scholarly journals The Impact of Pedestrian Crossing Flags on Driver Yielding Behavior in Las Vegas, NV

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Clark ◽  
Courtney Coughenour ◽  
Kelly Bumgarner ◽  
Hanns de la Fuente-Mella ◽  
Chantel Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pedestrian Injury ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Trained Observers ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
The Impact

Walking is the most affordable, accessible, and environmentally friendly method of transportation. However, the risk of pedestrian injury or death from motor vehicle crashes is significant, particularly in sprawling metropolitan areas. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pedestrian crossing flags (PCFs) on driver yielding behaviors. Participants crossed a marked, midblock crosswalk on a multilane road in Las Vegas, Nevada, with and without PCFs, to determine if there were differences in driver yielding behaviors (n = 160 crossings). Trained observers recorded (1) the number of vehicles that passed in the nearest lane without yielding while the pedestrian waited at the curb and (2) the number of vehicles that passed through the crosswalk while the pedestrian was in the same half of the roadway. ANOVA revealed that drivers were significantly less likely to pass through the crosswalk with the pedestrian in the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 0.20; M = 0.06); drivers were more likely to yield to the pedestrian waiting to enter the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 1.38; M = 0.95). Pedestrian crossing flags are a low-tech, low-cost intervention that may improve pedestrian safety at marked mid-block crosswalks. Future research should examine driver fade-out effects and more advanced pedestrian safety alternatives.

Motivating Compliance: Firm Response to Mandatory Disclosure Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Boland ◽  
Chris E. Hogan ◽  
Marilyn F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulated Firms ◽  
Firm Response ◽  
Disclosure Rules ◽  
The Impact

SYNOPSIS Mandatory existence disclosure rules require an organization to disclose a policy's existence, but not its content. We examine policy adoption frequencies in the year immediately after the IRS required mandatory existence disclosure by nonprofits of various governance policies. We also examine adoption frequencies in the year of the subsequent change from mandatory existence disclosure to a disclose-and-explain regime that required supplemental disclosures about the content and implementation of conflict of interest policies. Our results suggest that in areas where there is unclear regulatory authority, mandatory existence disclosure is an effective and low cost regulatory device for encouraging the adoption of policies desired by regulators, provided those policies are cost-effective for regulated firms to implement. In addition, we find that disclose-and-explain regulatory regimes provide stronger incentives for policy adoption than do mandatory existence disclosure regimes and also discourage “check the box” behavior. Future research should examine the impact of mandatory existence disclosure rules in the year that the regulation is implemented. Data Availability: Data are available from sources cited in the text.

Correlating Geographic Location with Incidence of Motor Vehicle–Induced Pedestrian Injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 1049-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Bhutiani ◽  
Keith R. Miller ◽  
Matthew V. Benns ◽  
Nicholas A. Nash ◽  
Glen A. Franklin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Pedestrian Injury ◽  
The Impact

To date, no studies have examined the relationship between geographic and socioeconomic factors and the frequency of pedestrians sustaining traumatic injuries from a motor vehicle. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of location on the frequency of pedestrian injury by motor vehicle. The University of Louisville Trauma Registry was queried for patients who had been struck by a motor vehicle from 2010 to 2015. Demographic and injury information as well as outcome measures were evaluated to identify those impacting risk of pedestrian versus motor vehicle accidents. Number of incidents was correlated with lower median household income. There was also a moderate correlation between the number of incidents and population density. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant association between increased median household income and distance from downtown Louisville and decreased risk of death following pedestrian versus motor vehicle accident. Incidence of pedestrian injury by motor vehicles is influenced by regional socioeconomic status. Efforts to decrease the frequency of these events should include further investigation into the mechanisms underpinning this relationship.

scholarly journals A Brief Educational Intervention to Improve Healthcare Providers' Awareness of Child Passenger Safety

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. James Ekundayo ◽  
Gennifer Jones ◽  
Angela Brown ◽  
Muktar Aliyu ◽  
Robert Levine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pediatric Trauma ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Child Passenger Safety ◽  
Passenger Safety ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among US children aged 4–14 years. In theory, health provider counseling about Child Passenger Safety (CPS) could be a useful deterrent. The data about the effectiveness of CPS dissemination is sparse, but existing results suggest that providers are not well informed. Moreover, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether provider counseling about CPS is effective.Methods. We therefore assessed CPS best practice knowledge among 217 healthcare workers at hospitals in seven cities throughout the USA and evaluated the impact of a brief, lunch and learn educational intervention with a five-item questionnaire. Attendees were comprised of physicians, nurses, social workers, pediatric residents, and pediatric trauma response teams.Results. Pre-post survey completion was nearly 100% (216 of 217 attendees). Participation was fairly evenly distributed according to age (18–29, 30–44, and 45+ years). More than 80% of attendees were women. Before intervention, only 4% of respondents (9/216) answered all five questions correctly; this rose to 77% (167/216) (P<0.001, using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test) after intervention.Conclusion. Future research should consider implementation and controlled testing of comparable educational programs to determine if they improve dissemination of CPS best practice recommendations in the long term.

Design and Performance of the Double Dislocation Perforated Shielding Plate Used in Vacuum Arc Deposition for High Quality Coating Deposition

2011 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Wen Chang Lang
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Film Structure ◽  
Vacuum Arc ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ion Density ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Based on the different movement characteristics of macro-particles, ions and electrons in the plasma transmission, this paper developed a simple, easy device with low cost-- double dislocation perforated shielding plate used in the coupling enhanced magnetic field, which can also satisfy the requirements of preparing high-quality films; This paper also studied the impact of double dislocation perforated shielding plate on the transmission of arc plasma and film properties. The results showed that: compared with the physical fielding plate, in the realization of the resistance to macro-particles transferred in straight line, part of the ions can also pass through the perforated position in the double dislocation perforated shielding plate to increase the ion density behind the fielding plate, thus increasing the film’s deposition rate to some extent. At the same time, the double dislocation perforated shielding plate can significantly reduce the roughness of the film and improve the film's finish, while the film structure does not change.

scholarly journals Dynamic interactions between spatial change and travel behavior variation in old town fringe

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 559-584
Author(s):  
Wenzhu Zhou ◽  
Qiao Li ◽  
Zhibin Li ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Driver's License ◽  
Plot Ratio ◽  
Correlated Factors ◽  
The Impact

Old town fringe area is changing in its spatial features, and these changes correspondingly result in variations in travel behaviors. Taking the spatial characteristics and travel behavior data of the Nanjing Old Town Fringe (OTF) area in 2010 and 2015 as an example, we conducted a comparative study for two years. First, based on the identification of the spatial range of OTF in these two years by using travel data mutation points and the Point of Information (POI) kernel analysis method, the significant change in the OTF area, from marginal areas in 2010 to non-marginal areas in 2015, was identified. Second, multiple logit models were used to evaluate the impact of the built environment and economic and social attributes of residents on the choice of travel modes, as well as the different impact factors. From the perspective of overall performance, with reference to the behavior of choosing motor vehicle travel, from 2010 to 2015, the significant correlation of factors in promoting residents to choose walking, cycling or public transit changed. Moreover, there were three different dynamic characteristics of this correlation change: (1) the correlation of factors was significant and stable from 2010 to 2015; (2) the correlation of factors was significant in 2010 but not significant in 2015; (3) the correlation of factors was not significant in 2010 but was significant in 2015. It was found that the correlated factors of fluctuation were mainly social attribute factors, for example, education, gender, age, whether having a driver’s license, etc. Therefore, in future research and practice, we need to focus on the impact of stable correlated factors (such as shortest distance to downtown, plot ratio, occupation, etc.) and factors with increasing correlations (such as bus coverage, gender, age, etc.). And the land-mix factor needs to be considered from both vertical and horizontal perspectives. This will have certain significance and help future development of OTF areas.

scholarly journals How do we Read Online: The Effect of the Internet on Reading Behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Channa Herath
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Online Reading ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
The Impact

<p>Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore online and offline reading and determine the differences between them while assessing the impact of the Internet and online environment on individuals' reading behaviour. Design/methodology/approach This study followed a sequential mixed-method approach and employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. First, two focus groups were carried out to obtain a range of opinions on the topic and identify unforeseen areas. Subsequently, an online survey was applied to a representative sample of individuals from multiple countries. Findings People used different media for different purposes. They read a range of paper materials throughout the day in various locations to gain knowledge, for pleasure, for mood change, to escape, and out of obligation. They also read a range of online materials due to the availability of a large choice, efficiency, accessibility, low cost, up-to-date nature, and environmental considerations. The different media revealed different reading patterns. With an increasing amount of time spent on reading online, a screen based reading behaviour is emerging. Skim reading, scanning, and speed reading were evident while less time was spent on in depth reading leading to less comprehension and content absorption/recall levels. There was a lower attention span on online materials therefore less concentration was also identified. Reduced relaxation levels were evident therefore the majority of individuals printed online materials to read. Overall, the amount people read had increased over time due to the vast amount of reading materials. Research limitations/ implications Online reading strategies and skills are required to address the identified impacts. Future research can be extended to more scientific evidence to justify these findings. It would also be fascinating to examine how new additions to online reading devices influence or alter the online reading behaviour. Originality/value One of the few studies that analyses the impact of the online environment on individuals'  reading behaviour. In this sense, it provides a significant contribution to both academic literature and practitioners.</p>

The degree of the uncertain reward and customer engagement

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-898
Author(s):  
Zhaoyang Guo ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Yirang Zhang ◽  
Xue Ke
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Purpose As value co-creation has become a critical strategy for companies to gain competitive advantage, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the degree of the uncertain reward (DUR) and its impact on customer engagement (CE), particularly in the promotion stage, which has not been sufficiently explored. Further, optimistic estimation (OE) is examined as an underlying mechanism of the uncertain reward effect, as well as the impact of combining this with other marketing strategies: the controllable lottery and the delayed reward. Design/methodology/approach Three studies were conducted to examine the influence of DUR on CE, which included online experiments and a laboratory experiment. In total, 337 participants were recruited from China and the USA to enhance the study’s reliability and validity. Findings The research demonstrated that a high-degree uncertain reward led to less OE than a low-degree uncertain reward (LDUR), which subsequently decreased CE (Study 1). However, when other marketing strategies were combined – the controllable lottery (Study 2) and time-delay reward strategy (Study 3) – the uncertain reward effect was reversed (Study 2) or attenuated (Study 3). Research limitations/implications The current research only presents two possible reward amounts and independently explores the influence of two popular marketing strategies. Future research can explore customers’ responses to engagement when they face multiple rewards and thoroughly investigate the influence of other social or psychological factors. Practical implications Firms could apply an LDUR to enhance CE effects. Furthermore, this could be done at a low cost by empowering customers’ controllability. Nonetheless, firms should be cautious with trade-offs when using time-delay reward strategies. Social implications The research contributes to establishing networks of customer–company and interpersonal relationships, as well as fostering closer social ties and social harmony. Originality/value This research offers not only initial research on CE in the promotion stage, but also a novel psychological perspective in CE literature. Meanwhile, the study provides substantial value in guiding managers to effectively transform customers into value co-creators.

scholarly journals How do we Read Online: The Effect of the Internet on Reading Behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Channa Herath
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Environment ◽  
Online Reading ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
The Impact

<p>Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore online and offline reading and determine the differences between them while assessing the impact of the Internet and online environment on individuals' reading behaviour. Design/methodology/approach This study followed a sequential mixed-method approach and employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. First, two focus groups were carried out to obtain a range of opinions on the topic and identify unforeseen areas. Subsequently, an online survey was applied to a representative sample of individuals from multiple countries. Findings People used different media for different purposes. They read a range of paper materials throughout the day in various locations to gain knowledge, for pleasure, for mood change, to escape, and out of obligation. They also read a range of online materials due to the availability of a large choice, efficiency, accessibility, low cost, up-to-date nature, and environmental considerations. The different media revealed different reading patterns. With an increasing amount of time spent on reading online, a screen based reading behaviour is emerging. Skim reading, scanning, and speed reading were evident while less time was spent on in depth reading leading to less comprehension and content absorption/recall levels. There was a lower attention span on online materials therefore less concentration was also identified. Reduced relaxation levels were evident therefore the majority of individuals printed online materials to read. Overall, the amount people read had increased over time due to the vast amount of reading materials. Research limitations/ implications Online reading strategies and skills are required to address the identified impacts. Future research can be extended to more scientific evidence to justify these findings. It would also be fascinating to examine how new additions to online reading devices influence or alter the online reading behaviour. Originality/value One of the few studies that analyses the impact of the online environment on individuals'  reading behaviour. In this sense, it provides a significant contribution to both academic literature and practitioners.</p>

Firm strategy and CSR: the moderating role of performance management systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jeremy Galbreath ◽  
Lorenzo Lucianetti ◽  
Daniel Tisch ◽  
Benjamin Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Performance Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Firm Strategy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Performance Management Systems ◽  
Differentiation Strategy ◽  
Cost Strategy ◽  
Low Cost Strategy ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Little empirical research has explored whether or not firm strategy is linked with corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to that end we explore the impact of low-cost and differentiation strategies on CSR. Using a sample of 229 Italian firms, a low-cost strategy is negatively associated with ethical and discretionary CSR, while a differentiation strategy is positively associated with both. Given its focus on nonfinancial outcomes and stakeholders, we test if a performance management system (PM system) acts as a moderating influence. We find that a PM system positively moderates the negative association between a low-cost strategy and ethical and discretionary CSR, while also positively moderating these relationships with respect to a differentiation strategy. These findings advance the literature on strategy and CSR, while demonstrating the contingent effect of PM systems. The findings are discussed along with limitations and directions for future research.

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