scholarly journals On-Farm Grain Storage and Challenges in Bagmati Province, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7959
Author(s):  
Pragya Kandel ◽  
Kabita Kharel ◽  
Anastasia Njoroge ◽  
Bradley W. Smith ◽  
Jorge R. Díaz-Valderrama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Storage ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Stored Grains ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Home Consumption

Farmers in Nepal lose up to one-third of stored grain to pests and diseases. This results in food insecurity and loss of income. To mitigate these losses, farmers use several approaches including pesticide applications on stored grains. We interviewed 241 farmers in Bagmati Province, Nepal, to assess the current on-farm grain storage practices and challenges to improve postharvest management. The results show that rice was the most stored crop (median 1150 kg). About half of farmers stored for at least nine months and grain was mainly used for home consumption. Grain was stored by 66.5 and 69.8% of farmers in granaries (rice) and plastic drums (legumes), respectively. Insects were the most important challenge during storage, and farmers used pesticides to control them. Farmers were more likely to use insecticide on grain (p = 0.000) if they stored rice, used traditional granaries, and had insect damage during storage. The use of improved storage methods (e.g., hermetic bags) was very low for rice (3.5%). There is a need to improve on-farm grain storage by disseminating storage innovations to address postharvest challenges in important crops such as rice.

SEED COAT PUNCTURE RESISTANCE IN CEREAL AND OILSEED CULTIVARS—A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECT DAMAGE IN STORED GRAINS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. SINHA ◽  
P. W. VOISEY
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Stored Grains ◽  
The Mean

Seed coat puncture resistance of 42 cultivars of common and durum wheat, oats, barley and rapeseed were measured by puncture tests believed to approximate seed penetration by weevils infesting stored grain. All seven species of crops, several cultivars, and germ and endosperm parts of the seed within the same cultivar varied significantly [Formula: see text] in puncture resistance of seeds when their moisture contents were m equilibrium at 0% and 70% RH. Dry durum wheat (cv. Wakooma) showed the highest puncture resistance, moist rapeseed (cv. Torch) the lowest. The mean puncture resistance of the endosperm coat of moist crop cultivars ranged from 2,074 to 2,456 g for common wheat; 3,316 to 4,131 g for durum wheat; 1,145 to 1,404 g for oats; 1,321 to 1,861 g for barley; and 184 to 222 g for rapeseed. These differences m seed coat strength suggest that it may be one of the sources governing susceptibility to insect damage of stored grain. Thus, the drier the seed, the greater would be the difficulty for an insect to penetrate the seed coat.

Forces on Monitoring Cables during Grain Bin Filling and Emptying

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-415
Author(s):  
Sidney A. Thompson ◽  
Paul R. Armstrong ◽  
Samuel G. McNeill ◽  
Ronaldo G. Maghirang ◽  
Michael D. Montross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Load Force ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Average Force ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Design Load ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Storage Bins

Abstract. Monitoring the temperature of stored grain with permanent cables suspended from the bin roof is common practice in commercial grain storage and is sometimes used in on-farm grain storage bins. Knowledge of the forces imparted on the cables by flowing grain is required for proper design of cables, connection hardware, and bin roofs, but there is little data in the literature for full size bins. To determine forces on different cable sizes and configurations, five different cable designs were tested during filling and emptying of wheat and corn. Two concrete storage bins, 4.6-m diameter and 25-m maximum depth, were used with cables suspended from the center of the bin or suspended 0.6 m from the sidewall. The bottom ends of the cables were weighted, but were not fully restrained. Forces on the cables were monitored during filling and emptying of the bins. Forces during emptying usually exhibited slip-stick behavior. The greatest forces were during emptying, where forces were often double those during filling, with vertical forces up to 4.7 kN for the largest cable. Both peak and average forces for bin emptying were significantly larger than corresponding forces for bin filling. Results showed no effect of grain type (corn or wheat) while cable size had significant effects on peak and average force in most cases. Keywords: Corn, Design load, Force, Grain bin, Temperature monitoring cable, Wheat.

Contributing Factors to Engulfments in On-Farm Grain Storage Bins

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Kingman ◽  
Gail R. Deboy ◽  
William E. Field
Keyword(s):  
Grain Storage ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Storage Bins

Current Grain Storage and Safety Practices of Ohio Cash Grain Operators

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Geng ◽  
S. Dee Jepsen
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Grain Storage ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Engineering Controls ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Agricultural Injuries ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Storage Facilities

Abstract. Hazards associated with grain storage facilities are a contributing factor to agricultural injuries and are a perpetual problem for Ohio farmers, especially as on-farm grain storage facilities continue to grow in popularity with producers. To establish effective injury prevention programs, safety professionals must first understand how the industry operates, the culture of the workers, and the current practices used to avoid injuries. This research project was designed to bridge the gap between what is currently known about the hazards that exist on Ohio’s farms, specifically how safety and health information is incorporated at the grain handling and storage facilities. Using a four-part survey, 182 cash grain operators, comprising a convenience sample of farmers attending educational events, were surveyed to determine the type of grain storage and handling facilities used on their farms, the occurrence of out-of-condition grain, and the health and safety factors practiced at these facilities, including their knowledge about potential hazards. Results indicated that the farmers preferred to get safety knowledge from a course or seminar (53.6%) or by reading a magazine or periodical (38.8%). The surveyed farmers indicated that they had higher knowledge of the safety risks of out-of-condition grain than of the health effects from exposure to out-of-condition grain (p < 0.01). They identified personal protective equipment (PPE) as their primary measure to prevent injuries, with the top PPE items being respirators, safety glasses, hearing protection, and gloves. Farmers who encountered out-of-condition grain reported more employees on their farms compared to the other farmers in the sample and reported higher use of PPE. While these results cannot be generalized to Ohio’s entire population of cash grain farmers, they provide a good understanding of the on-farm grain storage and management practices, which will allow a more targeted intervention plan, both in better engineering controls and in future outreach programs. Keywords: Grain storage, PPE use, Health, Safety.

scholarly journals Performance of Five Postharvest Storage Methods for Maize Preservation in Northern Benin

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieudonne Baributsa ◽  
Ousmane Nouhou Bakoye ◽  
Baoua Ibrahim ◽  
Larry L. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Hermetic Storage ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
No Weight Loss ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Storage Technologies

Several postharvest technologies are currently being commercialized to help smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa reduce grain storage losses. We carried out a study in Northern Benin to compare the effectiveness of five technologies being sold to protect stored grain. Maize that had been naturally infested by insects was stored in four hermetic storage technologies (SuperGrainbag™, AgroZ® bag, EVAL™, and Purdue Improved Crop Storage-PICS™ bags), an insecticide impregnated bag (ZeroFly®), and a regular polypropylene (PP) woven bag as control. Oxygen levels in hermetic bags fluctuated between 0.5 ± 0.0 (v/v) and 1.0 ± 0.3 (v/v) percent during the seven months of storage. No weight loss or insect damage was observed in grain stored in any of the hermetic storage bags after seven months. However, grain stored in ZeroFly® and PP woven bags had weight losses of 6.3% and 10.3%, respectively. These results will help farmers and development agencies when making decisions to use and/or promote storage technologies to reduce postharvest grain losses.

Recolonisation by nematodes of hot water treated cooking banana planting material in Uganda

Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemie Elsen ◽  
Ben Goossens ◽  
Barbara Belpaire ◽  
Annemie Neyens ◽  
Paul Speijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Hot Water Treatment ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
On Farm

Abstract In East Africa, the cooking bananas (Musa spp., AAA group, subgroup Matoke) are the major food crop. Yields are decreasing due to increasing damage caused by a complex of pests and diseases, including plant-parasitic nematodes. Planting of infected material is the principle means of dispersal for these nematodes. An option to control the nematodes in planting material is hot water treatment but the benefits depend on the rate of recolonisation. Therefore, on-farm trials were carried out at five localities representing Musa production systems in Uganda. Hot water treatment of planting material slowed down build-up of Radpholus similis at least until 30 months after planting. This was not only the case for the treated mother plants but also for the suckers that developed from these mother plants. A similar trend was observed for Helicotylenchus multicinctus. Hot water treatment also slowed down the build-up of Pratylenchus goodeyi but this effect was less pronounced.

scholarly journals Five-year survival and growth of farm forestry plantings of native trees and radiata pine in pasture affected by position in the landscape

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Reid ◽  
Jackie Reid ◽  
Justin Hoad ◽  
Stuart Green ◽  
Greg Chamberlain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Farm Forestry ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Casuarina Cunninghamiana ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Pulp Wood

Woodlots ranging in area from 0.18 to 0.5 ha were established within the Cicerone Project farmlet trial on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, due to a lack of physical protection in most paddocks across the farmlets. Two percent of each farmlet was planted to trees to examine the commercial and environmental potential of seven species to provide shade and shelter for livestock, increase biodiversity or contribute to cash flow through farm forestry diversification. Eucalyptus caliginosa (timber), E. nitens (timber, pulp wood), E. radiata (essential oil) and Pinus radiata (timber) were planted in four upslope plots (1059–1062 m a.s.l.) in different paddocks. Casuarina cunninghamiana (timber, shelter), E. acaciiformis (shade, shelter and biodiversity), E. dalrympleana (timber, biodiversity), E. nitens (timber, pulp wood), E. radiata (essential oil) and P. radiata (timber) were planted in four low-lying plots (1046–1050 m a.s.l.) in separate paddocks, 400–1200 m distant. The pines and natives were planted in August and October 2003, respectively, into a well prepared, weed-free, mounded, planting bed. After 5 years, P. radiata (98% survival) and E. nitens (83%) survived best in upslope plots, reaching maximum heights of 7.8 and 8.8 m and exhibiting no or only modest insect damage, respectively. In low-lying plots, E. acaciiformis (75% survival) and E. dalrympleana (80%) survived best, reaching maximum heights of 5.5 and 4.5 m, and exhibiting little or only moderate insect damage, respectively. P. radiata exhibited 17–69% survival in the two lowest-lying plots but 100% survival in the other two lowland plots. On average, <50% of C. cunninghamiana, E. nitens and E. radiata survived in low-lying plots and survivors grew poorly. Early frosts in March 2004 were the primary cause of losses in low-lying plots, and frost, waterlogging, insect attack and some inadvertent livestock browsing explain the slower growth of species in low-lying plots compared with their performance upslope. P. radiata and perhaps E. nitens have commercial promise for timber production on Northern Tablelands farms, but only in higher (well drained, less frost-prone) parts of the landscape. E. acaciiformis can withstand the stressful growing conditions in open pasture in low-lying plots, and should be planted more widely for on-farm shade and shelter. E. dalrympleana can also be considered for amenity and biodiversity plantings in lower parts of the landscape.

scholarly journals Postharvest Management Practices of Grains in the Eastern Region of Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia W. Njoroge ◽  
Ibrahim Baoua ◽  
Dieudonne Baributsa
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Made In

Cereals and legumes play a major role in the production systems and diets of farmers in the semi-arid eastern region of Kenya. Efficient postharvest management can tremendously contribute to food security in these regions. A study was carried out in three counties in eastern Kenya to assess pre and postharvest management practices among farmers. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires designed and administered using Kobo Toolbox via android tablets. Results showed that farmers cultivated three main crops: maize (98%), beans 66%), and pigeon peas (28%). The most saved seed crops were beans (80%) and pigeon peas (50%). Majority of the farmers (80%) experienced pre-drying losses due to insects (48%), rodents (40%) and birds (39%). Farmers stored grain for consumption (80%) and for sale (19%). About 48% of farmers stored the grain for more than 9 months. Challenges during grain storage were insects (57%) and rodents (43%). Primary methods of grain preservation included hermetic methods (61%) followed by insecticides (33%). While progress is being made in addressing storage challenges, there still a need to continue building awareness about improved storage technologies and find solutions for pest infestations in the field and drying after harvest.

scholarly journals Dealing With Deadstock: A Case Study of Carnivore Conflict Mitigation From Southwestern Alberta

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea T. Morehouse ◽  
Courtney Hughes ◽  
Nora Manners ◽  
Jeff Bectell ◽  
Jesse Tigner
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Compost Facility ◽  
Conflict Mitigation

Livestock deaths are an unfortunate reality for livestock producers and dead livestock (i.e., deadstock) disposal options can have implications beyond the ranch itself. In Alberta, Canada, natural disposal (i.e., disposing of the carcass in a manner that allows for scavenging) has increased since the 2003 detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canadian cattle. Prior to BSE, rendering companies removed deadstock for free. However, rendering companies started charging producers to remove deadstock to offset costs associated with new regulatory requirements enacted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, which has resulted in increased on-farm natural disposal of deadstock. This increase has ecological implications because deadstock are a major attractant for large carnivores. Carnivores feeding on deadstock are often near other agricultural attractants such as stored grain and feed, silage, and living livestock, which can exacerbate conflict potential and pose a risk to human safety. To help mitigate conflicts associated with deadstock, the Waterton Biosphere Reserve's (a local non-profit) Carnivores and Communities Program (CACP) supported expansion of community deadstock removal efforts beginning in 2009, including reimbursement of on-farm removal costs, bear-resistant deadstock bins, and a livestock compost facility (operational 2013–2014). Here, we present an evaluative case study describing the development, implementation, and results of the deadstock removal program, including the compost facility. We tracked the number of head of livestock removed each year, the number of participating landowners, the average cost per head, and total program costs. We also used an online survey to assess participants' perspectives of the deadstock removal program and future needs. To date, the CACP has removed &gt;5,400 livestock carcasses, representing between 15.1 and 22.6% of available carcasses in the program area, and 67.3% of livestock owners indicated they currently use the deadstock removal program to dispose of deadstock. Average cost to compost an animal was significantly less than other removal methods ($36.89 composting vs. $79.59 non-composting, one-tailed t-test, unequal sampling variances: t = 4.08, df = 5.87, p = 0.003). We conclude by discussing both ecological and social implications for deadstock removal as a conflict mitigation measure and make suggestions for future management considerations.

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