myostatin propeptide in adult mice, which did not affect fiber-type distribution, while nonetheless causing increased muscle fatigability, diminished exercise capacity, and decreased Pparb/d and Pgc1a expression. In conclusion, our results suggest that myostatin endows skeletal muscle with high oxidative capacity and low fatigability, thus regulating the delicate balance between muscle mass, muscle force, energy metabolism, and endurance capacity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Endurance Training on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Inflammatory Markers in Healthy People and Parkinson's Disease. A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Małczyńska-Sims ◽  
Małgorzata Chalimoniuk ◽  
Anna Sułek
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Status

Background: One purpose of the training conducted by people is to lose bodyweight and improve their physical condition. It is well-known that endurance training provides many positive changes in the body, not only those associated with current beauty standards. It also promotes biochemical changes such as a decreased inflammatory status, memory improvements through increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and reduced stress hormone levels. The positive effects of training may provide a novel solution for people with Parkinson's disease, as a way to reduce the inflammatory status and decrease neurodegeneration through stimulation of neuroplasticity and improved motor conditions.Aim: This narrative review aims to focus on the relationship between an acute bout of endurance exercise, endurance training (continuous and interval), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory status in the three subject groups (young adults, older adult, and patients with Parkinson's disease), and to review the current state of knowledge about the possible causes of the differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory status response to a bout of endurance exercise and endurance training. Furthermore, short practical recommendations for PD patients were formulated for improving the efficacy of the training process during rehabilitation.Methods: A narrative review was performed following an electronic search of the database PubMed/Medline and Web of Science for English-language articles between January 2010 and January 2020.Results: Analysis of the available publications with partial results revealed (1) a possible connection between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor level and inflammatory status, and (2) a more beneficial influence of endurance training compared with acute bouts of endurance exercise.Conclusion: Despite the lack of direct evidence, the results from studies show that endurance training may have a positive effect on inflammatory status and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Introducing endurance training as part of the rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease might provide benefits for patients in addition to pharmacological therapy supplementation.

scholarly journals Ketone body supplement label claims: what supplement has been supplemented?

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
D Da Costa ◽  
V Bangalee ◽  
K Subban ◽  
R Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sporting Performance

Background: There is a keen interest in performance-enhancing supplementation and the associated benefits, despite reports of incorrect label claims made by manufacturers and the questionable efficacy of the supplements. The use of ketone body supplements as a source of fuel during exercise and sporting performance, in particular, is of interest to sportspeople. By increasing blood ketone body levels, with an accompanying decrease in blood glucose, may indicate a state of nutritional ketosis, whereby the body no longer relies on glucose metabolism but rather the metabolism of ketone bodies. This could be beneficial for long, slow steady-state endurance exercise. Discussion: There are numerous ketone body supplements on the market manufactured in South Africa and internationally. However, unlike medicines, the sports supplementation industry is poorly regulated. Furthermore, ketone body supplementation with regard to its effects on improving exercise and athletic performance is still unconvincing. Conclusion: Within the ever-changing sports supplementation industry, ketone body supplements are being used despite controversies regarding the accuracy and scientific merit of label claims. The ingredients and their quantities, as well as the performance benefits, need to be objectively validated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document