scholarly journals Challenges of Governing Off-Grid “Productive” Sanitation in Peri-Urban Areas: Comparison of Case Studies in Bolivia and South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Silveti ◽  
Kim Andersson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Municipal Policies ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Systems

Globally, peri-urban areas are experiencing rapid urbanization. Conventional infrastructure development is generally slow to catch up and the lack of basic sanitation in peri-urban areas is a constantly growing—and often overlooked—problem. There are examples where these challenges have been addressed by off-grid “productive” sanitation systems that provide opportunities for recovery and reuse of valuable waste stream resources. However, governing such systems and ensuring effective municipal policies can be challenging since the socio-economic contexts in many peri-urban areas are transforming rapidly. A comparison of two initiatives in Bolivia and South Africa offers valuable insights for introducing functional off-grid “productive” sanitation systems relying on urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) in peri-urban settlements. Findings suggest that acceptance of the UDDTs by households largely rely on consistent awareness raising and capacity building, in addition to adaptation to the local needs and creating a sense of ownership over the toilet system. Changing perceptions of what constitutes an aspirational toilet, and developing services for waste management collection, seem to be crucial components for ensuring long-term use and functionality of the UDDTs. Investments and further innovations for upscaling of resource recovery systems are needed to make these systems cost-effective and logistically viable. To attract these additional investments, it will be crucial to assess the societal economic benefits of off-grid “productive” sanitation compared to centralized wastewater systems. The comparison also highlights that off-grid sanitation requires a clear division and coordination of roles and responsibilities among different authorities, in order to transcend political difficulties that emerge where these boundaries overlap. Thus, integrating clear boundaries into urban planning policies, and including informal processes in communities, play an important role in improving governance of basic services in peri-urban areas.

Selecting Sanitation Solutions for Peri-urban Areas: A Case Study of Can Tho, Vietnam

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Carrard ◽  
Juliet Willetts ◽  
Cynthia Mitchell ◽  
Mick Paddon ◽  
Monique Retamal
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Asset Replacement ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Can Tho City ◽  
Sustainable Futures ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Selection Of

In peri-urban areas where infrastructure investments have not yet been made, there is a need to determine the most context-appropriate, fit for purpose and sustainable sanitation solutions. Decision makers must identify the optimal system scale (on the spectrum from centralized to community to cluster scale) and assess the long-term costs and socio-economic/environmental impacts associated with different options. Addressing both cost-effectiveness and sustainability are essential to ensure that institutions and communities are able to continue to bear the costs and management burden of infrastructure operation, maintenance and asset replacement. This paper describes an approach to sanitation planning currently being undertaken as a research study in Can Tho City in southern Vietnam, by the Institute for Sustainable Futures and Can Tho University in collaboration with Can Tho Water Supply and Sewerage Company. The aim of the study is to facilitate selection of the most context-appropriate, fit for purpose, cost effective and sustainable sanitation infrastructure solution. As such, the study compares a range of sanitation alternatives including centralized, decentralized (at household or cluster scale) and resource recovery options. This paper provides an overview of the study and considers aspects of the Can Tho and Vietnamese regulatory, development and institutional context that present drivers and challenges for comparison of options and selection of fit for purpose sanitation systems.

scholarly journals Strengthening Urban Resilience: Five emerging lessons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Silva
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Almost All

Strengthening urban resilience is key to achieving Oxfam's vision of a world without poverty. Urbanization has become a major challenge for almost all countries around the globe. Cities and city inhabitants are facing additional and amplified challenges as a result of rapid urbanization, a changing climate and rising inequality in urban areas. The COVID-19 crisis has further highlighted the importance of strengthening inclusive urban resilience to acute shocks and chronic stresses. Oxfam's Resilience Knowledge Hub conducted the Urban Resilience Learning Exchange (URLE) project with pilot programmes in Jordan, Pakistan, Nepal, South Africa, Kenya and Bangladesh to develop a better understanding of what it takes to build resilience in urban settings. This paper summarizes the learning from the pilots and looks at how Oxfam can further strengthen its urban resilience programming.

scholarly journals Policy implementation considerations for basic services: A South African urban sanitation case

Water SA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4 October) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Taing
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Policymaking And Implementation ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of South Africa formulated numerous progressive laws, regulations and strategies from 1994 to 2008 to support the provision of free basic sanitation access to the poor by 2014. The State has yet to achieve this objective in urban areas – ostensibly due to the poor municipal execution of national policy. This paper challenges this viewpoint, as it ignores policy weaknesses and overlooks the influence of non-municipal actors in service delivery. An assessment of national policy and implementation in South Africa’s second largest city (Cape Town) indicated that irreconcilable differences between municipal officials, residents and advocates’ interpretations of broadly-framed national policy, as well as policy gaps specific to servicing informal settlements and providing shared sanitation, contributed to the municipality’s failure to achieve policy objectives. The actors’ differences and policy shortcomings necessitated municipal policy reformulation according to the ‘lived’ and ‘practical’ realities of servicing informal settlements. The findings suggest a disproportionate focus on turning national policy into practice – for this viewpoint misses how local actors’ perspectives and current practices can shape policy. Understanding, accepting and addressing the interplay between policymaking and implementation can contribute to more constructive means of effectively delivering sanitation in South Africa.

scholarly journals Cost and cost-effectiveness of a parenting programme to prevent violence against adolescents in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. e001147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Redfern ◽  
Lucie D Cluver ◽  
Marisa Casale ◽  
Janina I Steinert
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Parenting Programme ◽  
Middle Income

IntroductionThis paper presents the costs and cost-effectiveness of ‘Parenting for Lifelong Health: Sinovuyo Teen’, a non-commercialised parenting programme aimed at preventing violence against adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsThe effectiveness of Sinovuyo Teen was evaluated with a cluster randomised controlled trial in 40 villages and peri-urban townships in the Eastern Cape of South Africa from 2015 to 2016. The costs of implementation were calculated retrospectively and models of costs at scale estimated, from the perspective of the programme provider. Cost-effectiveness analysis considers both the cost per incident of abuse averted, and cost per disability-adjusted life year averted. Potential economic benefits from the societal perspective were estimated by developing a framework of possible savings.ResultsThe total implementation cost for Sinovuyo Teen over the duration of the trial was US$135 954, or US$504 per family enrolled. Among the 270 families in the treatment group, an estimated 73 incidents of physical and emotional abuse were averted (95% CI 29 to 118 incidents averted). During the trial, the total cost per incident of physical or emotional abuse averted was US$1837, which is likely to decrease to approximately US$972 if implemented at scale. By comparison, the economic benefits of averting abuse in South Africa are large with an estimated lifetime saving of US$2724 minimum per case.ConclusionParenting programmes are a cost-effective intervention to prevent the abuse of adolescents by their caregivers in South Africa, when compared with existing violence prevention programmes and cost-effectiveness thresholds based on GDP per capita.

A framework for planning of sustainable water and sanitation systems in peri-urban areas

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Törnqvist ◽  
A. Norström ◽  
E. Kärrman ◽  
P.-A. Malmqvist
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Institutional Boundaries

There are billions of people around the world that lack access to safe water supply and basic sanitation, a situation which puts the affected in severe health conditions as well as economical and social despair. Many of those lacking adequate water supply and sanitation systems can be found at the fringe of the cities in so called peri-urban areas, especially in the developing world. Planning in these areas is highly complex due to challenging environmental and physical conditions, high population density and unclear institutional boundaries. This article presents a framework aiming to support the planning process for sustainable water and sanitation systems in peri-urban areas. The suggested framework is based on different available planning approaches from a review of literature and websites of organisations and companies. It consists of a recommendation of important steps in the planning process as well as supporting tools. Further, it incorporates a set of sustainability criteria important for the peri-urban context and allows for the development of site specific systems. The framework has the aim to be flexible for different planning situations, and for suiting planners with different perspectives and amount of resources.

Ancient water and sanitation systems – applicability for the contemporary urban developing world

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bond ◽  
E. Roma ◽  
K. M. Foxon ◽  
M. R. Templeton ◽  
C. A. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Rural Agriculture ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Systems

The idea of implementing ancient water and wastewater technologies in the developing world is a persuasive one, since ancient systems had many features which would constitute sustainable and decentralised water and sanitation (WATSAN) provision in contemporary terminology. Latest figures indicate 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation and 1.1 billion practise open defecation, thus there is a huge need for sustainable and cost-effective WATSAN facilities, particularly in cities of the developing world. The objective of this study was to discuss and evaluate the applicability of selected ancient WATSAN systems for the contemporary developing world. Selected WATSAN systems in ancient Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, Greece, Rome and the Yucatan peninsula are briefly introduced and then discussed in the context of the developing world. One relevant aspect is that public latrines and baths were not only a part of daily life in ancient Rome but also a focal point for socialising. As such they would appear to represent a model of how to promote use and acceptance of modern community toilets and ablution blocks. Although public or community toilets are not classified as improved sanitation by WHO/UNICEF, this is a debatable premise since examples such as Durban, South Africa, illustrate how community toilets continue to represent a WATSAN solution for urban areas with high population density. Meanwhile, given the need for dry sanitation technologies, toilets based on the production of enriched Terra Preta soil have potential applications in urban and rural agriculture and warrant further investigation.

Optimizing the Operation of Pumping System with Linear Programming (LP), Nonlinear (PNL) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1039-1043
Author(s):  
Anderson William Simões Borges ◽  
Marcio Roberto Covacic
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Supervision And Management ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
High Topography ◽  
Insight Into

There are many reasons for conducting research involving the basic sanitation sector in Brazil, among these reasons are some very peculiar characteristics related to this sector, ranging from features to their design and form of organization to maintenance. This paper provides practical insight into the application of automation technologies in sanitation systems and aims to expose a set of solutions focused on automation of viable water supply that can be applied even in municipalities that manage their own water supply. Automated systems are characterized mainly by the need to purchase to send information from one or more operational control centers to remote stations located in diverse locations such as densely urbanized centers, non-urban areas, restricted access locations, coastal areas, areas port, underground cities and localities of high topography. This diversity of characteristics requires a set of automation solutions. Supervision and management information for the control and management of the supply system in an integrated and efficient.

scholarly journals HOW TO CLASSIFY THE URBAN AREA? A PERSPECTIVE OF MULTI-CRITERIA APPROACH IN THE CONTEXT OF HYPER-DIVERSITY IN SETTLEMENTS IN GHANA

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. K. AKUBIA ◽  
Paul W. K. YANKSON
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Regular Mapping ◽  
Land Use Dynamics ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
High Population Growth ◽  
Key Dimensions

Ghana is experiencing high population growth, rapid urbanization and a constantly accelerating growth of urban areas. Yet, the accurate delineation of urban settlements remains a major challenge faced by urbanists. While emergent urban settlements are being characterized by highly-diverse, heterogeneous, and multiplicity of features, the need to rethink how best to classify new urban growth areas, beyond the commonly used population threshold of ≥ 5000 inhabitants, is becoming increasingly inadequate. Thus, this paper proposes a multi-criteria approach, drawing on the concept of ‘hyper-diversity’. Eight key dimensions – urban form, built-up extent, socio-economic functions, land-use dynamics, occupational structure, governance structure and population size – were identified as a guide to the delineation of new urban settlements. Inferring these dimensions requires accurate spatial and statistical data on prevailing the land-use dynamics. Thus, the paper argues that analyzing satellite-based remote sensing and groundtruth-gathered data may provide standardized and timely information on the aforementioned dimensions. Applying this multi-dimensional approach may be useful for Ghana and similar countries where there is a lack of regular mapping of urban areas.

scholarly journals CONSIDERATIONS ON THE USE OF SENTINEL-1 DATA IN FLOOD MAPPING IN URBAN AREAS: ANKARA (TURKEY) 2018 FLOODS

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-5 ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tavus ◽  
S. Kocaman ◽  
C. Gokceoglu ◽  
H. A. Nefeslioglu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flood Event ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Mapping Procedure ◽  
Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Flood events frequently occur due to -most probably- climate change on our planet in the recent years. Rapid urbanization also causes imperfections in city planning, such as insufficient considerations of the environmental factors and the lack of proper infrastructure development. Mapping of inundation level following a flood event is thus important in evaluation of flood models and flood hazard and risk analyzes. This task can be harder in urban areas, where the effect of the disaster can be more severe and even cause loss of lives.</p><p>With the increased temporal and spatial availability of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data, several flood detection applications appear in the literature although their use in urban areas so far relatively limited. In this study, one flood event occurred in Ankara, Turkey, in May 2018 has been mapped using Sentinel-1 SAR data. The preprocessing of Sentinel-1 data and the mapping procedure have been described in detail and the results have been evaluated and discussed accordingly. The results of this study show that SAR sensors provide fast and accurate data during the flooding using appropriate methods, and due to the nature of the flood events, i.e. heavy cloud coverage, it is currently irreplaceable by optical remote sensing techniques.</p>

scholarly journals Financial innovations and sanitation services: the battle between low-income users and shareholders

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (47) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Alberto De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Action ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Financial Innovations ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

AbstractThis article aims to show how changes in the model for financing basic sanitation affect social inequality and urban segregation, and to discuss alternatives that minimise the impact these changes have on low-income populations. The investigation focuses on mediations between sanitation policy and general urban policies in the more ample process of valorising capital, involving different scales of geography and forms of state action. Widespread privatisation and public–private partnerships have altered the role that rates charged to users play in financing sanitation systems. This, in turn, has an impact on low-income populations’ access to these systems. The study concludes that new models of financing tend to privilege spaces in the city that are attractive to private capital, and that investments in sanitation are supported by financial innovations that depend on the collective force of remunerating shareholders and maintaining investors’ expectations. Finally, the article approaches solutions that ensure low-income families’ access to public services, with special emphasis on subsidised rate systems based on the stratification of urban areas adopted in Colombia. The article concludes that this experiment presents both positive and negative aspects that may serve as starting points toward potential solutions for Brazil.

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