scholarly journals Plant-Based Meat Alternatives: Motivational Adoption Barriers and Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13271
Author(s):  
Steffen Jahn ◽  
Pia Furchheim ◽  
Anna-Maria Strässner
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Consumer Psychology ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Food Neophobia ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Research Findings

Meat consumption is increasingly being seen as unsustainable. However, plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA) are not widely accepted yet. PBMA aim to imitate the experience of eating meat by mimicking animal meat in its sensory characteristics such as taste, texture, or aesthetic appearance. This narrative review explores the motivational barriers to adopting PBMA while focusing on food neophobia, social norms and rituals, as well as conflicting eating goals that prevent consumers from switching to a plant-based diet. Based on the key characteristics of these motivational barriers, which are informed by research findings in consumer psychology and marketing, solutions are discussed that can help counter the barriers.

Flexitarianism and Social Marketing

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Dagevos ◽  
Machiel J. Reinders
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Food System ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Behavioural Interventions ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Mind Set ◽  
Sustainable Transition

Society increasingly expresses concerns about the meat-centred food system, there is an increasing choice of plant-based meat substitutes and a growing amount of food consumers abstain from eating meat for several days per week (i.e., flexitarianism). However, consumers differ in their engagement regarding meat consumption moderation, leading to different transition routes of reducing meat consumption. Social marketing strategies are relevant when it comes to this transition and can be divided along a spectrum from light (“education”) to heavy (“law”). In the middle of this spectrum, nudging may be typified as aiming to unconsciously change behaviour by intervening in the context of consumption. This chapter presents two field experiments showing how these unconscious behavioural interventions could offer opportunities to effectively reduce meat consumption. Despite the promising contributions of these nudging interventions, a sustainable transition towards less meat consumption also requires changes in both prevalent consumers' mind-set and consumer culture.

scholarly journals Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elite athletes: a narrative review

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Hyun Han ◽  
David McDuff ◽  
Donald Thompson ◽  
Mary E Hitchcock ◽  
Claudia L Reardon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Performance

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common brain developmental disorder in the general population that may be even more prevalent in elite athletes in certain sports. General population studies of ADHD are extensive and have reported on prevalence, symptoms, therapeutic and adverse effects of treatment and new clinical and research findings. However, few studies have reported on prevalence, symptoms and treatments of ADHD in elite athletes. This narrative review summarises the literature on symptoms, comorbidities, effects of ADHD on performance and management options for elite athletes with ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD in student athletes and elite athletes may be 7%–8%. The symptoms and characteristics of ADHD play a role in athletes’ choice of a sport career and further achieving elite status. Proper management of ADHD in elite athletes is important for safety and performance, and options include pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments.

scholarly journals Preparing Women in Academic Psychology for Their First Compensation Negotiation: A Panel Perspective of Challenges & Recommendations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura D. Seligman ◽  
RaeAnn Elizabeth Anderson ◽  
Thomas H. Ollendick ◽  
Sheila A. M. Rauch ◽  
Wendy K. Silverman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Academic Psychology ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Societal Level

Successfully landing and then negotiating for your first position is an exciting and challenging task. In this paper, we use a narrative review to present the literature on gender and negotiation with a focus on academic psychology work contexts. We highlight important differences between factors that are within the individual’s control vs. factors at the institutional or societal level. Drawing directly from the research literature, we make several recommendations for women trying to manage negotiation in contexts that are likely biased against them at the institutional and cultural level. For example, we recommend that women take steps to reduce situational ambiguity, use niceness and assertion strategically, and cognitive re-framing to improve performance. We also make parallel recommendations for institutions, to create a more equal playing field in employment negotiations in academia. We conclude with expert advice on how to manage the important task of negotiation throughout the career from successful psychologists to contextualize the research findings at the personal level.

scholarly journals “As a vegetarian, we never do well enough”

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Gfeller
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Ethical Consumer ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Important Object ◽  
Do So

Food is an area that receives little attention from psychologists, despite the fact that it provides many interesting situations and dilemmas through which human activity and development can be examined. Currently – at least in the WEIRD (western, educated, industrial, rich and democratic) countries (Henrich et al., 2010), – these activities are an important object of normative discourses and injunctions about how we should behave as consumers and how we should eat, notably when it comes to products of animal origin and meat in particular. In these countries, a large majority of people regularly consumes meat. Vegetarianism can be seen as a deviant behavior to this norm (Boyle, 2011), that provokes reactions as it questions the taken-for-granted normality and necessity of meat consumption (Larue, 2015). However, the issue of meat consumption also intersects with many other normative discourses, such as the imperatives to be an ethical consumer or to be a hedonist. In this paper, I examine how people orient themselves in relation to these norms and possibly take distance from some of them. More specifically I propose to do so through the notion of positioning. Position and positioning are notions that are increasingly used and discussed in psychology. The theorization of these notions is recent, and thus quite disparate (Gülerce et al., 2014), although a few scholars worked on possible synthesis of different traditions (Gillespie & Martin, 2014; Raggatt, 2015). I argue that examining positioning processes in relation to normative discourses and behaviors constitutes a way to understand the relation between the person and some social norms, and that this use will also contribute to deepen the conceptualization of positioning. I draw on empirical work conducted with people who recently changed their habits of consumption of food of animal origin. The questions I examine are: how do people position themselves in the normative and contested world of consumption of food of animal origin, and what are the processes possibly allowing them to question and transgress the norms in this area.

scholarly journals The Influence of Early Nutrition on Brain Growth and Neurodevelopment in Extremely Preterm Babies: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Cormack ◽  
Jane E. Harding ◽  
Steven P. Miller ◽  
Frank H. Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
The Many ◽  
Meta Analyses

Extremely preterm babies are at increased risk of less than optimal neurodevelopment compared with their term-born counterparts. Optimising nutrition is a promising avenue to mitigate the adverse neurodevelopmental consequences of preterm birth. In this narrative review, we summarize current knowledge on how nutrition, and in particular, protein intake, affects neurodevelopment in extremely preterm babies. Observational studies consistently report that higher intravenous and enteral protein intakes are associated with improved growth and possibly neurodevelopment, but differences in methodologies and combinations of intravenous and enteral nutrition strategies make it difficult to determine the effects of each intervention. Unfortunately, there are few randomized controlled trials of nutrition in this population conducted to determine neurodevelopmental outcomes. Substantial variation in reporting of trials, both of nutritional intakes and of outcomes, limits conclusions from meta-analyses. Future studies to determine the effects of nutritional intakes in extremely preterm babies need to be adequately powered to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes separately in boys and girls, and designed to address the many potential confounders which may have clouded research findings to date. The development of minimal reporting sets and core outcome sets for nutrition research will aid future meta-analyses.

Reconciling Not Eating Meat and Masculinity in the Marketing Discourse for New Food Alternatives

2019 ◽  
pp. 260-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Bogueva ◽  
Dora Marinova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Gender Based

Traditional hegemonic masculinity can be traced on the typical man's plate where meat represents the centerpiece. Meat consumption dominates the current marketing discourse which builds on masculinity to reinforce the stereotyped gender-based diets. In light of scientific evidence about the detrimental impacts of meat consumption on human wellbeing and environmental health, this chapter argues that men are at the crossroads where the concept of masculinity is being redefined. Their social role is similarly changing with new expectations for more sustainable diets which call for plant-based food choices and possibly lab-grown meat. Some men are endorsing these imperatives while others continue to succumb to social inertia. A new marketing discourse is needed which reconciles masculinity with not eating meat and encourages a transition to alternative dietary choices that are better for personal health, allow improved use of the planet's resources, and have less impact on climate change.

scholarly journals How social norms are often a barrier to addressing climate change but can be part of the solution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
GREGG SPARKMAN ◽  
LAUREN HOWE ◽  
GREG WALTON
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Behavioral Challenges ◽  
Private Behavior ◽  
Negative Current ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
The Face ◽  
Normative Appeals

Abstract We argue that the behavioral challenges posed by climate change are fundamentally problems of social influence. Behaviors that perpetuate climate change are often opaque in their consequences; thus, we look to others to infer how to act. Yet unsustainable behaviors, like driving and eating meat, are often the norm; conformity to such norms is a major hurdle to a more sustainable world. Nonetheless, we argue that social norms can also be a powerful lever for positive change. Drawing on two streams of recent research, we show that well-implemented social norm strategies can motivate positive steps even in the face of a negative current norm and even in individuals’ private behavior absent the judgment of others. First, appeals to dynamic norms – information about change in others or trends in norms over time – can lead people to conform to the change itself, even if this change violates current norms. Second, framing normative appeals in terms of an invitation to work with others toward a common goal can increase the motivation to join in. Despite ubiquitous unsustainable norms, careful theory-based representations of social norms can help us make progress on climate change.

scholarly journals The role of social media in ophthalmology: a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-266
Author(s):  
Nuno Moura-Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Improving Patient Care

Social media have played an increasing role in medicine with potential applications for both physicians and patients. This trend has also impacted clinical and surgical practice in ophthalmology in a wide range of subspecialties to promote scientific research findings, provide further tools for teaching, and ease communication between ophthalmologists across the globe improving patient care. However, social media have certain limitations that need to be overcome to ensure their reliability and quality for physicians and patients. This article provides a review of the current applications and pitfalls of social media in ophthalmology.

The Psychology of Meat Consumption

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Iveta Šedová ◽  
Tereza Vandrovcová
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
Paradox Theory ◽  
Eating Animal

This chapter starts with a brief outline of the historic development of the interspecies relationships and discusses the role of norms in changing behavior. Norms play a role in maintaining the ideology of carnism which enables people to eat the flesh of certain animals due to the invisibility of meat production and to the mechanisms of objectification, deindividualization and dichotomization of livestock. According to the meat paradox theory, people alleviate the unpleasant feelings about eating animal flesh by diminishing the minds of the eaten animals. The 4N (normal, natural, necessary and nice) rationalizations which justify eating meat in current society are also pointed out. Furthermore, the role of values, attitudes and different type of motivations are discussed. In conclusion, possible ways of employing community-based social marketing are offered.

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