scholarly journals Slow-Release Urea Prills Developed Using Organic and Inorganic Blends in Fluidized Bed Coater and Their Effect on Spinach Productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Beig ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi ◽  
Zaib Jahan ◽  
Erum Pervaiz ◽  
Ghulam Abbas Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Paraffin Wax ◽  
World Population ◽  
Plaster Of Paris ◽  
N Release ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
Urea Prills

The application of urea-based fertilizers in developing countries has gained significant momentum over time. urea usage is to meet demand and supply gap of food resources as world population is increasing at a fast pace. urea contains largest content of nitrogen (46%) among all the solid nitrogenous fertilizers. However, main drawback of urea is its higher dissolution rate. After soil application, most of urea nitrogen is lost through a leaching, runoff, nitrification-denitrification and ammonia volatilization. To tackle urea related environmental pollution, development of slow-release urea fertilizer is a need of the hour and this would also increase product use efficiency in terms of crop productivity and its N uptake. We studied the usage of polymeric materials in combination with inorganic substances like sulfur and plaster of Paris as effective and biodegradable coating substances for urea prills. For coating on urea prills, fluidized bed coater was used whereas paraffin wax and molasses were used as binding agents. The urea was coated with four different formulations, i.e., C-1: PVA 5% + plaster of Paris 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2%, C-2: PVA 5% + starch 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2%, C-3: gelatin 5% + plaster of Paris 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2% and C-4: PVA 5% + starch 10% + sulfur 5% + paraffin wax 2.5% + molasses 2.5%. Each formulation along with uncoated urea prills (C-0) were evaluated for characterization and N release kinetics. All the formulations along with uncoated urea were applied to spinach crop in pot experiment. A control (No N: untreated) was also kept. Spinach biomass yield and N uptake were determined. The formulation C-1 yielded highest urea-N release efficiency and spinach N uptake of6.87% and 1.93 g N/pot, respectively. Themodified Schwarz and Sinclair formula gave the excellent representation of release of nutrient-N from coated urea prills. It is concluded that coating urea prills with organic and inorganic blends is better option to slow down N release kinetics and improve spinach productivity. Therefore, by using coated fertilizers, farmers can improve agro-environmental value of urea, worldwide.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Slow-Release Fertilizer Hydrogels Based on Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose, Polyvinyl Alcohol, Glycerol and Blended Paper as Second Layer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fartisincha Peingurta Andrew ◽  
Daniel T Gungula ◽  
Semiu A Kareem ◽  
Abdullahi M Saddiq ◽  
Esther F Adebayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Release Behavior ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Swelling Kinetic ◽  
Slow Release Urea

In this study, a slow-release urea fertilizer hydrogel was synthesized from hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and glycerol blends with paper (blended paper) as second layer. The fertilizer hydrogel was characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. Its retention in sandy soil, swelling behavior in distilled and tap water as well as slow-release behavior to urea were investigated. The results indicated that the fertilizer had good slow-release properties and ability to retain water in soil. However, the addition of blended paper as a second layer matrix was found to help improve the release properties of the fertilizer. The swelling kinetic of the hydrogel followed the Schott’s Second order model. The release kinetics of urea in water was best described by the Zero order model signifying that the release behavior was independent of fertilizer concentration

scholarly journals Biodegradable Polymer Coated Granular Urea Slows Down N Release Kinetics and Improves Spinach Productivity

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Beig ◽  
Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi ◽  
Zaib Jahan ◽  
Salik Javed Kakar ◽  
Ghulam Abbas Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodegradable Polymers ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
N Release

Low nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency due to environmental N losses from fertilizers results in high-cost on-farm production. Urea coating with biodegradable polymers can prevent these losses by controlling the N release of fertilizers. We calculated N release kinetics of coated granular with various biodegradable polymeric materials and its impact on spinach yield and N uptake. Different formulations were used, (i) G-1: 10% starch + 5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) + 5% molasses; (ii) G-2: 10% starch + 5% PVA + 5% paraffin wax (PW); (iii) G-3: 5% gelatin + 10% gum arabic + 5% PW; (iv) G-4: 5% molasses + 5% gelatin + 10% gum arabic, to coat urea using a fluidized bed coater. The morphological and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicated that a uniform coating layer with no new phase formation occurred. In the G-2 treatment, maximum crushing strength (72.9 N) was achieved with a slowed-down N release rate and increased efficiency of 31%. This resulted in increased spinach dry foliage yield (47%), N uptake (60%) and apparent N recovery (ANR: 130%) from G-2 compared to uncoated urea (G-0). Therefore, coating granular urea with biodegradable polymers is a good choice to slower down the N release rate and enhances the crop yield and N utilization efficiency from urea.

scholarly journals Foliar and topdressing application of nitrogen to the common bean crop

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1329-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tailene Elisa Kotz-Gurgacz ◽  
Rogério Peres Soratto ◽  
Fernando Vieira Costa Guidorizzi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Sources ◽  
The Common ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
N Rates

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of applying N sources to leaves and N rates to the soil on the growth, N uptake, and grain and crude protein yields of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop. Three experiments - two irrigated and one rainfed - were conducted during the 2012/2013 agricultural season, in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the application of: four N rates (0, 45, 90, and 180 kg ha-1) to the soil, as topdressing in the V4 stage; and five N sources/rates - i.e., control, without foliar N application; 2.5 kg ha-1 N as conventional urea (N-CU); 5.0 kg ha-1 N-CU; 2.5 kg ha-1 N as slow-release urea-formaldehyde (N-SR); and 5.0 kg ha-1 N-SR - to leaves, in the R5 stage. Soil N fertilization, using rates between 124 and 180 kg ha-1, increases shoot N content and uptake, number of pods per plant, grain yield, and protein content and yield. Regardless of the growing environment and N application to the soil, the foliar supply of N as slow-release urea-formaldehyde increases grain and protein yields, whereas the greatest rate of N as conventional urea also increases grain yield.

Effects of Slow-Release Urea Combined with Conventional Urea on Rice Output and Growth in Soils of Different Textures

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1494-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Cui ZHANG ◽  
Qi-Gen DAI ◽  
Xing-Xing HU ◽  
De-Jian ZHU ◽  
Xiu-Wen DING ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Slow Release Urea

Exploring siRNA Umpired Nanogels: A Tale of Barrier Combating Carrier

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (27) ◽  
pp. 3234-3250
Author(s):  
Sushil K. Kashaw ◽  
Prashant Sahu ◽  
Vaibhav Rajoriya ◽  
Pradeep Jana ◽  
Varsha Kashaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Rapid Release ◽  
Wide Range

Potential short interfering RNAs (siRNA) modulating gene expression have emerged as a novel therapeutic arsenal against a wide range of maladies and disorders containing cancer, viral infections, bacterial ailments and metabolic snags at the molecular level. Nanogel, in the current medicinal era, displayed a comprehensive range of significant drug delivery prospects. Biodegradation, swelling and de-swelling tendency, pHsensitive drug release and thermo-sensitivity are some of the renowned associated benefits of nanogel drug delivery system. Global researches have also showed that nanogel system significantly targets and delivers the biomolecules including DNAs, siRNA, protein, peptides and other biologically active molecules. Biomolecules delivery via nanogel system explored a wide range of pharmaceutical, biomedical engineering and agro-medicinal application. The siRNAs and DNAs delivery plays a vivacious role by addressing the hitches allied with chronic and contemporary therapeutic like generic possession and low constancy. They also incite release kinetics approach from slow-release while mingling to rapid release at the targets will be beneficial as interference RNAs delivery carriers. Therefore, in this research, we focused on the latest improvements in the delivery of siRNA loaded nanogels by enhancing the absorption, stability, sensitivity and combating the hindrances in cellular trafficking and release process.

Effect of slow-release urea microencapsulated in beeswax and its inclusion in ruminant diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. de B. Carvalho ◽  
A.L. da Silva ◽  
A.M. de A. Silva ◽  
A.J. Netto ◽  
T.T.B. de Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Release ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Slow Release Urea

scholarly journals Ruminal fermentation and digestion of cattle diets with total and partial replacement of soybean meal by a slow-release urea product

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
S Gonzalez-Munoz ◽  
J Sanchez ◽  
S Lopez-Aguirre ◽  
J Vicente ◽  
J Pinos-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Dietary Substitution ◽  
Slow Release Urea

One in vitro assay and one in vivo trial with ruminally cannulated Holstein steers were conducted to evaluate the effects of a dietary substitution of soybean meal by a urea and slow-release urea source of fermentation and degradation of diets for cattle. The experimental diets consisted of the total mixed rations defined as the control with soybean meal (SBM), U (urea), SRU (slow-release urea), and SRU+U+AA (0.42% + 0.42% + 1% amino acids methionine and lysine). The dietary substitution of SBM by U or SRU reduced (P < 0.05) the total gas production (V), microbial mass and degradation at 72 h incubation under the in vitro conditions, as well as the degradation rate (c) and the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen of the steers; however, when the dietary substitution of SBM was by U+SRU+AA, those values did not decrease. In the steers, the dietary substitution of SBM by U and SRU reduced the ruminal degradation rate and the total VFA, and increased the ammonia N, but when SBM was substituted by U+SRU+AA in the diets, these changes were not observed. No advantage of SRU over U was found. The dietary substitution of SBM by U, SRU, U+SRU+AA did not modify the molar proportion of the VFA in the rumen nor were there changes in the nutrient digestion or excretion. Both the in vitro assay and the in vivo trial indicated that replacing SBM with U or SRU increases the ruminal ammonia N concentrations and reduces the degradation rate in the rumen, although those undesirable findings were not found when the SBM was replaced by U+SRU+AA. Therefore, it is feasible to replace the SBM with a combination of urea, slow-release urea, lysine and methionine in the diet for the ruminants.

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