Foliar and topdressing application of nitrogen to the common bean crop

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of applying N sources to leaves and N rates to the soil on the growth, N uptake, and grain and crude protein yields of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop. Three experiments - two irrigated and one rainfed - were conducted during the 2012/2013 agricultural season, in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the application of: four N rates (0, 45, 90, and 180 kg ha-1) to the soil, as topdressing in the V4 stage; and five N sources/rates - i.e., control, without foliar N application; 2.5 kg ha-1 N as conventional urea (N-CU); 5.0 kg ha-1 N-CU; 2.5 kg ha-1 N as slow-release urea-formaldehyde (N-SR); and 5.0 kg ha-1 N-SR - to leaves, in the R5 stage. Soil N fertilization, using rates between 124 and 180 kg ha-1, increases shoot N content and uptake, number of pods per plant, grain yield, and protein content and yield. Regardless of the growing environment and N application to the soil, the foliar supply of N as slow-release urea-formaldehyde increases grain and protein yields, whereas the greatest rate of N as conventional urea also increases grain yield.

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Modified split application of nitrogen with biochar improved grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rainfed maize grown in Vertisols of India

10.1101/2020.07.13.200345 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bharat Prakash Meena ◽

Pramod Jha ◽

K. Ramesh ◽

A.K. Biswas ◽

R. Elanchezhian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

N Uptake ◽

Growth Stages ◽

N Losses ◽

N Application ◽

Soil P ◽

Agronomic Management ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Maize Grain ◽

N Rates

AbstractConventionally, non-judicious and blanket fertilizer nitrogen (N) used in rainfed maize lead to higher N losses, low N use efficiency (NUEs) and poor yields due to substandard agronomic management practices. To avoid such N losses, fertilizer additions are synchronized with plant uptake requirements. In this context, agronomic based management focused on optimizing N rates and biochar application is essential for improved NUEs and crop productivity. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was conducted during 2014, 2015 and 2016 in rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) grown in Vertisols of India. In this study, twelve treatments that comprised of N omission plot (N0), skipping of basal rate, multi-split topdressing at varying time as broadcast and band placement, soil test crop response (STCR) based NPK with target yield 6.0 t ha-1 in maize and biochar application (10 t ha−1) were investigated. The experiment was conducted following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) set up with three replications. Pooled analysis of three years data revealed that the application of N rates (120 kg Nha−1) in 2 equal splits (60 kg Nha−1) at knee high (V8) and tasseling (VT) stages with skipped basal N rate, achieved higher maize grain yield (5.29 t ha−1) ascribed to the greater growth parameters, yield components and N uptake compared to the recommended practices. Biochar application (10 t ha−1) as soil amendments along with multi top dressed N (120 kg N ha−1) into 3 splits also increased the grain yield. Delayed N application at V8 and VT growth stages, resulted in higher N uptake, agronomy efficiency (AE), partial factor productivity (PFP), physiology efficiency (PE) and recovery efficiency (RE). Biochar along with N fertilizer also improved the soil organic carbon (5.47g kg−1), ammonium-N (2.40 mg kg−1) and nitrate-N (0.52 mg kg−1) concentration in soil (P<0.05) as compared to non-biochar treatments. Application of biochar along with chemical fertilizer (120 kg Nha−1) significantly increased the concentration of ammonium (2.40 mg kg−1) and nitrate (0.52 mg kg−1) in soil (P<0.05) as compared to non-biochar treatments. The perfect positive linear relationship illustrated that the grain yield of rainfed maize was highly dependent (R2=0.99 at p<0.0001) on N availability, as indicated by the fitted regression line of maize grain yield on N uptake. On the other hand, factor analysis revealed, the one to one positive function relationship of biomass with N uptake at V8 and VT growth stages. Principal Component Regression (PCR) analysis showed that PC1 acted as a major predictor variable for total dry matter yield (TDMY) and dominated by LAI and N uptake. Consequently, these results expressed that the agronomic management based multi-top dressed N application and biochar application to achieve higher yield and greater NUEs in rainfed maize is strongly linked with N application into splits.

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Genetic gain in the breeding program of common beans at IAC from 1989 to 2007

Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.1590/s1984-70332010000400007 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 329-336 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Alisson Fernando Chiorato ◽

Sérgio Augusto Morais Carbonell ◽

Roland Vencovsky ◽

Nelson da Silva Fonseca Júnior ◽

José Baldin Pinheiro

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Genetic Gain ◽

Grain Quality ◽

The State ◽

Breeding Program ◽

Common Beans ◽

The Common ◽

The Mean ◽

Second Period

The goal of the present work was to evaluate the genetic gain obtained in grain yield for the common bean genotypes from 1989 until 2007, at the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. Genetic gain has been separated into two research periods; the first, from 1989 to 1996, and the second, from 1997 to 2007. In the first period, a genetic gain of 1.07 % per year was obtained, whereas for the second period, the gain was zero. However, the mean yield of the evaluated lines was approximately 1000 kg ha-1 superior to the figures obtained in the first period. The main cause for the absence of genetic gain in the second period is that the focus of the breeding program was changed to grain quality. The individualized analysis of the genotypes with carioca grains in the second period indicated the lack of genetic gain during the investigated period.

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PLANT DENSITY AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON COMMON BEAN NUTRITION AND YIELD

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252017v30n315rc ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 670-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

ROGÉRIO PERES SORATTO ◽

TIAGO ARANDA CATUCHI ◽

EMERSON DE FREITAS CORDOVA DE SOUZA ◽

JADER LUIS NANTES GARCIA

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

N Fertilization ◽

N Concentration ◽

Plant Densities ◽

N Rates ◽

Lower Plant

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant densities and sidedressed nitrogen (N) rates on nutrition and productive performance of the common bean cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola. For each cultivar, a randomized complete block experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with three replicates. Plots consisted of three plant densities (5, 7, and 9 plants ha-1) and subplots of five N rates (0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 kg ha-1). Aboveground dry matter, leaf macro- and micronutrient concentrations, yield components, grain yield, and protein concentration in grains were evaluated. Lower plant densities (5 and 7 plants m-1) increased aboveground dry matter production and the number of pods per plant and did not reduce grain yield. In the absence of N fertilization, reduction of plant density decreased N concentration in common bean leaves. Nitrogen fertilization linearly increased dry matter and leaf N concentration, mainly at lower plant densities. Regardless of plant density, the N supply linearly increased grain yield of cultivars IPR 139 and Pérola by 17.3 and 52.2%, respectively.

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Ethephon Reduces Maize Nitrogen Uptake but Improves Nitrogen Utilization in Zea mays L.

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.762736 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yushi Zhang ◽

Yubin Wang ◽

Churong Liu ◽

Delian Ye ◽

Danyang Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

N Uptake ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

N Application ◽

Total N ◽

N Concentration ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Ethephon Treatment ◽

N Use

Increasing use of plant density or/and nitrogen (N) application has been introduced to maize production in the past few decades. However, excessive planting density or/and use of fertilizer may cause reduced N use efficiency (NUE) and increased lodging risks. Ethephon application improves maize lodging resistance and has been an essential measure in maize intensive production systems associated with high plant density and N input in China. Limited information is available about the effect of ethephon on maize N use and the response to plant density under different N rates in the field. A three-year field study was conducted with two ethephon applications (0 and 90 g ha−1), four N application rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1), and two plant densities (6.75 plants m−2 and 7.5 plants m−2) to evaluate the effects of ethephon on maize NUE indices (N agronomic efficiency, NAE; N recovery efficiency, NRE; N uptake efficiency, NUpE; N utilization efficiency, NUtE; partial factor productivity of N, PFPN), biomass, N concentration, grain yield and N uptake, and translocation properties. The results suggest that the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons. Meanwhile, lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments. These resulted in lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density. The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains, and it decreased the N concentration in stover at the harvesting stage, while increasing the plant N concentration at the silking stage. Consequently, post-silking N remobilization was significantly increased by 14.10–32.64% under the ethephon treatment during the experimental periods. Meanwhile, NUtE significantly increased by ethephon.

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Effect of inoculation associated to leaf sprayed Co+Mo on the yield and grain nutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology ◽

10.1590/s1516-89132008000600002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 1089-1096 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

João Francisco Berton Junior ◽

Julio Cesar Pires Santos ◽

Cileide Maria Medeiros Coelho ◽

Osmar Klauberg Filho

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Protein Content ◽

Nitrogen Source ◽

Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Fixing ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Rhizobium Tropici ◽

The Common

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen fixing inoculum associated with Co + Mo leaf spray on the common bean grain yield and grain nutrients, cv. FT Nobre. Three dosages of the inoculant (0, 200 and 400 g/50 kg seeds), combined with four Co + Mo leaf spray levels (T0=0,0; T1=4.9,49; T2=7.3,73; and T3=9.7,97 g ha-1 of Co and Mo, respectively) were tested. The grain yield with the use of the inoculant (400 g / 5O kg seed-1) associated with the higher level of Co+Mo (T2 and T3) was very similar to the mineral nitrogen condition fertilizer recommended for the bean (70 kg ha-1 of N). With the increased inoculant dosage, an increase of the protein content and of P and Mg in the grain was also observed. The results indicated that the mineral nitrogen source could be replaced by inoculation of the seeds with Rhizobium tropici combined with Co + Mo leaf spray.

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Economically optimal water depth and grain yield of common bean subjected to different irrigation depths

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n7p482-487 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (7) ◽

pp. 482-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chaiane G. da Conceição ◽

Adroaldo D. Robaina ◽

Marcia X. Peiter ◽

Ana R. C. Parizi ◽

João A. da Conceição ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Technical Efficiency ◽

Water Depth ◽

Critical Periods ◽

Crop Evapotranspiration ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Common ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Bean Crop

ABSTRACT Common bean crop plays an important role in the world, not only in economic aspects but also in social development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the grain yield and the economically optimal water depth which reflects the maximum technical efficiency of the common bean crop. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, in Alegrete - RS, from February to May 2016. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of five water replacement treatments (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and four replicates. Based on the obtained results, both water deficit and water excess directly affected the final grain yield of the crop. Maximum grain yield was 3,554.1 kg ha-1, obtained by applying 492.72 mm (100% ETc). On the other hand, the economically optimal water depth was estimated at 91.2% ETc, indicating that water depths above this value are not suitable for maximum technical efficiency in the common bean crop under these conditions. It was concluded that the water depth equivalent to 100% ETc maximizes grain yield for the region of Alegrete-RS, and irrigation is considered a solution in the water supply to the common bean crop during critical periods.

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Nitrogen Requirements and N Status Determination of Lettuce

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.47.12.1768 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 1768-1774 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Thomas G. Bottoms ◽

Richard F. Smith ◽

Michael D. Cahn ◽

Timothy K. Hartz

Keyword(s):

N Uptake ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Fertilizer Efficiency ◽

Residual Soil ◽

N Application ◽

Fresh Biomass ◽

N Concentration ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Crop N Uptake ◽

N Rates

As concern over NO3-N pollution of groundwater increases, California lettuce growers are under pressure to improve nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency. Crop growth, N uptake, and the value of soil and plant N diagnostic measures were evaluated in 24 iceberg and romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L., and longifolia Lam., respectively) field trials from 2007 to 2010. The reliability of presidedressing soil nitrate testing (PSNT) to identify fields in which N application could be reduced or eliminated was evaluated in 16 non-replicated strip trials and five replicated trials on commercial farms. All commercial field sites had greater than 20 mg·kg−1 residual soil NO3-N at the time of the first in-season N application. In the strip trials, plots in which the cooperating growers’ initial sidedress N application was eliminated or reduced were compared with the growers’ standard N fertilization program. In the replicated trials, the growers’ N regime was compared with treatments in which one or more N fertigation through drip irrigation was eliminated. Additionally, seasonal N rates from 11 to 336 kg·ha−1 were compared in three replicated drip-irrigated research farm trials. Seasonal N application in the strip trials was reduced by an average of 77 kg·ha−1 (73 kg·ha−1 vs. 150 kg·ha−1 for the grower N regime) with no reduction in fresh biomass produced and only a slight reduction in crop N uptake (151 kg·ha−1 vs. 156 kg·ha−1 for the grower N regime). Similarly, an average seasonal N rate reduction of 88 kg·ha−1 (96 kg·ha−1 vs. 184 kg·ha−1) was achieved in the replicated commercial trials with no biomass reduction. Seasonal N rates between 111 and 192 kg·ha−1 maximized fresh biomass in the research farm trials, which were conducted in fields with lower residual soil NO3-N than the commercial trials. Across fields, lettuce N uptake was slow in the first 4 weeks after planting, averaging less than 0.5 kg·ha−1·d−1. N uptake then increased linearly until harvest (≈9 weeks after planting), averaging ≈4 kg·ha−1·d−1 over that period. Whole plant critical N concentration (Nc, the minimum whole plant N concentration required to maximize growth) was estimated by the equation Nc (g·kg−1) = 42 − 2.8 dry mass (DM, Mg·ha−1); on that basis, critical N uptake (crop N uptake required to maintain whole plant N above Nc) in the commercial fields averaged 116 kg·ha−1 compared with the mean uptake of 145 kg·ha−1 with the grower N regime. Soil NO3-N greater than 20 mg·kg−1 was a reliable indicator that N application could be reduced or delayed. Neither leaf N nor midrib NO3-N was correlated with concurrently measured soil NO3-N and therefore of limited value in directing in-season N fertilization.

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Response of the common bean to liquid fertilizer and Rhizobium tropici inoculation

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6supl2p2967 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽

pp. 2967-2976

Author(s):

José Geraldo da Silva ◽

◽

Enderson Petrônio de Brito Ferreira ◽

Virgínia Damin ◽

Adriano Stephan Nascente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Rhizobium Tropici ◽

Seed Inoculation ◽

The Common ◽

Application Depth ◽

Liquid Fertilization

The common bean production system is majorly based on the use of granular fertilizers to provide nutrients for the crop. Studies on the use of liquid fertilization at an appropriated depth and, seed inoculation with Rhizobium tropici can provide significant increases in the grain yield of the common bean. The objective of this study was to determine the growth and productivity of common bean as affected by N-P formulations, application depths and the inoculation with R. tropici. Field experiments were carried out in 2015 and 2016 cropping years using a complete block design, in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates. The treatments involved the combination of N-P formulation (granular and liquid), two application depths of the N-P formulation (6 and 12 cm) and with or without rhizobia inoculant. The plant density (PD), number of pods (NP), number of grains (NG), mass of 100 grains (M100) and grain yield (GY) were determined. The granular and liquid N-P formulations provided similar results for PD, NP, NG, and GY of common bean. Similarly, the application depth of the N-P formulations did not affect GY. Inoculation of the seed with R. tropici stimulated NP and NG, increasing GY. Growth and productivity parameters were equally affected by the type of formulation and application depth; however, GY was greater with rhizobial inoculant. Thus, the liquid N-P formulation, applied at 6 cm depth, associated with rhizobial inoculant can improve the crop management providing better control of application uniformity, minimal soil mobilization, less fuel consumption, and increased grain yield.

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Biological nitrogen in increasing the productivity of beans (grains)

EUREKA Life Sciences ◽

10.21303/2504-5695.2021.002075 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 12-17

Author(s):

Oleksandr Chynchyk ◽

Svitlana Olifirovych ◽

Volodymyr Olifirovych ◽

Kateryna Nebaba

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Common Bean ◽

Root System ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Common Beans ◽

Flowering Phase ◽

State Register ◽

Grain Productivity ◽

The Common ◽

Biological Nitrogen

The results of a field experiment to study the effect of seed treatment with the biological product Rhizoactive (сompany BioNorma, Ukraine) on the formation and functioning of the symbiotic apparatus of common bean (grain) plants are presented. The experiment examined six varieties of common beans (grain), included in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine: Bukovynka, Halaktyka, Slaviia, Ros, Otrada, Nata. The influence of bacterial fertilizer based on nodule bacteria " Rhizoactive " on the indicators of symbiotic and grain productivity of these varieties of common beans was studied. It was found, that the maximum number and raw weight of active nodules in the studied varieties of common beans were formed in the flowering phase. A larger number of nodules, compared to the variety Bukovynka (control), was formed on the root system of bean varieties Ros, Otrada and Nata. The maximum raw weight of rhizobia in the plots without the use of Rhizoactive was formed by the common bean variety Otrada – 0.297 g/plant of active nodules. Inoculation of the seeds of the studied common bean varieties with Rhizoactive increased the raw weight of active nodules in the flowering phase by 0.016–0.042 g/plant. A larger mass of nodules, compared to the Bukovynka variety, was formed on the root system of Ros, Otrada and Nata beans. The maximum raw weight of rhizobia in areas without the use of Rhizoactive was formed by the variety of beans Otrada – 0.297 g/plant of active nodules. Inoculation of seeds of the studied varieties of beans with Rhizoactive increased the raw weight of active nodules in the flowering phase by 0.016–0.042 g/plant. The highest increase in grain yield from seed inoculation was obtained in 2018, which was more favorable in terms of moisture. Thus, the largest increase in grain yield from the use of Rhizoactive was provided by the varieties Halaktyka (0.14 t/ha or 5.7 %), Ros (0.15 t/ha or 5.5 %) and Otrada (0.22 t/ha or 7.7 %). On average, in 2018–2020, inoculation of bean seeds with Rhizoactive, depending on the variety, provided an increase in grain yield from 2.4 to 6.7 %. And the highest level of bean grain yield on average in 2018–2020 was provided by the varieties Otrada (2.60 t/ha), Nata (2.50 t/ha) and Ros (2.40 t/ha) for inoculation of seeds with Rhizoactive

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Optimum Soluble and Slow-release N Rates for Rhododendrons and the Fate of Such N Applied to Various Potting Media

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.794e ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 794E-794

Author(s):

Thomas M. Rathier

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Slow Release ◽

N Uptake ◽

Plant Quality ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Factorial Experiments ◽

Total N ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Potting Media ◽

N Rates

Two year-long, factorial experiments were conducted on Rhododendron catawbienses (cv. Roseum elegans) grown in 2.3-liter plastic pots. I) Annual N rates of 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 g/pot were applied as NH4NO3 (SBL) or sulfur-coated urea (SR) to plants potted in a composted hardwood bark (CHB)/peatmoss (P)/sand (S) medium. Plant growth and quality was best at 0.8 g N/pot for SBL and 1.6 and 3.2 g N/pot for SR. II) Annual N rates of 0.8 (SBL) and 2.4 (SR) g/pot were chosen as optimum rates and applied to plants potted in the following media: pine bark (PB)/P/S; CHB/P/S; P/S; and PB/CHB/P/S. Plant growth and N uptake was best in PB/PS. Plant quality was best in P/S. NO3 in leachate did not differ among media, but was greater in SBL. Total N immobilized in media was greater in PB/CHB/P/S. N recovered from SR-treated pots as unused fertilizer did not differ among media. Total applied N recovered was 90% for SBL and 51% for SR.

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