The Utilisation of Palm Oil and Oil Palm Residues and the Related Challenges as a Sustainable Alternative in Biofuel, Bioenergy, and Transportation Sector: A Review

The importance of energy demands that have increased exponentially over the past century has led to the sourcing of other ideal power solutions as the potential replacement alternative to the conventional fossil fuel. However, the utilisation of fossil fuel has created severe environmental issues. The identification of other renewable sources is beneficial to replace the energy utilisation globally. Biomass is a highly favourable sustainable alternative to renewable resources that can produce cleaner, cheaper, and readily available energy sources in the future. The palm oil industry is essentially ideal for the availability of abundant biomass resources, where the multifaceted residues are vital for energy production through the conversion of biomass waste into value-added products simultaneously. This article discusses the utilisation of palm oil and its residues in the energy and transportation sector. Assessment and evaluation on the feasibility of palm oil and its residues were made on the current valorisation methods such as thermochemical and biochemical techniques. Their potential as transportation fuels were concurrently reviewed. This is followed by a discussion on future challenges of palm oil industries that will take place globally, including the prospects from government and nongovernment organisations for the development of palm oil as a sustainable alternative replacement to fossil fuel. Hence, this review aims to provide further insight into the possibilities of palm oil and its residues towards sustainable development with reduced environmental-related issues.

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Valorization of Tropical Biomass Waste by Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

Yee Ho Chai ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Wan Nadiah Amalina Kadir ◽

Chung Yiin Wong ◽

Siti Suhailah Rosli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽

Supercritical Fluid ◽

Value Added ◽

Full Potential ◽

Fluid Extraction ◽

Extraction Technology ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Supercritical Fluid Technology ◽

Biomass Resources

The inception of sustainable and cleaner extraction technology has paved the way for the innovative development of nonconventional extractions, such as supercritical fluid extraction, apart from conventional extraction counterparts. The concept of biomass waste-to-wealth for the conversion of biomass waste or by-products into value-added products for diversified applications had piqued the prominent interest of researchers and industry players, especially with the abundance of biomass resources readily available in tropical regions that have yet to be tapped into to reach their full potential. In this paper, a critical review of the developments of supercritical fluid technology from its initial inception up to commercialized scalability, including its limitations, extraction of potential tropical biomass wastes for various types of applications, such as biopesticides, bio-repellents, phenolics, and lipids for biofuel, and its role in circular bioeconomy and sustainable development approaches, are discussed in detail.

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The potential of biomass waste in Malaysian palm oil industry: A case study of Boustead Plantation Berhad

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1192/1/012028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1192 (1) ◽

pp. 012028

Author(s):

N H S Jafri ◽

D N Jimat ◽

N F M Azmin ◽

S Sulaiman ◽

Y A Nor

Keyword(s):

Trend Analysis ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Value Added ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Green Energy ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Wide Range ◽

Oil Palm Biomass ◽

Value Added Products

Abstract The oil palm industry is known as the primary producer of biomass in Malaysia. The massive production of oil palm biomass has resulted in a significant waste disposal problem. This study aims to assess the potential of waste derived from oil palm plantations and processing mills to be transformed into value-added products for various applications. The study was conducted on three oil palm estates managed by Boustead Rimba Nilai Berhad using data on the generation rates of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), crude palm oil (CPO), and oil palm biomass waste from 2018 to 2020. The availability of FFB, CPO, empty fruit bunches (EFB) and excess fibers, and palm oil mill effluents (POME) in 2030 was predicted using a forecasting approach, with trend analysis as the tool of choice. From 2018 to 2020, the output of FFB, EFB and excess fibers, as well as POME grew by 16%, 14%, 23%, and 14% respectively. Based on trend analysis, the projection of FFB, CPO, EFB and excess fibers, and POME outputs in 2030 is expected to be 80%, 56%, 92%, and 56% respectively, which are greater than the figures recorded in 2020. The state of the palm oil industry in Malaysia was described in this study and also highlighted the potential of oil palm biomass in various industries and as a source of green energy. Oil palm biomass can be commercialized in a wide range of value-added products.

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PEMETAAN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI KELAPA SAWIT NASIONAL DAN KEBIJAKAN PENGEMBANGANNYA

Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Indonesia ◽

10.29122/jsti.v13i1.876 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Subiyanto Subiyanto

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Government Policy ◽

Value Chain ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Value Added ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Missing Value ◽

Technology Capability ◽

The Government

Palm oil industry in Indonesia has been growing rapidly. But, unfortunately the growth is only effective on upstream industry with low value products, such that potential downstream value added are not explored proportionally. The government is therefore in the process of developing an appropriate policy to strengthen the national palm oil downstream industry. This paper proposes that an approriate policy for developing palm oil downstream industry could be derived from the maps of value chain and existing technology capability of the industry. The result recommends that government policy should emphasize on the supply of raw materials, infrastructure and utilities, as well as developing the missing value chain industry, especially ethoxylation and sulfonation.

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The potential of forest-derived bioenergy to contribute to China's future energy and transportation fuel requirements

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc2012-104 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 88 (05) ◽

pp. 547-552

Author(s):

Ling Li ◽

Sergios Karatzos ◽

Jack Saddler

Keyword(s):

Cellulosic Ethanol ◽

First Generation ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Large Population ◽

Forest Biomass ◽

Marginal Land ◽

Transportation Fuel ◽

Transportation Fuels ◽

Energy Dependent

Increasing concerns of oil security, greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainability have encouraged nations to consider the contribution that agriculture/forestry for bioenergy (and biofuels in particular) could make as alternatives to current fossil-based energy and transportation fuels. Despite China's large population and geographical size, it has only relatively recently developed into a highly industrialized and energy-dependent economy. Coal is, and will remain, China's dominant energy source. However, over the last few years with China's growing middle class, increasing growth in production and sale of cars/trucks and a growing chemical based sector, oil and its derivatives are predicted to experience the fastest fossil fuel growth. China's ability to produce so-called “first-generation” or conventional biofuels from sugar, starch or vegetable oil based plants is very restricted because of “food vs. fuel” issues. Thus, biomass-based and forest-based biofuels, in particular, can form a medium-to-long-term solution that could contribute to China's national biofuels targets. Oilseed trees have been suggested as an initial forest-based biodiesel strategy with about 13 million ha of marginal land identified for possible plantation. It is also estimated that 17 million tonnes of cellulosic ethanol per annum could be derived from forest biomass that is currently available in China.

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COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE OF SYNGAS FROM BIOMASS WASTE IN GAS BURNER SYSTEM/PRESTASI PEMBAKARAN SYNGAS DARI SISA BIOJISIM DALAM SISTEM PEMBAKAR GAS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v80.12431 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 80 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Oryza Mohd Mokhtar ◽

Mohammad Nazri Mohd Ja’afar ◽

Mustafa Yusoff ◽

Mazlan Said ◽

Muhammad Roslan Rahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Sulfur Dioxide ◽

Nitrogen Oxide ◽

Combustion Temperature ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Biomass Waste ◽

Gas Combustion ◽

Combustion Performance ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Gas Burner

Syngas from biomass residues is an alternative fuel to address the ever-increasing fossil fuel supply problem and the issue of releasing toxic gases from the fossil fuel burning process. Syngas is also a renewable fuel and features environmentally friendly fuel. This study was conducted to investigate the performance of the syngas produced from oil palm shells (PKS) using fluidized bed gasifier. In this study, the produced syngas was tested for its combustion performance from the aspect of gas combustion temperature and resulting emission concentrations such as nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The resulting syngas was studied at different ratio of air velocities to fuels. From the test, the ratio of velocity of air to fuel affects the gas combustion temperature and emission emission concentration. By increasing the air velocity to fuel ratio during the gasification process produces more positive effects primarily in improving the temperature of the gas burner combustion and reducing carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. However, the concentration of sulfur dioxide release (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) increase.

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Hilirisasi Kelapa Sawit: Kinerja, Kendala, dan Prospek

Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.21082/fae.v36n2.2018.81-95 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Delima Hasri Azahari

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Value Added ◽

Export Market ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Land Use Conflict ◽

Oil Performance ◽

Cultivation Technology ◽

The Government ◽

Policy Priority

Palm oil is one of the main commodities in Indonesia’s economy as it plays an important role in export market of the non-oil and gas sector. Palm oil industry at farm level deals with lack of replanting, low yield, low quality, and undeveloped downstream industry. Indonesia is relatively potential to develop the palm oil downstream industry given the existing market. Global palm oil demand keeps increasing despite negative campaigns against crude palm oil (CPO) and its derivative products. Land availability, labor supply and cultivation technology are supportive. This paper discusses and evaluates national palm oil performance, especially opportunities and challenges in creating value added to this industry. There are four main challenges, i.e. limited infrastructure and financing, lack of access to local authorities, land use conflict, and environment pressure. The government needs to implement policy priority on palm oil downstream industry which is more competitive, integrated, and sustainable. AbstrakKomoditas kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas andalan perekonomian nasional dan sebagai penghasil devisa negara terbesar di sektor nonmigas. Permasalahan yang dihadapi industri kelapa sawit pada tingkat usaha tani adalah terbatasnya investasi untuk peremajaan, rendahnya produktivitas dan kualitas hasil, dan belum berkembungnya industri hilir secara maksimal sehingga produk-produk turunan kelapa sawit masih terbatas. Sementara itu, Indonesia masih memiliki potensi yang besar untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah melalui industri pengolahan turunan kelapa sawit jika dilihat dari sisi permintaan pasar maupun penawarannya. Dari sisi permintaan, permintaan kelapa sawit global terus meningkat walalupun dalam kondisi adanya kampanye negatif (black campaign) terhadap produk minyak sawit atau CPO (Crude Palm Oil) dan produk-produk turunannya. Dari sisi penawaran, ketersediaan lahan, tenaga kerja dan teknologi budi daya sangat menudukung. Tulisan ini membahas dan mengevaluasi kinerja industri sawit nasional, khususnya bagaimana peluang dan kendala penciptaan nilai tambah industri sawit. Tulisan ini menekankan empat kendala utama dalam pemanfaatan peluang tersebut, yaitu keterbatasan infrastruktur dan sumber pendanaan, akses otonomi daerah, konflik lahan, dan tekanan isu lingkungan. Dalam hal ini, pemerintah dituntut untuk dapat menerapkan berbagai kebijakan yang memprioritaskan pada hilirisasi kelapa sawit dengan pendekatan klaster/kawasan guna membangun struktur industri kelapa sawit yang berdaya saing, terpadu dan berkelanjutan.

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Formulasi Nilai Tambah pada Rantai Pasok Minyak Sawit

Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri ◽

10.25077/josi.v13.n1.p576-587.2014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 576

Author(s):

Syarif Hidayat ◽

Nunung Nurhasanah ◽

Rizki Ayuning Prasongko

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

Value Added ◽

Added Value ◽

Stakeholder Dialogue ◽

Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽

Oil Supply ◽

Fair Distribution ◽

Technology Level

In palm oil supply chain (POSC) the smallholder farmers sell their fresh fruit bunch (FFB) to Palm Oil Mills through traders. Palm Oil Mills convert the FFB into crude palm oil (CPO). CPO is sold to the refinery, who converts CPO into frying oil and sends the product to the distributors. The distributors subsequently sell them to the consumers. Each member of the POSC will try to optimize its added value. The aim of this paper is to develop an added value formulation as a function of risk, investment and technology levels of each of the POSC member. To facilitate fair distribution of rewards a concept of added value utility based on rsk, investment and technology level was introduced. To optimize the added value distribution between the members the concept of stakeholder dialogue was used. The selling prices were negotiated between the actors until each reached a satisfactory value, which was ruled by the levels of optimum added value utility. This research is important because the developed model can facilitate a better formula to calculate the fair distribution of added values, therefore ensure its sustainability and improve the total supply chain added value.Keywords:Utility, Value Added, Palm Oil Supply Chain, Exponential FunctionAbstrakPada suatu rantai pasok agroindustri minyak sawit (RPMS), petani menjual tandan buah segar (TBS) ke pabrik CPO melalui pedagang/pemasok. Pabrik CPO merubah TBS menjadi CPO. CPO dijual ke refinery (pabrik minyak goreng), yang merubah CPO menjadi minyak goreng, dan menjualnya melalui distributor kepada para konsumen. Setiap anggota RPMS akan berusaha untuk mengoptimumkan nilai tambahnya masing-masing. Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah menyusun formula perhitungan nilai tambah RPMS yang dipengaruhi oleh tingkat risiko, tingkat investasi dan tingkat teknologi yang terkait dengan masingmasing pelaku rantai pasok. Untuk mengusahakan distribusi yang adil dari imbalan maka digunakan pendekatan stakeholder dialogue. Harga jual dinegosiasikan diantara para pelaku RPMS sampai didapat suatu nilai yang memuaskan semua pihak, yang ditentukan berdasarkan utilitas nilai tambah yang optimum. Penelitian ini penting karena model yang dikembangkan dapat memfasilitasi formula yang lebih baik untuk menghitung distribusi nillia tambah yang adil, sehingga akan dicapai keberlangsungan usaha dan meningkatnya nilai tambah total dari RPMS.Kata kunci: Utilitas, Nilai Tambah, Rantai Pasok Minyak Sawit, Fungsi Eksponensial.

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HILIRISASI INDUSTRI SAWIT DI SUMATERA UTARA

JURNAL PERSPEKTIF BEA DAN CUKAI ◽

10.31092/jpbc.v3i1.280 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andi Matupalesa ◽

Yudhi Dharma Nauly ◽

Ivan Fanani

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Value Chain ◽

Research Method ◽

Value Added ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Primary Data ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Hub And Spoke ◽

North Sumatra

This study aims to provide an overview of the potential downstream of the palm oil industry in North Sumatra, by conducting a series of visits to companies that act as an anchors in the palm oil industry, particularly those located in KEK Sei Mangkei, Kuala Tanjung and KIM. The writing of this study was conducted by using descriptive-explorative analysis method which relies on primary data from companies considered to have a key role in palm industry in North Sumatra. The research method used in the form of identification of value chain, hub-and-spoke and assess the value added of the downstream stages of palm oil. In the end, the downstream of palm oil industry also needs to prioritize the role of anchor companies as locomotives for palm oil industry development in the future.

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Recent Advances in Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11091113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1113

Author(s):

Hanyu Cong ◽

Haibo Yuan ◽

Zekun Tao ◽

Hanlin Bao ◽

Zheming Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Terephthalic Acid ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Value Added ◽

Catalytic Conversion ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Biodegradable Polyesters ◽

Fuels And Chemicals ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Furandicarboxylic Acid

Converting biomass into high value-added compounds has attracted great attention for solving fossil fuel consumption and global warming. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been considered as a versatile biomass-derived building block that can be used to synthesize a variety of sustainable fuels and chemicals. Among these derivatives, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a desirable alternative to petroleum-derived terephthalic acid for the synthesis of biodegradable polyesters. Herein, to fully understand the current development of the catalytic conversion of biomass to FDCA, a comprehensive review of the catalytic conversion of cellulose biomass to HMF and the oxidation of HMF to FDCA is presented. Moreover, future research directions and general trends of using biomass for FDCA production are also proposed.

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Potensi Minyak Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Busa Pemadam Kebakaran Lahan Gambut di Indonesia: Suatu Tijauan Pustaka

10.31227/osf.io/c8pgz ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Purwo Subekti

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Value Added ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Domestic Demand ◽

Oil Products ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fire Extinguisher ◽

Vegetable Raw Materials ◽

Peat Fires

This researchs aims to to find out about the potential of palm oil as a raw material of foam firefighting peat fires in Indonesia.By using the method of literature approach to previous researchers, can be in the know that the vegetable raw materials with thepotential to be developed in Indonesia as a raw material of foam extinguishing peat fires is palm oil. In addition to theavailability of environmentally friendly palm oil is also guaranteed and sustained since 2015, Indonesia produced palm oil andits derivatives amounted to 32.5 million tons, to meet the domestic demand of 18.77% while exports amounted to 81.23%..Utilization of palm oil as a raw material foam fire extinguisher is one form of support to the Indonesian government in order toincrease the downstream and value-added palm oil products as well as reduce the level of risk of peat fires

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