scholarly journals Effect of Water Vapor Injection on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9229
Author(s):  
Ming-Hsien Hsueh ◽  
Chao-Jung Lai ◽  
Meng-Chang Hsieh ◽  
Shi-Hao Wang ◽  
Chia-Hsin Hsieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Engine Torque ◽  
Vapor Injection

The exhaust emissions from Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are currently one of the main sources of air pollution. This research presented a method for improving the exhaust gases and the performance of a Spark-Ignition (SI) engine using a water vapor injection system and a Non-Thermal Plasma (NTP) system. These two systems were installed on the intake manifold to investigate their effects on the engine’s performance and the characteristics of exhaust emission using different air/fuel (A/F) ratios and engine speeds. The temperatures of the injected water were adjusted to 5 and 25 °C, using a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) temperature control device. The total hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and engine torque were measured at different A/F ratios and engine speeds. The results indicated that the adaptation of the water vapor injection system and NTP system increased the content of the combustibles and combustion-supporting substances while achieving better emissions and torque. According to the test results, while the engine torque under 25 °C water+NTP was raised to 7.29%, the HC under 25 °C water+NTP and the NOx under 25 °C water were reduced to 16.31% and 11.88%, respectively. In conclusion, the water vapor injection and the NTP systems installed on the intake manifold could significantly reduce air pollution and improve engine performance for a more sustainable environment.

scholarly journals The Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on The Exhaust Emission Characteristic in A Spark Ignition Engine Fueled by Gasoline-Bioethanol Blends

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahman ◽  
Asnawi Asnawi ◽  
Reza Putra ◽  
Hagi Radian ◽  
Tri Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Characteristic ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
Hydrogen Enrichment ◽  
Bioethanol Fuel

Bioethanol characteristics can be used as an alternative fuel to spark-ignition (SI) engines to reduce emissions. This experiment evaluates the production of emissions for SI engines using hydrogen enrichment in the gasoline-bioethanol fuel blends. The fraction of bioethanol fuel blend was added to the gasoline fuel of 10% by volume and hydrogen fuel produced by the electrolysis process with a dry cell electrolyzer. The NaOH was used as an electrolyte which is dissolved in water of 5% by a mass fraction. The test is conducted using a single-cylinder 155cc gasoline engine with sensors and an interface connected to a computer to control loading and record all sensor variables in real-time. Hydrogen produced from the electrolysis reactor is injected through the intake manifold using two injectors, hydrogen injected simultaneously at a specific time with a gasoline-bioethanol fuel. The test was conducted with variations of engine speeds. The emission product of ethanol--H2 (BE10+H2) was an excellent candidate as a new alternative of fuel solution in the future. The engasolinerichment of hydrogen increased the flame speed and generated a stable combustion reaction. The hydrogen enrichment produced CO2 emission due to the unavailability of carbon content in hydrogen fuel. As a result, the C/H ratio is lower than for mixed fuels.

An Experimental Study of the Combustion Process in a Natural-Gas Spark-Ignition Engine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Liu ◽  
Cosmin E. Dumitrescu ◽  
Hemanth Bommisetty
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Spark Timing

Abstract The conversion of existing internal combustion engines to natural-gas operation can reduce U.S. dependence on petroleum imports and curtail engine-out emissions. In this study, a diesel engine with a 13.3 compression ratio was modified to natural-gas spark-ignited operation by replacing the original diesel injector with a high-energy spark plug and by fumigating fuel inside the intake manifold. The goal of this research was to investigate the combustion process inside the flat-head and bowl-in-piston chamber of such retrofitted engine when operated at different spark timings, mixture equivalence ratios, and engine speeds. The results indicated that advanced spark timing, a lower equivalence ratio, and a higher speed operation increased the ignition lag and made it more difficult to initiate the combustion process. Further, advanced spark timing, a larger equivalence ratio, and a lower speed operation accelerated the flame propagation process inside the piston bowl and advanced the start of the burn inside the squish. However, such conditions increased the burning duration inside the squish due to more fuel being trapped inside the squish volume and the smaller squish height during combustion. As a result, the end of combustion was almost the same despite the change in the operating conditions. In addition, the reliable ignition, stable combustion, and the lack of knocking showed promise for the application of natural-gas lean-burn spark-ignition operation in the heavy-duty transportation.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGY CONVERSION OF VEHICLE DIESEL TO GAS ENGINES WITH SPARK IGNITION

InterConf ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 258-263
Author(s):  
Serhii Kovalov
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Common Rail Injection System ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Common Rail Injection

The expediency of converting transport diesel engines into gas internal combustion engines with spark ignition has been substantiated. A multifunctional synthesis technology Avenir Gaz has been developed, designed to convert diesel engines of vehicles in operation into spark-ignited gas internal combustion engines operating on a cheaper and environmentally friendly gas fuel - LPG. The synthesis technology is based on three electronic microprocessor control units Avenir Gaz 37 of level "A", Avenir Gaz 37 of level "B" and Avenir Gaz 37 of level "C". It is shown that Avenir Gaz synthesis technology of level "A" allows converting diesel engines into gas internal combustion engines with LPG supply through a gas-air mixer into the intake pipeline, and level “B” provides group or sequential LPG injection by electromagnetic gas nozzles (common rail injection system ) into the intake manifold. Avenir Gaz synthesis technology of level "C" allows the use of an electronic inductive spark ignition system with an immovable voltage distributor (with two-spark or individual ignition coils).

Variable intake manifold for the Audi V6 spark ignition engine

MTZ worldwide ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Dirk Anwender ◽  
Kay Brodesser ◽  
Ivano Morgillo
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Intake Manifold

scholarly journals MODELLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE INJECTION SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Dziubiński ◽  
Grzegorz Litak ◽  
Artur Drozd ◽  
Piotr Żukowicz
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Injection System

scholarly journals Impact of Simulated Biogas Compositions (CH4 and CO2) on Vibration, Sound Pressure and Performance of a Spark Ignition Engine

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7037
Author(s):  
Donatas Kriaučiūnas ◽  
Tadas Žvirblis ◽  
Kristina Kilikevičienė ◽  
Artūras Kilikevičius ◽  
Jonas Matijošius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Positive Correlation

Biogas has increasingly been used as an alternative to fossil fuels in the world due to a number of factors, including the availability of raw materials, extensive resources, relatively cheap production and sufficient energy efficiency in internal combustion engines. Tightening environmental and renewable energy requirements create excellent prospects for biogas (BG) as a fuel. A study was conducted on a 1.6-L spark ignition (SI) engine (HR16DE), testing simulated biogas with different methane and carbon dioxide contents (100CH4, 80CH4_20CO2, 60CH4_40CO2, and 50CH4_50CO2) as fuel. The rate of heat release (ROHR) was calculated for each fuel. Vibration acceleration time, sound pressure and spectrum characteristics were also analyzed. The results of the study revealed which vibration of the engine correlates with combustion intensity, which is directly related to the main measure of engine energy efficiency—break thermal efficiency (BTE). Increasing vibrations have a negative correlation with carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, but a positive correlation with nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Sound pressure also relates to the combustion process, but, in contrast to vibration, had a negative correlation with BTE and NOx, and a positive correlation with emissions of incomplete combustion products (CO, HC).

Spark ignition engine torque management

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Ingram ◽  
M.A. Franchek ◽  
V. Balakrishnan ◽  
G. Surnilla
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Torque

Comparison of Random Forest and Neural Network in Modelling the Performance and Emissions of a Natural Gas Spark Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Jinlong Liu ◽  
Qiao Huang ◽  
Christopher Ulishney ◽  
Cosmin E. Dumitrescu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Abstract Machine learning (ML) models can accelerate the development of efficient internal combustion engines. This study assessed the feasibility of data-driven methods towards predicting the performance of a diesel engine modified to natural gas spark ignition, based on a limited number of experiments. As the best ML technique cannot be chosen a priori, the applicability of different ML algorithms for such an engine application was evaluated. Specifically, the performance of two widely used ML algorithms, the random forest (RF) and the artificial neural network (ANN), in forecasting engine responses related to in-cylinder combustion phenomena was compared. The results indicated that both algorithms with spark timing, mixture equivalence ratio, and engine speed as model inputs produced acceptable results with respect to predicting engine performance, combustion phasing, and engine-out emissions. Despite requiring more effort in hyperparameter optimization, the ANN model performed better than the RF model, especially for engine emissions, as evidenced by the larger R-squared, smaller root-mean-square errors, and more realistic predictions of the effects of key engine control variables on the engine performance. However, in applications where the combustion behavior knowledge is limited, it is recommended to use a RF model to quickly determine the appropriate number of model inputs. Consequently, using the RF model to define the model structure and then employing the ANN model to improve the model's predictive capability can help to rapidly build data-driven engine combustion models.

The Potential of a Separated Electric Compound Spark Ignition Engine for Hybrid Vehicle Application

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Pipitone ◽  
Salvatore Caltabellotta
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Generator Unit ◽  
Overall Efficiency

Abstract In-cylinder expansion of internal combustion engines based on Diesel or Otto cycles cannot be completely brought down to ambient pressure, causing a 20% theoretical energy loss. Several systems have been implemented to recover and use this energy such as turbocharging, turbo-mechanical and turbo-electrical compounding, or the implementation of Miller Cycles. In all these cases however, the amount of energy recovered is limited allowing the engine to reach an overall efficiency incremental improvement between 4% and 9%. Implementing an adequately designed expander-generator unit could efficiently recover the unexpanded exhaust gas energy and improve efficiency. In this work, the application of the expander-generator unit to a hybrid propulsion vehicle is considered, where the onboard energy storage receives power produced by an expander-generator, which could hence be employed for vehicle propulsion through an electric drivetrain. Starting from these considerations, a simple but effective modelling approach is used to evaluate the energetic potential of a spark-ignition engine electrically supercharged and equipped with an exhaust gas expander connected to an electric generator. The overall efficiency was compared to a reference turbocharged engine within a hybrid vehicle architecture. It was found that, if adequately recovered, the unexpanded gas energy could reduce engine fuel consumption and related pollutant emissions by 4% to 12%, depending on overall power output.

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