scholarly journals Microbiome potentiates endurance exercise through intestinal acetate production

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. E956-E966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Okamoto ◽  
Katsutaro Morino ◽  
Satoshi Ugi ◽  
Fumiyuki Nakagawa ◽  
Mengistu Lemecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Endurance Testing

The intestinal microbiome produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from dietary fiber and has specific effects on other organs. During endurance exercise, fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids are major energy substrates. However, little is known about the role of SCFAs during exercise. To investigate this, mice were administered either multiple antibiotics or a low microbiome-accessible carbohydrate (LMC) diet, before endurance testing on a treadmill. Two-week antibiotic treatment significantly reduced endurance capacity versus the untreated group. In the cecum acetate, propionate, and butyrate became almost undetectable in the antibiotic-treated group, plasma SCFA concentrations were lower, and the microbiome was disrupted. Similarly, 6-wk LMC treatment significantly reduced exercise capacity, and fecal and plasma SCFA concentrations. Continuous acetate but not saline infusion in antibiotic-treated mice restored their exercise capacity ( P < 0.05), suggesting that plasma acetate may be an important energy substrate during endurance exercise. In addition, running time was significantly improved in LMC-fed mice by fecal microbiome transplantation from others fed a high microbiome-accessible carbohydrate diet and administered a single portion of fermentable fiber ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, the microbiome can contribute to endurance exercise by producing SCFAs. Our findings provide new insight into the effects of the microbiome on systemic metabolism.

scholarly journals Keto-Adaptation and Endurance Exercise Capacity, Fatigue Recovery, and Exercise-Induced Muscle and Organ Damage Prevention: A Narrative Review

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihui Ma ◽  
Katsuhiko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Muscle Health ◽  
Improve Exercise Capacity ◽  
Exercise Induced

A ketogenic diet (KD) could induce nutritional ketosis. Over time, the body will acclimate to use ketone bodies as a primary fuel to achieve keto-adaptation. Keto-adaptation may provide a consistent and fast energy supply, thus improving exercise performance and capacity. With its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, a KD may contribute to muscle health, thus preventing exercise-induced fatigue and damage. Given the solid basis of its potential to improve exercise capacity, numerous investigations into KD and exercise have been carried out in recent years. This narrative review aims to summarize recent research about the potential of a KD as a nutritional approach during endurance exercise, focusing on endurance capacity, recovery from fatigue, and the prevention of exhaustive exercise-induced muscle and organ damage.

scholarly journals Short-Chain Fatty Acids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Markowiak-Kopeć ◽  
Katarzyna Śliżewska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Test Results ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normal Health ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The relationship between diet and the diversity and function of the intestinal microbiomeand its importance for human health is currently the subject of many studies. The type and proportionof microorganisms found in the intestines can determine the energy balance of the host. Intestinalmicroorganisms perform many important functions, one of which is participation in metabolicprocesses, e.g., in the production of short-chain fatty acids&mdash;SCFAs (also called volatile fatty acids).These acids represent the main carbon flow from the diet to the host microbiome. Maintainingintestinal balance is necessary to maintain the host&rsquo;s normal health and prevent many diseases.The results of many studies confirm the beneficial effect of probiotic microorganisms on the balanceof the intestinal microbiome and produced metabolites, including SCFAs. The aim of this review is tosummarize what is known on the effects of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acidsby gut microbes. In addition, the mechanism of formation and properties of these metabolites isdiscussed and verified test results confirming the effectiveness of probiotics in human nutrition bymodulating SCFAs production by intestinal microbiome is presented.

scholarly journals Bugs, genes, fatty acids, and serotonin: Unraveling inflammatory bowel disease?

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Kaunitz ◽  
Piyush Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide

The annual incidence of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease has increased at an alarming rate. Although the specific pathophysiology underlying IBD continues to be elusive, it is hypothesized that IBD results from an aberrant and persistent immune response directed against microbes or their products in the gut, facilitated by the genetic susceptibility of the host and intrinsic alterations in mucosal barrier function. In this review, we will describe advances in the understanding of how the interaction of host genetics and the intestinal microbiome contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, with a focus on bacterial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as possible key signaling molecules.  In particular, we will describe alterations of the intestinal microbiota in IBD, focusing on how genetic loci affect the gut microbial phylogenetic distribution and the production of their major microbial metabolic product, SCFAs. We then describe how enteroendocrine cells and myenteric nerves express SCFA receptors that integrate networks such as the cholinergic and serotonergic neural systems and the glucagon-like peptide hormonal pathway, to modulate gut inflammation, permeability, and growth as part of an integrated model of IBD pathogenesis.  Through this integrative approach, we hope that novel hypotheses will emerge that will be tested in reductionist, hypothesis-driven studies in order to examine the interrelationship of these systems in the hope of better understanding IBD pathogenesis and to inform novel therapies.

scholarly journals A Multi-Omics Protocol for Swine Feces to Elucidate Longitudinal Dynamics in Microbiome Structure and Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1887
Author(s):  
Laurin Gierse ◽  
Alexander Meene ◽  
Daniel Schultz ◽  
Theresa Schwaiger ◽  
Claudia Karte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Minimal Invasive ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Longitudinal Dynamics ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Swine Feces ◽  
And Function

Swine are regarded as promising biomedical models, but the dynamics of their gastrointestinal microbiome have been much less investigated than that of humans or mice. The aim of this study was to establish an integrated multi-omics protocol to investigate the fecal microbiome of healthy swine. To this end, a preparation and analysis protocol including integrated sample preparation for meta-omics analyses of deep-frozen feces was developed. Subsequent data integration linked microbiome composition with function, and metabolic activity with protein inventories, i.e., 16S rRNA data and expressed proteins, and identified proteins with corresponding metabolites. 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metaproteomics analyses revealed a fecal microbiome dominated by Prevotellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Clostridiaceae. Similar microbiome compositions in feces and colon, but not ileum samples, were observed, showing that feces can serve as minimal-invasive proxy for porcine colon microbiomes. Longitudinal dynamics in composition, e.g., temporal decreased abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Streptococcaceae during the experiment, were not reflected in microbiome function. Instead, metaproteomics and metabolomics showed a rather stable functional state, as evident from short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) profiles and associated metaproteome functions, pointing towards functional redundancy among microbiome constituents. In conclusion, our pipeline generates congruent data from different omics approaches on the taxonomy and functionality of the intestinal microbiome of swine.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory potential of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weronika Ratajczak ◽  
Aleksandra Rył ◽  
Arnold Mizerski ◽  
Kinga Walczakiewicz ◽  
Olimpia Sipak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
16S Rrna Analysis ◽  
Immunomodulatory Potential ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Intestinal microbiota is an element of the bacterial ecosystem in all mammalian organisms. These microorganisms play a very important part in the development, functioning, and modulation of the immune system from the moment of birth. In recent years, owing to the use of modern sequencing techniques, the microbiome composition in healthy people has been identified based on bacterial 16S rRNA analysis. Currently, more and more attention is being given to the influence of microorganisms on the host’s cellular metabolism. Analysis of microbial metabolites, among them short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis in terms of their effects on molecular regulatory mechanisms of immune reactions will surely improve the understanding of the etiology of many common diseases. SCFAs, mainly butyrate, propionate, and acetate, occur in specific amounts, and their proportions can change, depending on the diet, age and diseases. The levels of SCFAs are substantially influenced by the ratio of commensal intestinal bacteria, the disturbance of which (dysbiosis) can lead to a disproportion between the SCFAs produced. SCFAs are regarded as mediators in the communication between the intestinal microbiome and the immune system. The signal they produce is transferred, among others, in immune cells via free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It has been also confirmed that SCFAs inhibit the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) – an enzyme involved in post-translational modifications, namely the process of deacetylation and, what is new, the process of histone crotonylation. These properties of SCFAs have an effect on their immunomodulatory potential i.e. maintaining the anti/pro-inflammatory balance. SCFAs act not only locally in the intestines colonized by commensal bacteria, but also influence the intestinal immune cells, and modulate immune response by multi-protein inflammasome complexes. SCFAs have been confirmed to contribute to the maintenance of the immune homeostasis of the urinary system (kidneys), respiratory system (lungs), central nervous system, and the sight organ.

scholarly journals The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Markowiak-Kopeć ◽  
Katarzyna Śliżewska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Test Results ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Normal Health ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The relationship between diet and the diversity and function of the intestinal microbiome and its importance for human health is currently the subject of many studies. The type and proportion of microorganisms found in the intestines can determine the energy balance of the host. Intestinal microorganisms perform many important functions, one of which is participation in metabolic processes, e.g., in the production of short-chain fatty acids—SCFAs (also called volatile fatty acids). These acids represent the main carbon flow from the diet to the host microbiome. Maintaining intestinal balance is necessary to maintain the host’s normal health and prevent many diseases. The results of many studies confirm the beneficial effect of probiotic microorganisms on the balance of the intestinal microbiome and produced metabolites, including SCFAs. The aim of this review is to summarize what is known on the effects of probiotics on the production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microbes. In addition, the mechanism of formation and properties of these metabolites is discussed and verified test results confirming the effectiveness of probiotics in human nutrition by modulating SCFAs production by intestinal microbiome is presented.

scholarly journals Rifaximin-Mediated Gut Microbiota Regulation Modulates the Polarization of Microglia During CUMS in Rat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haonan Li ◽  
Yujiao Xiang ◽  
Zemeng Zhu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Zhijun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background: Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) can not only lead to depression-like behavior but also change the composition of the gut microbiome. Regulating the gut microbiome can have an antidepressant effect, but the mechanism by which it improves depressive symptoms is not clear. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are small molecular compounds produced by the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates. SFCAs are ubiquitous in intestinal endocrine and immune cells, making them important mediators of gut microbiome-regulated body functions. Activated M1 microglia can cause pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia serve anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions. The balance between the two phenotypes of microglia plays an important role in the occurrence and treatment of depression caused by chronic stress. We hypothesized that rifaximin exerts an antidepressant effect by changing the abundance of fecal SFCA metabolites and transforming the microglial phenotype. Methods: We administered 150 mg/kg rifaximin intragastrically to rats exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks and investigated the composition of the fecal microbiome, the content of short-chain fatty acids in the serum and brain, microglial phenotypic profiles and hippocampal neurogenesis. Results: Our results show that rifaximin ameliorated depressive-like behavior induced by CUMS, as reflected by sucrose preference, the open field test and the Morris water maze. Rifaximin increased the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae, which were significantly positively correlated with high levels of butyrate in the brain. Rifaximin also increased the transformation of M1 microglia into the M2 type in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and ameliorated neurogenic abnormalities and functional deficits caused by CUMS.Conclusions: These results suggest that rifaximin can enhance the neuroprotective effect of microglia to some extent by regulating the gut microbiome and one of its metabolites, butyrate.

scholarly journals Understanding the Holobiont: Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria During Long Exercise in Horse

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Núria Mach ◽  
Marco Moroldo ◽  
Andrea Rau ◽  
Jérôme Lecardonnel ◽  
Laurence Le Moyec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Blood Transcriptome

Endurance exercise has a dramatic impact on the functionality of mitochondria and on the composition of the intestinal microbiome, but the mechanisms regulating the crosstalk between these two components are still largely unknown. Here, we sampled 20 elite horses before and after an endurance race and used blood transcriptome, blood metabolome and fecal microbiome to describe the gut-mitochondria crosstalk. A subset of mitochondria-related differentially expressed genes involved in pathways such as energy metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation was discovered and then shown to be associated with butyrate-producing bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family, especially Eubacterium. The mechanisms involved were not fully understood, but through the action of their metabolites likely acted on PPARγ, the FRX-CREB axis and their downstream targets to delay the onset of hypoglycemia, inflammation and extend running time. Our results also suggested that circulating free fatty acids may act not merely as fuel but drive mitochondrial inflammatory responses triggered by the translocation of gut bacterial polysaccharides following endurance. Targeting the gut-mitochondria axis therefore appears to be a potential strategy to enhance athletic performance.

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