National Research Funding for Sustainable Growth in Translation Studies as an Academic Discipline in China

Global changes in both the current economic climate and political priorities have posed significant challenges concerning government spending on research, which undermines the survival and development of a number of academic disciplines, especially those in arts and humanities. This article reports on an inquiry that examines whether and how national research funding has supported the development of translation studies as an academic discipline in China, employing the example of the National Social Science Fund of China (NSSFC) subsidy, as allocated to the field of translation studies. Firstly, we accessed the NSSFC database for all programs featuring translation and translation studies between 2010 and 2019. Secondly, we coded, categorized, and processed the data in a quantitative manner. Our examination of the number of grants, research focuses, and frequently examined issues of these programs has led us to conclude the fact that NSSFC has facilitated the increase in translation studies as an academic discipline in China. Further investigation into the positive relationship between NSSFC funding policies and mechanism and the growth in academic translation studies has also identified the ways NSSFC boosts translation studies as an academic discipline in China: to promote and increase the market, interdisciplinary, and multimodal applicability of the research output. The findings also suggest that revisions may be needed to further refine the NSSFC mechanism so that translation studies will develop into a balanced, continuously innovative discipline.

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Research output and the public health burden of cancer: is there any relationship?

Current Oncology ◽

10.3747/co.23.2935 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

F.M. Patafio ◽

S.C. Brooks ◽

X. Wei ◽

Y. Peng ◽

J. Biagi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Research Funding ◽

Research Output ◽

Cancer Site ◽

Relative Distribution ◽

Public Health Burden ◽

The Public ◽

Health Burden

Purpose The relative distribution of research output across cancer sites is not well described. Here, we evaluate whether the volume of published research is proportional to the public health burden of individual cancers. We also explore whether research output is proportional to research funding.Methods Statistics from the Canadian and American cancer societies were used to identify the top ten causes of cancer death in 2013. All journal articles and clinical trials published in 2013 by Canadian or U.S. authors for those cancers were identified. Total research funding in Canada by cancer site was obtained from the Canadian Cancer Research Alliance. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to describe the relationship between research output, cancer mortality, and research funding.Results We identified 19,361 publications and 2661 clinical trials. The proportion of publications and clinical trials was substantially lower than the proportion of deaths for lung (41% deaths, 15% publications, 16% clinical trials), colorectal (14%, 7%, 6%), pancreatic (10%, 7%, 5%), and gastroesophageal (7%, 5%, 3%) cancers. Conversely, research output was substantially greater than the proportion of deaths for breast cancer (10% deaths, 29% publications, 30% clinical trials) and prostate cancer (8%, 15%, 17%). We observed a stronger correlation between research output and funding (publications r = 0.894, p < 0.001; clinical trials r = 0.923, p < 0.001) than between research output and cancer mortality (r = 0.363, p = 0.303; r = 0.340, p = 0.337).Conclusions Research output is not well correlated with the public health burden of individual cancers, but is correlated with the relative level of research funding.

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Calligraphy as an Instrument of Development of the Designer’s Project-Oriented Thought

ICONI ◽

10.33779/2658-4824.2019.4.027-033 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

Anna Yu. Vasilieva ◽

Keyword(s):

Academic Discipline ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Manual Dexterity ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Important Trait ◽

Design Projects ◽

Basic Course

A project-oriented type of thought is very important for the profession of a designer. The article describes project-oriented thought as the chief element of its activity. Students studying design constantly polish their skills in practice when creating tutorial design projects and thereby develop project-oriented thought. Academic disciplines of the artistic cycle are directed at the development of project-oriented thought, and they include such an academic discipline as calligraphy. Knowledge, profi ciency and skills developed by calligraphy are revealed by means of research. The article produces a complex structure of project-oriented thought based on Siegfried Begenau’s work and an analogy from the perspective of mastering calligraphy. On the basis of this analogy lies the principle of creation of a calligraphic work, from the idea to its realization. Study of calligraphic rules of writing develops manual dexterity, creativity and imagination and provides discipline, which is an important trait of the designer’s profession. Perfection of calligraphic elements and fonts in practice becomes conducive to elaboration of project-oriented thought. The conclusion is also arrived at that projectoriented thought is developed among designers faster after they undergo studies of a basic course of calligraphy.

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Is science communication its own field?

Journal of Science Communication ◽

10.22323/2.09030304 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 09 (03) ◽

pp. C04 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Toss Gascoigne ◽

Donghong Cheng ◽

Michel Claessens ◽

Jennifer Metcalfe ◽

Bernard Schiele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Science Communication ◽

Academic Discipline ◽

Sociology Of Science ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Research Field ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Common View ◽

The Status ◽

Disciplinary Field ◽

History Of

The present comment examines to what extent science communication has attained the status of an academic discipline and a distinct research field, as opposed to the common view that science communication is merely a sub-discipline of media studies, sociology of science or history of science. Against this background, the authors of this comment chart the progress science communication has made as an emerging subject over the last 50 years in terms of a number of measures. Although discussions are still ongoing about the elements that must be present to constitute a legitimate disciplinary field, we show here that science communication meets four key elements that constitute an analytical framework to classify academic disciplines: the presence of a community; a history of inquiry; a mode of inquiry that defines how data is collected; and the existence of a communications network.

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The Interdependence of Research Funding Concentration, Policy Priorities, and Problem Choice

10.31235/osf.io/t5zwx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emil Bargmann Madsen

Keyword(s):

Research Funding ◽

Research Output ◽

Research Topics ◽

Research Systems ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Problem Choice ◽

Funding Success ◽

Research Councils ◽

Funding Distribution ◽

Topical Diversity

The prioritisation of research funding towards a small elite of researchers and research topics of "strategic" importance are becoming a norm across national research systems. Researchers are increasingly worried that such steering hampers the diversity of scientific approaches and problems addressed. However, the effects of increased steering of who and what receives research funds are not well known. I use evidence from 65,000 research grants awarded by seven research councils in the United Kingdom and fifteen Danish research funders to investigate how strong funding concentration and thematic targeting leads to less topical diversity. Researchers in the very top of the funding distribution primarily investigate topics and disciplines with the most funding success, and research output form targeted funding schemes overlaps with that from investigatorledgrants. Moreover, priorities from private funders line up with the type of researchfunded by public research councils. The findings highlight how steering through funding decisions can multiply

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“Antiquity” and “Archeology”: the Evolution of Concepts and its Using in an Educational Process (on the Example of Kharkiv University 1805–1884)

The Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History ◽

10.26565/2220-7929-2019-56-06 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Academic Discipline ◽

Educational Process ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Teaching Staff ◽

Historical Education ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The University ◽

Qualitative Changes ◽

Scientific Achievements

The article is devoted to the formation of historical education at Kharkiv Сlassic University especially such academic discipline as «Archeology». The author aims to discover the terminology of educational courses and the development of its concept for tracing the process of beginning teaching the elements of archeology and its formation as a separate discipline in the educational courses of the University. It is mentioned that from the first half of the ХІХ century the term «Archeology» was only appeared in scientific turnover and rarely appeared in the names of an educational courses. The term «antiquity» was used for the academic disciplines which were connected with the distant past. In this period the courses with the similar names had literary-philological and historical character and nearly connected with the archeology in its modern meaning. From the second half of the ХІХ century the situation changed. The question about the development of archeology was sharply rose in the Russian Empire, Archeological Congresses were conducted. Systematic archaeological excavations began, so qualified specialists were needed. But there were not such separate academic discipline as «Archeology» because of the lack of the specialists and teaching staff. The basis for archeology knowledge was the teaching of the disciplines of philological profile. Particular attention to the ancient languages oriented students to the acquisition of ancient social and cultural values. In the second half of the ХІХ century, there were qualitative changes in the archeological science itself. The first generalizations appear, but teaching has fallen short of scientific achievements. The author points that professor M. Aristov (1834–1882) was the first who taught the courses which had archeological specialization, but there were no term «archeology» in its name.

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Under Way

Creating the AHRC ◽

10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0006 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

James Herbert

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Research Funding ◽

Research Grants ◽

Administrative Costs ◽

Film And Television ◽

Arts And Humanities ◽

Sense Of Direction ◽

Distinct Sense ◽

The Uk ◽

Humanities Students

This chapter discusses the developments in terms of research grants and research funding of the newly established AHRB. By 2002 to 2003, during its fifth year, the AHRB's total budget had increased from £17.9 million to £64.8 million. During this period, non-programmed costs were capped at five per cent. Putting aside its administrative costs, the AHRB in its fifth year had programmatic expenditures of £61.7 million, a 20 per cent increase from the initially predicted expenditure. Of the £61.7 million, £9 million was allocated to the operation of museums and galleries of English institutions and the rest was equally divided between postgraduate awards and research awards throughout the UK. As funding rose, intellectual ambitions also increased. Several ambitious projects were initiated such as the editing of Francis Bacon's works, the creation of public policy concerning the film and television of Britain and Europe, the pursuing of the long-delayed multinational Romanian project, and several other projects. During this period, the AHRB garnered a distinct sense of direction and momentum. Over three years, the applications of research funding increased to 58 per cent. The applications for the postgraduate awards increased to 20 per cent in a year and the four year doctoral submission rate for arts and humanities students increased to 78 per cent.

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Political Science in the USSR: ‘To Be, Or Not To Be” Some Reflections on the Implications of a Recent Soviet Critique of American Political Science

World Politics ◽

10.2307/2009856 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 684-703 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rolf H. W. Theen

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Political Science ◽

Academic Discipline ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

The West ◽

Critical Studies ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

American Political Science ◽

Official Recognition ◽

Soviet Study

The emergence or reemergence of academic disciplines in the Soviet Union has frequently been signalled or accompanied by the publication of comprehensive critical studies of their “bourgeois” counterparts in the West. Thus, for example, Soviet empirical research in sociology and the subsequent tentative and limited official recognition of sociology as an academic discipline were preceded by the appearance of a number of monographs devoted to a critique of Western sociology. Perhaps it is against this background and from this perspective that one must interpret the publication, in 1969, of the first major Soviet study and critique of American political science.

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Investigating the Performance of Japan’s Competitive Grant Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research System

International Journal of Higher Education ◽

10.5430/ijhe.v7n5p167 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 167 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yasunori Yamashita ◽

Hoang Gyan Giang ◽

Tatsuo Oyama

Keyword(s):

Research Funding ◽

Quantitative Characteristic ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Policy Recommendations ◽

Research System ◽

Research Projects ◽

Funding Allocation ◽

Funding System ◽

Japanese Science

We aim at investigating characteristics of Japan’s largest competitive grant Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (GASR) system in order to find a desirable research funding system, obtaining more applicants from various academic disciplines, researchers’ gender, and ages. Firstly, we briefly describe the Japanese competitive research funding system including the GASR system. Then we investigate the GASR system quantitatively, focusing on its funding, allocation and relationship with the Japanese Science and Technology Basic Plans. Quantitative characteristic analyses are conducted for the GASR system from various perspectives such as type of research projects, academic disciplines, researchers’ gender, and ages by investigating the data for applications, acceptances, and budgets allocated in the recent 10 years. Finally, we summarize our findings and conclude the paper by proposing policy recommendations to improve Japan’s competitive research funding system.

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Are Graduates from the Arts-Related Academic Disciplines More Productive than those from the Science-Related Disciplines?

International Journal of Higher Education ◽

10.5430/ijhe.v8n3p226 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 226

Author(s):

Victoria Kakooza ◽

Robert Wamala ◽

James Wokadala ◽

Thomas Bwire

Keyword(s):

Academic Discipline ◽

Labour Productivity ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Causal Link ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Correction Model ◽

Vector Error Correction ◽

Vector Error ◽

The Arts

The experiences of employees from developed countries affirm that those from science/ technology-related disciplines benefit more through more technological inventions, than those from the Arts/ Humanities-related disciplines. The study utilizes statistical data of higher education graduates to determine a causal link between graduates from the two fore mentioned academic disciplines, and labour productivity in the developing country of Uganda. The data from 1985 to 2017 were analysed using the Vector Error Correction model, and revealed that arts graduates wereas productive as the science graduates. The findings also show the existence of long-term relationship between academic discipline and labour productivity, as well as a bi-causality between the variables under study.

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Clathrin Assembly Protein CALM Plays a Key Role In Erythroid Differentiation Via Regulating Transferrin Receptor Endocytosis

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v116.21.4256.4256 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 116 (21) ◽

pp. 4256-4256

Author(s):

Yuichi Ishikawa ◽

Manami Maeda ◽

Min Li ◽

Sung-Uk Lee ◽

Julie Teruya Feldstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transferrin Receptor ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Research Funding ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Erythroid Differentiation ◽

Global Changes ◽

Erythroid Progenitors ◽

Erythroid Development ◽

Terminal Erythroid Differentiation

Abstract Abstract 4256 Clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein (CALM, also known as PICALM) is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and implicated in clathrin dependent endocytosis (CDE). The CALM gene is the target of the t(10;11)(p13;q14-21) translocation, which is rare, but recurrently observed mutation in multiple types of acute leukemia. While the resultant CALM/AF10 fusion gene could act as an oncogene in vitro and in vivo in animal models, molecular mechanisms by which the fusion protein exerts its oncogenic activity remains elusive. Since CDE is implicated in the regulation of growth factor/cytokine signals, we hypothesized that the CALM/AF10 fusion oncoprotein could affect normal Calm function, leading to leukemogenesis. To determine the role of CALM and CDE in normal hematopoiesis, we generated and characterized both conventional (Calm+/−) and conditional (CalmF/F Mx1Cre+) Calm knockout mutants. While we didn't observe a gross defect in the heterozygous mutant (Calm+/−), homozygous deletion of the Calm gene (Calm-/-) resulted in late embryonic lethality. Total numbers of fetal liver (FL) cells were significantly reduced in Calm-/-embryos compared to that of control due to inefficient erythropoiesis. Proportions of mature erythroblasts (CD71-Ter119+) in FL were significantly reduced in the absence of the Calm gene. Furthermore, Calm deficient Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitors (MEPs) gave rise to less CFU-E colonies when seeded in methyl cellulose plates, suggesting that Calm is required for terminal erythroid differentiation in a cell autonomous manner. To determine the role of Calm in adult hematopoiesis, we analyzed peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM) and spleen of CalmF/F Mx1Cre+ mice after pIpC injection. CalmF/F Mx1Cre+ mice demonstrated hypochromic anemia, T-lymphocytopenia and thrombocytosis one month after pIpC injection. Levels of plasma transferrin and ferritin were intact in CalmF/F Mx1Cre+ mice, while plasma iron levels were increased, indicating that iron uptake is impaired in Calm deficient erythroblasts. We observed significant reduction of mature erythroblasts and erythrocytes in both BM and spleen with concomitant increase of immature erythroblasts (CD71+Ter119+) in CalmF/F Mx1Cre+ mice. The increased population mainly consists of CD71+Ter119+CD44+FSCdim polychromatophilic erythroblasts, and Benzidine staining of PB and splenic erythroblasts revealed reduced hemoglobinization in Calm deficient erythroblasts. To examine the global changes in transcriptome of CD71+Ter119+CD44+FSCdim polychromatophilic erythroblasts with or without the Calm gene, we compared mRNA expression profile by gene chip microarray analysis. Over 400 genes, including genes associated with iron metabolism and CDE pathway, were up- or down-regulated more than 1.5-fold in Calm deficient polychromatophilic erythroblasts as compared to control. Genes Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that multiple metabolic pathways were downregulated in Calm deficient polychromatophilic erythroblasts. Calm deficient CD71+Ter119+CD44+FSCdim polychromatophilic erythroblasts demonstrated a defect in cellular proliferation revealed by cell cycle analysis. Transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1, CD71) is highly expressed in rapidly dividing cells and erythroblasts, and uptake of iron-bound transferrin through TFR1 is the main pathway of iron intake to erythroid precursors. Since CDE is implicated in TFR1 endocytosis, we next examined surface expression levels of CD71 in Calm deficient erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts. While CD71 is normally expressed at low level in early stage of megakaryo/erythroid progenitors and highly expressed in CFU-E through polychromatophilic erythroblasts, its expression was dramatically up-regulated throughout the erythroid development in CalmF/F Mx1Cre+ mice. Up-regulation of surface CD71 expression was also evident in K562 erythroid leukemia cell lines upon ShRNA-mediated CALM knockdown. Taken together, our data indicate that CALM plays an essential role in terminal erythroid differentiation via regulating TFR1 endocytosis. Since iron is required for both erythroblast proliferation and hemoglobinization, Calm deficiency significantly impacts erythroid development at multiple levels. Disclosures: Naoe: Chugai Pharm. Co.: Research Funding; Zenyaku-Kogyo Co.: Research Funding; Kyowa-Kirin Co.: Research Funding; Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharm. Co.: Research Funding; Novartis Pharm. Co.: Research Funding; Janssen Pharm. Co.: Research Funding.

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