SEED COAT PUNCTURE RESISTANCE IN CEREAL AND OILSEED CULTIVARS—A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECT DAMAGE IN STORED GRAINS

Seed coat puncture resistance of 42 cultivars of common and durum wheat, oats, barley and rapeseed were measured by puncture tests believed to approximate seed penetration by weevils infesting stored grain. All seven species of crops, several cultivars, and germ and endosperm parts of the seed within the same cultivar varied significantly [Formula: see text] in puncture resistance of seeds when their moisture contents were m equilibrium at 0% and 70% RH. Dry durum wheat (cv. Wakooma) showed the highest puncture resistance, moist rapeseed (cv. Torch) the lowest. The mean puncture resistance of the endosperm coat of moist crop cultivars ranged from 2,074 to 2,456 g for common wheat; 3,316 to 4,131 g for durum wheat; 1,145 to 1,404 g for oats; 1,321 to 1,861 g for barley; and 184 to 222 g for rapeseed. These differences m seed coat strength suggest that it may be one of the sources governing susceptibility to insect damage of stored grain. Thus, the drier the seed, the greater would be the difficulty for an insect to penetrate the seed coat.

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The occurrence of fungi on roots and stem bases of common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grown under two levels of chemical protection

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2011.036 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 93-102

Author(s):

Irena Kiecana ◽

Leszek Rachoń ◽

Elżbieta Mielniczuk ◽

Grzegorz Szumiło

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Triticum Durum ◽

Experimental Treatment ◽

Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽

Wheat Roots ◽

Chemical Protection ◽

The Mean ◽

Triticum Durum Desf ◽

The University

Investigations were carried out in 2007-2009 on the plots of the Felin Experimental Station belonging to the University of Life Science in Lublin. The studies comprised two cultivation lines of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.): STH 716 and STH 717, as well as the 'Tonacja' cultivar of common wheat (T. aestivum ssp. vulgare L.). Two levels of chemical protection were applied in the cultivation: minimal and complex protection. Infection of wheat roots and stem bases was recorded in each growing season at hard dough stage (87 in Tottman's scale, 1987). After three years of study, the mean disease indexes for the analyzed wheat genotypes in the experimental treatment with minimal protection were 31.13, 30.43 and 38.83 for, respectively, the 'Tonacja' cultivar and the cultivation lines of T. durum STH 716 and STH 717. In the experimental combination with complex protection, after three years of study the disease indexes ranged from 25.26 (T. durum STH 716) to 30.83 (T. durum STH 717). The results of mycological analysis of diseased plants showed that Fusarium spp., especially F. culmorum, F. avenaceum as well as Bipolaris sorokiniana and Rhizoctonia solani, caused root rot and necrosis of wheat stem bases. The analyzed chemical protection levels did not significantly influence grain yield of the investigated genotypes of T. aestivum and T. durum.

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Stem-Base Disease in Winter Durum and Common Wheat Cultivation in the Years 2009–2011

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/jppr-2014-0003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 15-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorota Gala ◽

Anna Gorczyca ◽

Andrzej Oleksy ◽

Marek Kołodziejczyk

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Foot Rot ◽

Significant Differentiation ◽

Stem Base ◽

Wheat Cultivation ◽

The Mean

Abstract The occurrence of stem-base diseases in two cultivars of winter wheat were evaluated in a 3-year experiment, using two agrotechnology levels. The two cultivars evaluated were durum wheat of the Komnata cultivar and common wheat of the Ostka Strzelecka cultivar. The highest intensity was noted in the occurrence of two diseases of the complex, i.e. Fusarium foot rot and eyespot. The examined cultivars were characterized by a similar susceptibility to these diseases. There was an observed difference - a slightly higher susceptibility by the Komnata as opposed to the Ostka Strzelecka cultivar - but it was not significant statistically. Significant differentiation in infestation was noted for other experimental factors like cultivation season and the agrotechnology level. Intensification of the occurrence of both stem-base diseases in the experimental seasons did not affect the mean amount and quality of the yield obtained in the experiment.

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Colour evaluation of different pasta samples

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/83/2008-cjfs ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 26 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 421-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

I. Švec ◽

M. Hrušková ◽

M. Vítová ◽

H. Sekerová

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Wheat Flour ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Sensory Perception ◽

Colour Measurement ◽

Wheat Species ◽

Egg Ratio ◽

Flour Colour ◽

The Mean

The colour of the laboratory prepared pasta was evaluated with respect to wheat flour types (M1 bright, M2 semi-bright, and M3 semolina), egg-ratio (0, 1, 2), and non-traditional cereals (archaic wheat species, tritordeum, spring barley, millet, lupin, buckwheat, and soya) supplements. The flour colour measurement confirmed its dependence on the wheat species milled – M3 obtained from durum wheat had a lower whiteness L* (89.6) and a higher yellowness b* (22.2) than the flour from common wheat (e.g. 93.6 and 8.1 for M1, respectively). As presumed, with the rising egg-ratio pasta yellowness increased – for M1-pasta, the calculated colour differences ∆E in pairs one-egg/eggless and two-egg/eggless were 1.1 and 4.7, respectively, while for M2- and M3-pasta ∆E values were only 0.8 and 1.5, respectively. The colour impacts of non-traditional cereals as 10% supplements differed between archaic wheat species, tritordeum, barley, and alternative cereals (millet, lupin, roasted buckwheat). In comparison to the standard, the greatest positive colour gain was brought by the lupin fortification (130% yellowness increase), while the worst appesred roasted buckwheat (10% decrease of whiteness, 210% increase of redness). At 20% non-traditional cereals supplements compared for M2- and M3-pasta, the highest positive increase of the pasta colour sensory perception was caused by corn and lupin additions in both pasta samples. The increase was slightly higher with M1-pasta (175%) than with M3-pasta (170%). In the mean of both pasta samples, yellowness L* increased from the standard pasta value 13.6 to 24.0 as measured for corn and lupin fortified pasta.

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On-Farm Grain Storage and Challenges in Bagmati Province, Nepal

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147959 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7959

Author(s):

Pragya Kandel ◽

Kabita Kharel ◽

Anastasia Njoroge ◽

Bradley W. Smith ◽

Jorge R. Díaz-Valderrama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Storage ◽

Insect Damage ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

Stored Grains ◽

Important Challenge ◽

Storage Methods ◽

Postharvest Management ◽

On Farm ◽

Home Consumption

Farmers in Nepal lose up to one-third of stored grain to pests and diseases. This results in food insecurity and loss of income. To mitigate these losses, farmers use several approaches including pesticide applications on stored grains. We interviewed 241 farmers in Bagmati Province, Nepal, to assess the current on-farm grain storage practices and challenges to improve postharvest management. The results show that rice was the most stored crop (median 1150 kg). About half of farmers stored for at least nine months and grain was mainly used for home consumption. Grain was stored by 66.5 and 69.8% of farmers in granaries (rice) and plastic drums (legumes), respectively. Insects were the most important challenge during storage, and farmers used pesticides to control them. Farmers were more likely to use insecticide on grain (p = 0.000) if they stored rice, used traditional granaries, and had insect damage during storage. The use of improved storage methods (e.g., hermetic bags) was very low for rice (3.5%). There is a need to improve on-farm grain storage by disseminating storage innovations to address postharvest challenges in important crops such as rice.

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Effectiveness of different plant extracts along with new chemistry insecticide against Tribolium castaneum

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.1.0301 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 095-100

Author(s):

Shaker Muhammad Afsar Ali ◽

Asif Muhammad Ammad ◽

Shahzad Khalil Ahmad ◽

Ikhlaq Muhammad Bilal ◽

Arshad Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

Time Interval ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Stored Grains ◽

The Mean

Different insect pests attack stored grain products during storage. T. castaneum are the most threatening pests of stored grains. Feeding of adults and larvae is stored grains. The extracts of Datura stramonium and Zingiber officinale prepared with acetone and Deltamethrin was applied. Five concentrations 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05% were prepared with one controlled concentration of both the plants and the Deltamethrin. Treatments were applied on the filter paper check their possible lethal effects against T. castaneum. The data concerning mortality was recorded after time interval 24, 48 and 72 hours and analyzed statistically using ANOVA (analysis of variance) and comparison of means of treatment means was analyzed with the help of Tuckey’s honestly significant difference (THSD) test. The mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum were 90% after 72 hours by exposure of Deltamethrin. The mean values of % mortality caused by effect of Datura stramonium against T. castaneum was 52%. The mean values of % mortality caused by plant extract Zingiber officinale against T. castaneum was 41% after 72 hours. Results revealed that Deltamethrin is more effective than plant extracts. Datura stramonium is more effective than Zingiber officinale.

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Effect of algae Ecklonia maxima extract (Kelpak SL) on yields of common wheat, durum wheat and spelt wheat

Agronomy Science ◽

10.24326/2019.1.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 5-14

Author(s):

GRZEGORZ SZUMIŁO ◽

LESZEK RACHOŃ ◽

BARBARA KROCHMAL-MARCZAK

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Yield Components ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Favourable Effect ◽

Ecklonia Maxima ◽

Spelt Wheat

The 3-year experiment was concerned with the response of spring forms of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta L. em. Thell.) to the foliar application of a plant growth stimulant (extract from marine algae Ecklonia maxima), with the commercial name of Kelpak SL (GS), as compared to control treatment (C). The following parameters were analysed: yield of grain, yield components (number of ears, weight of 1000 kernels, number and weight of kernels per ear) and physical indicators of grain quality (test weight, uniformity and vitreosity of grain). The study showed that the level of yielding and the yield components were related primarily with the wheat genotype, but they depended also on the agro-climatic conditions and on the algae extract and control experimental treatments. The application of algae extract, compared to the control, caused a significant increase in the yields of the spring wheat species under study, on average by 7.0%. Canopy spraying with algae extract had a favourable effect on the number of ears, on he number and weight of kernels per ear, but it had no effect on the weight of 1000 kernels. The grain quality of durum wheat, spelt wheat and common wheat was affected more strongly by the weather conditions in the successive years of the study and by the genotype than by the foliar application of algae extract. The spelt genotypes were characterised by lower yields and lower grain quality than common wheat and the durum wheat genotypes.

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Development and validation of a method for quantification of common wheat, durum wheat, rye and barley by droplet digital PCR

European Food Research and Technology ◽

10.1007/s00217-021-03786-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Schulze ◽

Anne-Catrin Geuthner ◽

Dietrich Mäde

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Real Time ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Digital Pcr ◽

Droplet Digital Pcr ◽

Food Fraud ◽

Single Genome ◽

Cereal Species

AbstractFood fraud is becoming a prominent topic in the food industry. Thus, valid methods for detecting potential adulterations are necessary to identify instances of food fraud in cereal products, a significant component of human diet. In this work, primer–probe systems for real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for the detection of these cereal species: bread wheat (together with spelt), durum wheat, rye and barley for real-time PCR and ddPCR were established, optimized and validated. In addition, it was projected to validate a molecular system for differentiation of bread wheat and spelt; however, attempts for molecular differentiation between common wheat and spelt based on the gene GAG56D failed because of the genetic variability of the molecular target. Primer–probe systems were further developed and optimized on the basis of alignments of DNA sequences, as well as already developed PCR systems. The specificity of each system was demonstrated on 10 (spelt), 11 (durum wheat and rye) and 12 (bread wheat) reference samples. Specificity of the barley system was already proved in previous work. The calculated limits of detection (LOD95%) were between 2.43 and 4.07 single genome copies in real-time PCR. Based on the “three droplet rule”, the LOD95% in ddPCR was calculated to be 9.07–13.26 single genome copies. The systems were tested in mixtures of flours (rye and common wheat) and of semolina (durum and common wheat). The methods proved to be robust with regard to the tested conditions in the ddPCR. The developed primer–probe systems for ddPCR proved to be effective in quantitatively detecting the investigated cereal species rye and common wheat in mixtures by taking into account the haploid genome weight and the degree of milling of a flour. This method can correctly detect proportions of 50%, 60% and 90% wholemeal rye flour in a mixture of wholemeal common wheat flour. Quantitative results depend on the DNA content, on ploidy of cereal species and are also influenced by comminution. Hence, the proportion of less processed rye is overestimated in higher processed bread wheat and adulteration of durum wheat by common wheat by 1–5% resulted in underestimation of common wheat.

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Quantification of Common Wheat Adulteration of Durum Wheat Pasta Using Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Cereal Chemistry ◽

10.1094/cchem.2002.79.4.553 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 79 (4) ◽

pp. 553-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Rémi Alary ◽

Arnaud Serin ◽

Marie-Pierre Duviau ◽

Philippe Jourdrier ◽

Marie-Françoise Gautier

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Durum Wheat ◽

Real Time ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain

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Virulence Phenotypes and Molecular Genotypes in Collections of Puccinia triticina from Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-4-0420 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 420-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Paola Mantovani ◽

Marco Maccaferri ◽

Roberto Tuberosa ◽

James Kolmer

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Puccinia Triticina ◽

Leaf Rust Resistance ◽

Leaf Rust Resistance Gene ◽

The Third ◽

Virulence Phenotype ◽

Ssr Loci ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Simple Sequence

Twenty-four isolates of Puccinia triticina from Italy were characterized for virulence to seedlings of 22 common wheat Thatcher isolines, each with a different leaf rust resistance gene, and for molecular genotypes at 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. The isolates were compared to a set of 13 previously characterized P. triticina isolates from either durum or common wheat. Clustering based on virulence phenotypes and SSR genotypes grouped the Italian P. triticina isolates into three groups. In the first group, the isolates had virulence phenotypes and SSR genotypes that were similar to the isolates collected from durum wheat. Isolates in the second group were unique because they had virulence similar to the isolates from common wheat but were distinct for SSR genotypes compared to the isolates from durum wheat and from common wheat. Isolates in the third group had virulence phenotypes and SSR genotypes closely related to the isolates from common wheat. The isolates were grouped based on the known or assumed host of origin, virulence phenotype, and SSR genotypes. Measures of FST and RST for SSR genotypes, and ΦST for virulence phenotype were significant, which indicated differentiation among the three groups of isolates. Virulence phenotypes and molecular genotypes were highly correlated with r = 0.74.

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Triticum polonicum L. as potential source material for the biofortification of wheat with essential micronutrients

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262118000394 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (03) ◽

pp. 213-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Teresa Bieńkowska ◽

Elżbieta Suchowilska ◽

Wolfgang Kandler ◽

Rudolf Krska ◽

Marian Wiwart

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Principal Component ◽

Small Scale ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Triticum Polonicum ◽

Iron And Zinc ◽

Modern Wheat ◽

Wheat Lines ◽

Source Materials

AbstractThe grain of modern wheat cultivars has a significantly lower mineral content, including the content of copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, selenium and zinc. For this reason cereal breeders, are constantly searching for new genetic sources of minerals that are essential in human nutrition. Triticum polonicum, which is grown on a small scale in Spain, southern Italy, Algeria, Ethiopia and warm regions of Asia, deserves special attention in this context. The micronutrient and macronutrient content of T. polonicum versus T. durum and T. aestivum was compared in this study. Polish wheat grain was characterized by the significantly highest content of phosphorus (4.55 g/kg), sulphur (1.82 g/kg), magnesium (1.42 g/kg), zinc (49.5 mg/kg), iron (39.1 mg/kg) and boron (0.56 mg/kg) as well as a low content of aluminium (only 1.04 mg/kg). The macronutrient profile of most T. polonicum lines differed completely from that of common wheat and durum wheat. The principal component analysis supported discrimination of seven Polish wheat lines with a particularly beneficial micronutrient profile (P2, P3, P5, P7, P9, P22 and P25). These lines were characterized by the highest content of copper, iron and zinc, as well as the lowest concentrations of strontium, aluminium and barium which are undesirable in food products. The above lines can be potentially applied as source materials for breeding new wheat varieties. The results of this study indicate that Polish wheat could be used in genetic biofortification of durum wheat and common wheat.

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