scholarly journals City of Waste—Importance of Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3909
Author(s):  
Bogusław Wowrzeczka

By 2050, the world population is expected to reach 9.7 billion, almost 90% of which will live in urban areas. With such a fast growth in population and urbanization, it is anticipated that the annual waste generation will increase by 70% in comparison with current levels, and will reach 3.40 billion tons in 2050. A key question regarding the sustainability of the planet is the effect of city size on waste production. Are larger cities more efficient at generating waste than smaller cities? Do larger cities show economies of scale over waste? This article examines the allometric relationship between the amount of municipal waste (total and per capita) and the populations, city area, density, and wealth of city residents. The scope of the research concerned 930 Polish cities. Using the allometric equation, the waste scaling factors were calculated for selected parameters, and the Hellwig method was used to optimize their selection for cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. The calculations show that the parameter population (1.059) and then the city area (0.934) are important elements influencing the scaling of the amount of municipal waste in cities of all sizes, but none came close to the value of the animal metabolism model (0.75). In response to the question of whether larger cities show benefits from economies of scale, it should be stated that, for the model of city size in Poland, such a regularity does not exist.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
baginda parsaulian

Waste management that is not managed properly will have negative impacts both for human health. In addition, the impact caused by improper waste management also results in a decrease in environmental quality. Therefore, waste management cannot be separated from the management of good waste management and community lifestyle management. Until now, waste management in the city of Bukittinggi is managed by the Department of Sanitation and Parks (DKP), it is indeed difficult to deal with waste problems. Constraints faced include public awareness to minimize waste production starting from the personal, family and environment. Very high population density, as well as limited land available, causing the emergence of the problem of waste can not be resolved properly, community ignorance of the problem of waste makes garbage continue to accumulate in various corners of the city without a touch of proper handling. The role of the community, especially students related to the problem of garbage in urban areas is very influential. This is because the community contributes to the amount of municipal waste generation each year. It is expected that waste segregation in the household environment has done well management it will help the current municipal waste problem which is increasingly complex and complex given the increasing population and culture. The activity was carried out with socialization to students of FEBI IAIN Bukittinggi in the hope that after getting socialization it could change the behavior of students into insane people who care about garbage.


2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Andrés Rodríguez-Pose ◽  
Riccardo Crescenzi

Thomas Friedman (2005) argumenta que a expansão do comércio, a internacionalização das firmas, o crescimento acelerado do processo de outsourcing e a possibilidade de conexão em redes a custos cada vez mais baixos estão criando um “mundo plano”: um campo competitivo de condições homogêneas de concorrência no qual os indivíduos têm maior poder e melhores condições de vida. Este artigo desafia essa visão do mundo, argumentando que embora a globalização traga mudanças, oportunidades e desafios, nem todos os territórios têm a mesma capacidade de maximizar os benefícios e as oportunidades e de minimizaras ameaças circundantes. Numerosas forças estão se fundindo no sentido de provocar a emergência de “montanhas” urbanas, onde a riqueza, a atividade econômica e a capacidade de inovação se aglomeram. Estas forças “tectônicas” incluem fatores como a inovação, os transbordamentos, os encadeamentos para trás e para frente nas cadeias produtivas, a dinâmica de especialização versus diversificação, o capital social e comunitário e, por último, mas não menos importante, o “buzz” da cidade. As interações destas forças na proximidade geográfica das grandes áreas urbanas dão forma a uma geografia muito mais complexa da economia mundial e permitem a ascensão de novos players econômicos. Mas esta geografia, ao contrário de ser plana, é repleta de montanhas, em que as grandes aglomerações urbanas representam os picos mais altos. A maioria da população mundial, ao contrário de ter maior poder, permanece mal preparada para encarar estes desafios. Palavras-chave: progresso tecnológico; nova geografia econômica; vantagem competitiva. Abstract: Thomas Friedman (2005) argues that the expansion of trade, the internationalization of firms, the galloping process of outsourcing, and the possibility of networking at increasingly low prices is creating a ‘flat world’: a level playing field where individuals are empowered and better off. This paper challenges this view of the world by arguing that although globalization implies changes, opportunities, and threats, not all territories have the same capacity to maximize the benefits and opportunities and minimize the threats at hand. Numerous forces are coalescing in order to provoke the emergence of urban “mountains” where wealth, economic activity, and innovative capacity agglomerate. These “tectonic” forces include factors such as innovation, spill overs, backward and forward linkages, specialisation vs. diversification dynamics, community and social capital, and, last but not least, the buzz of the city. The interactions of these forces in the close geographical proximity of large urban areas give shape to a much more complex geography of the world economy and allows for new economic players to emerge. But this geography, rather than flat, is full of mountains, with large urban agglomerations representing the highest peaks. The majority of the world population, far from being empowered, remains ill-prepared to face these challenges. Keywords: technological progress; new economic geography; competitive advantage.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pruthvin Shetty ◽  
Dwarakish g s

<p>The smart and sustainable city idea gained momentum in recent years in order to cope with population growth in urban areas and to make the city live. Cities are projected to consume 70% of the world's resources and 66% of the world population by 2050. Most of tier-3 and tier-2 cities will convert to tier-1 city, and we need to identify and protect the urban green spaces. Urban green areas have many esthetic advantages, including environmental benefits such as a fall in city temperature in the summer and absorption of rainwater. Social advantages are such as feelings of happiness and peace. Objective quantification of greenery on its neighbourhood spatial distribution may help identify essential and potential areas. Heterogeneous land uses describe urban areas. Urban heat island (UHI), with high Land surface temperatures (LST), is distinguished by its city development pattern, socioeconomic and anthropogenic activities. The LST is rising rapidly not only in cities but also in tier-3 & tier-2 cities.  Urban green areas, including parks, playgrounds, gardens and areas, such as ponds, pools, lakes and rivers, will contribute to the control of land temperatures in and around the city. Such spaces also lead to the formation of the Urban Cooling Island (UCI), where temperatures are comparatively cooler than surrounding temperatures, because of their shade of the trees and their evapotranspiration. This cooling island formation is referred to as the Park Cooling Island (PCI) impact. The present work aims to describe the effect of urban green and urban blue spaces on LST using a range of data sources with geospatial technologies. Udupi town, which comes under Udupi district, Karnataka, India is a tier-3 city, selected for the present research work. The data used in the study include Landsat 8 temporal satellite images and secondary data, such as field data from various government and semi-government organisations. LST has been measured using the emissivity reference channel algorithm from Landsat 8 thermal bands. Different indices such as Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index NDWI, Land Shape Index (LSI) are determined from images from Landsat 8. The results show that LST exists with high spatial variability and urban green, blue spaces have a stronger influence on LST.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 107327482110412
Author(s):  
Hui Qi ◽  
Wenjie Chen ◽  
Chunming Zhang ◽  
Xiwang Zheng ◽  
Chen Peng ◽  
...  

Background Laryngeal cancer is a common malignancy of the head and neck, especially in northern China, including Shanxi province. This study intends to describe the epidemiological characteristics of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi Province, China, in order to support prevention and treatment efforts. Methods Retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in hospitals in Shanxi Province from 2008 to 2012. Results The average annual incidence rate of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi province from 2008 to 2012 was 0.70/105, the Chinese population standardized incidence rate was 0.57/105 and the world population standardized incidence rate was 0.60/105. The city with the highest incidence of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi Province is Taiyuan, followed by Yangquan, and the lowest incidence are Yuncheng and Jincheng. The cases included 723 farmers (58.6%), 338 workers (27.4%), 95 government cadres (7.7%), 35 unemployed individuals (2.8%), 30 teachers (2.4%) and 13 individuals with other occupations (1.1%). The incidence of laryngeal cancer in rural areas was 0.78/105, while urban areas was 0.60/105. Of 1006 patients with smoking and drinking status reported, there were 238 both smoking and drinking (23.7%), 491 only smoking but not drinking (48.8%), 4 only drinking but not smoking (0.4%), 273 both not smoking and not drinking (27.1%) (P<0.001), and there were 695 males smoking (95.3%), 34 females smoking (4.7%) (P<0.001). Of 879 patients for whom the primary cancer location was known, 406 cases (46.2%) were supraglottic and 428 cases (48.7%) were glottic. Among 1009 patients with known pathological classification, the vast majority had squamous cell carcinoma (992 cases, 98.3%). Conclusions To sum up, the incidence of laryngeal cancer in Shanxi Province exhibited a relatively stable trend from 2008 to 2012, and the incidence is higher in men than in women in all years. The high percentage of smokers in this study underscores the importance of smoking as a risk factor for laryngeal cancer, whereas rates of drinking did not appear to be linked. Incidence of laryngeal cancer was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, a pattern that differs from other regions of China and internationally.


Computation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Soczówka ◽  
Renata Żochowska ◽  
Grzegorz Karoń

The transport system of a Smart City consists of many subsystems; therefore, the modeling of the transportation network, which maps its structure, requires consideration of both the connections between individual subsystems and the relationships within each of them. The road and street network is one of the most important subsystems, whose main task is to ensure access to places generating travel demand in the city. Thus, its effectiveness should be at an appropriate level of quality. Connectivity is one of the most important characteristics of a road and street network. It describes how elements of that network are connected, which translates to travel times and costs. The analysis of the connectivity of the road and street network in urban areas is often conducted with the application of topological measures. In the case of a large area of the city, such analysis requires its division into smaller parts, which may affect the computational results of these measures; therefore, the main goal of the study was to present a method of performing analysis based on the computation of numerical values of selected measures of connectivity of road and street network, for a city area divided into fields of regular shape. To achieve that goal, the analyzed area was split into a regular grid. Subsequently, numerical values of the chosen measures of connectivity were calculated for each basic field, and the results allowed us to determine whether they are influenced by the method of division of the area. Obtained results showed that the size of the basic field influences the numerical values of measures of connectivity; however that influence is different for each of the selected measures.


2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Anna Báreková ◽  
Lenka Lackóová ◽  
Bohdan Stejskal

AbstractSeparate collection of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) is the main precondition to decrease the environmental pollution by landfill gas as well as to enrich soil by the humus substances from municipal compost. However, the obligation to ensure the separation and treatment of the BMW increases the municipalities' costs for waste management. Rural areas differ from the urban ones not only by typical lifestyle, settlement character, but also by total BMW production. The urban areas do have easier access to public finances, therefore, most of them already dispose sufficient infrastructure for BMW gathering and treatment. The aim of our research was to analyze the spatial production and disposal of the biodegradable municipal waste and propose, in regard to legislation, efficient BMW treatment for rural areas of the Nitra region. The analysis revealed that only 23% of the examined municipalities dispose through composting. However, 92% of them have the estimated annual BMW production from public green areas not exceeding 100t. Organic waste processing could be managed by municipalities through “small composting” which does not require the approval by the state body in waste management.


2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Alfini Baharuddin ◽  
B Hari Wibisono ◽  
Budi Prayitno ◽  
M Sani Roychansyah

Jayapura City is situated in the eastern tip of Indonesia and borders the neighboring country Papua New Guinea (PNG).  Its geographical conditions are very diverse dominated by hills leading to the formation of separated urban areas. Currently, there are two major urban areas, Jayapura and Abepura. Historically, Jayapura and Abepura were two old towns established in the Dutch rule, namely Hollandia Haven and Hollandia Binnen. They are detached by Skyline hills that hinder their complete physical merger.  The presence of two separated urban areas in Jayapura City is also reinforced by the image perceived by the residents regarding with the powerful visual image of those cities. It however forms unique and distinctive properties in the spatial structure of Jayapura City. This study examines how the influence of geographical conditions on the spatial structre of Jayapura City. Data collection was done through direct observation and interviews with respondents of Jayapura and Abepura. Direct observation was conducted to obtain data on the use of land that form patterns in Jayapura City area. While collecting data through questionnaires conducted to determine the image of residents of Jayapura City on the spatial structure of the city. The results showed that the geographical conditions in Jayapura City affect the formation of two separate parts of the city.  The geographical condition is also an element forming a strong spatial structure as a characteristic reinforces the visual impression of the existence of two cities in a “single city”.


Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Enkhuur Munkhsuld ◽  
Altansukh Ochir ◽  
Steven Koop ◽  
Kees van Leeuwen ◽  
Taivanbat Batbold

Urbanization is a major global development. At present, more than half of the world population lives in urban areas, i.e., cities. One of the fundamental requirements of citizens is safe and sufficient drinking water. The premises for water security are adequate water management and governance. In this study, we determine priorities for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and assess the governance capacities of different organizations to address IWRM in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of the landlocked Asian country Mongolia. We apply the City Blueprint Approach (CBA), a diagnosis tool, to assess IWRM in Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. The overall score, the Blue City Index (BCI), is 2.3 points for Ulaanbaatar, which categorizes the city as wasteful. Flood risk and economic pressure have a great impact on the water sector in Ulaanbaatar city. In particular, Ulaanbaatar’s waste water treatment (WWT) can be improved. Often, only primary and a small portion of secondary WWT is applied, leading to large-scale pollution. Water consumption and infrastructure leakages are high due to the lack of environmental awareness and infrastructure maintenance. Operation cost recovery is not sufficient to sustain urban water services in Ulaanbaatar. Water governance and more specifically monitoring, evaluation and statutory compliance are among the factors that need to be addressed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Ashima Banker

Rapid Urbanisation trends worldwide has resulted in 54% of the world population living in urban areas, in 2014 from 39%, in 1980. As per 2014 Revision of World Population Prospects, UN, 2014, India & China are expected to be the largest contributors to the estimated increase in urban population till 2050. Most of the grunt of the population growth is going to be seen on big cities or mega-cities, with Asia to struggle most with estimated 60% of the megacities by 2025, most of them across India and China (13th annual edition of DemographiaWorld Urban Areas, 2017).Amongst the various challenges faced by these megacities, providing developed land (i.e. land with access toinfrastructure facilities) for future developments and city infrastructure within the limited funds available with the city & state governments, is a major one. Indian cities, due to limited funds often face delays in infrastructure development (due to high costs of land acquisition) resulting in haphazard development.Land acquisition for industrial, urban and infrastructure development has always been a contentious subject. For land development – land acquisition and land pooling are the two methods adopted in land acquisition process. Land acquisition is carried out under act (LAA), while land pooling is carried out using the provision of related town planning schemes like in the Gujarat. A public private partnership mode plays an important role in the land acquisition and in development of Land.This study attempts to analyse the mechanisms followed under the two methods and the benefits of each. It also recommends mechanism to provide for larger pockets of developed land to be used by the Urban Local Bodies for public purposes, generate revenue and provide for additional development provisions for the developers (for larger public good). The suggested tools & recommendations will in addition to cutting the cost of acquiring land will fetch capital to the project that would make the project self financed and self sustaining, releasing the financial pressure from the Urban Local Body.


Author(s):  
François Combes

This paper presents a structural microeconomic model of the choice of warehouse location in urban logistics. The model is theoretical and analytical. It brings the focus on operational constraints, their diversity, and their influence on costs. The location decision is modeled as a trade-off between land rents (making it costly to locate close to the center of the urban area) and transport costs (which increase non-linearly when the warehouse moves away from the city center). The influence of various parameters on the optimal warehouse location is analyzed. The following conclusions are drawn. First, increased demand contributes to the explanation of logistic sprawl: when the density of operations (pick-ups and deliveries) increases in a given area, transport is more efficient, making it less necessary for warehouses to be close to the city center. Second, urban logistics is a heterogenous sector and, depending on the operational constraints, will not react homogenously to changes in economic parameters or the implementation of public policies. Third, economies of scale are identified: some implications are discussed. Fourth, the paper briefly discusses how land-use planning regarding, in particular, warehouses, can help internalize some of the externalities of urban logistics.


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