scholarly journals Blockchain Application for the Paris Agreement Carbon Market Mechanism—A Decision Framework and Architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5069
Author(s):  
Marco Schletz ◽  
Laura A. Franke ◽  
Søren Salomo
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Heterogeneous Systems ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Decision Framework ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Trade Offs

This paper evaluates the suitability of blockchain technology for the Article 6.2 carbon market mechanism of the Paris Agreement. The bottom-up approach of the Paris Agreement causes challenges to the robust accounting of mitigation outcomes and information asymmetry, both of which result from a high number of heterogeneous emission accounting systems. Blockchain is an innovative technology that can act as an aggregation platform for these fragmented systems while enhancing transparency and automating accounting processes. However, this new technology is not a panacea for all problems, and the trade-offs of applying blockchain technology need to be assessed case by case. We create and apply an eight-step decision framework for testing the applicability of the technology for the Paris Agreement Article 6.2 carbon market mechanism. The analysis shows that, under current mechanism specifications, a blockchain application can enhance transparency and increase automation, thereby eliminating information asymmetry. We outline a system architecture that allows the linking of the heterogeneous systems, the integration of an Article 6.2 exchange mechanism, and the progress tracking of climate targets. This blockchain architecture offers national Parties the opportunity to co-create a decentralised system in line with the bottom-up ethos of the Paris Agreement.

scholarly journals Designing a Blockchain Model for the Paris Agreement’s Carbon Market Mechanism

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Franke ◽  
Marco Schletz ◽  
Søren Salomo
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Market Transparency ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Climate Action

This paper examines the benefits and constraints of applying blockchain technology for the Paris Agreement carbon market mechanism and develops a list of technical requirements and soft factors as selection criteria to test the feasibility of two different blockchain platforms. The carbon market mechanism, as outlined in Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, can accelerate climate action by enabling cooperation between national Parties. However, in the past, carbon markets were limited by several constraints. Our research investigates these constraints and translates them into selection criteria to design a blockchain platform to overcome these past limitations. The developed selection criteria and assumptions developed in this paper provide an orientation for blockchain assessments. Using the selection criteria, we examine the feasibility of two distinct blockchains, Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, for the specific use case of Article 6.2. These two blockchain systems represent contrary forms of design and governance; Ethereum constitutes a public and permissionless blockchain governance system, while Hyperledger Fabric represents a private and permissioned governance system. Our results show that both blockchain systems can address present carbon market constraints by enhancing market transparency, increasing process automation, and preventing double counting. The final selection and blockchain system implementation will first be possible, when the Article 6 negotiations are concluded, and governance preferences of national Parties are established. Our paper informs about the viability of different blockchain systems, offers insights into governance options, and provides a valuable framework for a concrete blockchain selection in the future.

scholarly journals Proposal of Implementation Framework of Cooperative Approaches and Sustainable Development Mechanism

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Huangwei Deng ◽  
Ying Su ◽  
Zhenliang Liao ◽  
Jiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Implementation Framework ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Development Mechanism

To slow down climate warming and achieve sustainable development, the Paris Agreement attempts to establish cooperative approaches (Article 6.2 in the Paris Agreement) and a sustainable development mechanism (Article 6.4 in the Paris Agreement) for carbon trading. However, deficiencies in implementation exist due to a lack of systematic execution regulations and an integrated management system. To strengthen the effectiveness of the two carbon trading mechanisms for reducing carbon emission, this paper aims to propose an implementation framework of cooperative approaches and a sustainable development mechanism. Based on the international regime theory in global climate change and the nine elements of the market mechanism, the paper makes use of comparative analysis to discuss the type of mechanism, coverage of the system, operational framework, governance framework, and implementation framework of cooperative approaches and a sustainable development mechanism. The main results and conclusions are as follows: (1) Cooperative approaches are considered as project-based and quota-/credit-based carbon market mechanisms. Under cooperative approaches, trading units should be authorized at the international-regional and sub-regional levels. CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 are the seven types of greenhouse gases that could be traded through cooperative approaches, and they shall be accounted by the unit of CO2-eq. (2) The sustainable development mechanism is considered as an industry-based and credit-based carbon market framework. Under the sustainable development mechanism, trading units should be authorized at the international level. CO2, CH4, N2O, and PFCs can work in the sustainable development mechanism as subject matters. The unit of gases shall be CO2-eq as well. (3) The implementation framework of cooperative approaches ought to follow three stages: project preparation, project submission, and auditing, as well as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes transfer. The implementation framework of the sustainable development mechanism ought to contain three stages: project development and review, project implementation and monitoring, and project acceptance and unit transfer. The authors hope it can work as a guideline for the early implementation stage of the cooperative approaches and sustainable development mechanism to stimulate carbon reduction and further slow climate change.

(Utilization of International Carbon Market under the Paris Agreement)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Moon ◽  
Jione Jung ◽  
Jihei Song ◽  
Sung Hee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Market ◽  
Paris Agreement

scholarly journals A performance model for mobile robot-based part feeding systems to supermarkets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Moretti ◽  
Elena Tappia ◽  
Martina Mauri ◽  
Marco Melacini
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Part Feeding ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractIn a context where companies are striving to produce highly customised goods in small batches and within short lead times, increasing attention is being put on the design and management of part feeding systems. This research is the first to model automated part feeding to supermarkets in a factory environment, considering an innovative technology called vertical robotic storage and retrieval systems. This technology allows automating the storage, picking, and internal transportation activities in an integrated process, thanks to rack-climbing robots roaming in both the shop floor and the storage racks. We develop an analytical model based on the queuing network approach to analyse the system performance, and we use it to perform numerical experiments and to evaluate the design trade-offs with reference to a real case in the automotive industry. Results show that an increase in the number of robots leads to better performance since the positive impact on the response time is stronger than the negative impact on the waiting times of robots at the supermarkets due to congestion. Furthermore, a configuration with multiple small supermarkets improves the efficiency of the replenishment process, compared to a setting with few big supermarkets.

scholarly journals An Exploration into People’s Perception and Intention on using Cryptocurrencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-144
Author(s):  
Jake McMorrow ◽  
Mona Seyed Esfahani
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Financial Intermediaries ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Effort Expectancy ◽  
Data Transparency

Abstract The cryptocurrency market has been described as revolutionary due to the constant technological evolution and innovation that the blockchain technology provides. Leading many to believe that this could be the next step for the human race, just like how fiat currency replaced gold. Cryptocurrencies were originally created to be a form of savings or income for the unbanked, reduce costs and energy consumption, for a means of data transparency and to remove financial intermediaries. It is undeniable that the cryptocurrency market has created a divide of opinions, as some look to explore the market further while others reject the thought of adopting this innovative technology completely. This study focuses on the perception and intention to use cryptocurrencies. Diving into previous literature about the adoption of cryptocurrencies and new technologies. Highlighting key factors that can affect an individual’s perception and gaps in the literature that need to be explored further. A quantitative approach was used to gather data from 102 participants. The findings indicated that performance and effort expectancy as the most influential variables for cryptocurrency adoption, as people seek understanding as what benefits cryptocurrencies can provide for them when they feel incapable of using the innovative technology.

The Role of Blockchain Technology to Make Business Easier and Effective

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-44
Author(s):  
Vartika Koolwal ◽  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Krishna Kumar Mohbey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Management Education ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Wide Range

Blockchain is the new “buzz” word that has attracted the attention of industries and businesses. It is an innovative technology that provides information exchange in an efficient and transparent manner. It has a wide range of application varying from cryptocurrency, healthcare, risk management, education, financial services, internet of things (IoT), border security to public services. However, security issues and threats of this novel technology is also an important topic. In this chapter, the authors provide a comprehensive study of applications, challenges, and issues and how to combat them in the blockchain. Major areas of concern are security, scalability, cryptocurrency's malicious attacks, etc.

A Vibration-Assisted Separation Method for Constrained-Surface-Based Stereolithography

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Xu ◽  
Yizhen Zhu ◽  
Yifeng Sun ◽  
Jie Jin ◽  
Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Separation Method ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Separation Mechanism ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Separation Force ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Force Data

Abstract For the bottom-up based stereolithography (SL) process, a separation process is required to detach the newly cured layer from the constrained surface in the fabrication process. Excessive separation force will cause damage to the built layers and the constrained surface. Different surface coatings, platform motions including tilting and sliding, and the utilization of oxygen-permeable films have been developed to address the separation-related problems. Among these approaches, the vibration-assisted (VA) separation method to reduce the separation force has limited study. The underlying mechanism of the VA separation-based method remains unexplored, and the best way to use VA separation in the bottom-up based SL process is still unclear. In this paper, a new VA separation design for the SL process is presented. A prototype system was built to study the VA separation mechanism. Experiments on the separation performance under different parameters, including vibration frequency, pre-stress level, and exposure area, were conducted. Based on the collected separation force data, an analytical model based on the mechanics of fatigue fracture was built. The separation behaviors related to different shape size and topology were also studied and compared. The results showed that the separation force in SL was significantly reduced using the VA separation-based method. Furthermore, the relationship between the separation force and the separation time conforms to the stress-based fatigue model. This study also provides insights on how to choose process parameters by considering the trade-offs between separation force and building efficiency.

scholarly journals A Study on the Development Trends of the Energy System with Blockchain Technology Using Patent Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2005
Author(s):  
Lin-Yun Huang ◽  
Jian-Feng Cai ◽  
Tien-Chen Lee ◽  
Min-Hang Weng
Keyword(s):  
Patent Application ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Energy System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patent Analysis ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Patent Applications

Recently, the application of blockchain to the setting, management, and trading of the energy system has formed an innovative technology and has attracted a lot of attention from industry, academia, and research. In this study, we use patent analysis technology to explore the development trends of the energy system with blockchain technology. During the patent analysis process, this study makes corresponding analysis charts, such as patent application numbers over time, patent application numbers for main leading countries, applicants, patent citations, international patent classification (IPC), and life cycle. Relative research and design (R&D) capability of the top ten applicants is estimated and the cluster map of the technology is obtained. The technical features of the top five IPC patent applications are related to the cluster map to show the development of energy blockchain technology. Through this paper, first, the basics of the blockchain and patent analysis are illustrated and, moreover, the reason why and how blockchain technology can be combined with the energy system is also briefly described and analyzed. The results of the patent analysis of energy blockchain technology indicate that the United States leads the way, accounting for more than half of the global total. It is also interesting to note that the participants are not from traditional specific fields, but included electric power manufacturers, computer software companies, e-commerce companies, and even many new companies devoted to blockchain technology. Walmart Apollo, LLC and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) have the highest number of patent applications. However, Walmart Apollo, LLC ranks first with a greater number of inventors of 36, an activity year of 2 years, and a relative R&D capability of 100%. IBM ranks second with an activity year of 3 years and a research and development capability of 91%. Among various applicants, IBM and LO3 energy started earlier in this field, and their patent output is also more prominent. The IPC is mainly concentrated in G06Q 50/06, which belongs to the technical field of the setting and management of the energy system including electricity, gas, or water supply. Currently, most projects are in the early development stages, and research on key areas is still ongoing to improve the required scalability, decentralization, and security. Thus, energy blockchain technology is still in the growth period, and there is still considerable room for development of the patent in the later period. Moreover, it is suggested that the novel communication module such as the combination of the consortium blockchain and the private blockchain cold also provide their own advantages to achieve the purpose of improving system performance and efficiency.

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