scholarly journals Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Ownership Model (Public vs. Private) on the Efficiency of Urban Rail Firms

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13346
Author(s):  
Álvaro Costa ◽  
Carlos Oliveira Cruz ◽  
Joaquim Miranda Sarmento ◽  
Vitor Faria Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Management Model ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Public Firms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Rail ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Private Management ◽  
The Impact

The discussion over public vs. private management in the operation of public transport has been on the research agenda for the past decade. Several studies have analyzed the benefits of private management; however, no study has analyzed the effects of the management model while controlling for other external factors such as economic crises and political factors. This study intends to focus on the impact of the ownership model (public vs. private) of urban rail firms on their efficiency, while expanding the existing literature by controlling for economic and political factors. The methodology consisted of the calculation of DEA scores and subsequent use of regression analysis to identify the main determinants. We used a data set of four Portuguese rail firms during the period 2009–2018 along with five distinct efficiency scores. The results show that privately managed firms tend to be more efficient, but with distinct behavior depending on the economic cycle. In periods of growing GDP, private firms lose their potential superiority over public firms. The results also show that election years and unemployment rate also play a role in understanding the efficiency scores of these firms.

scholarly journals Do Successor Parties Influence Public Attitudes toward the Past? Evidence from Young Democracies

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Filipa Raimundo ◽  
José Santana-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Test Context ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transitions To Democracy ◽  
Citizen Attitudes ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Impact

What explains how citizens living in young democracies feel about their authoritarian past? While the impact of autocratic legacies on support for democracy and left–right placement has been thoroughly studied, we know less about the determinants of attitudes toward the past in post-authoritarian democracies. This study relies on survey data collected in Southern and Central European countries ten years after their transitions to democracy in order to test context-dependent variance in the relevance of ideology and party identification on citizen attitudes toward the past. The results show that classical factors such as regime type and mode of transition are not the main determinants of the politicization of attitudes toward the past and that the existence of a strong authoritarian successor party is associated with stronger politicization of the past.

Economic Integration and Migrant Networks: The Case of Ukrainian Migrants in the Warsaw Agglomeration

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (54) ◽  
pp. 258-278
Author(s):  
Wojciech Maruszewski ◽  
Paweł Kaczmarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Migrant Networks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Domestic Labour ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn the past years, Poland has been not only a country of (mass) immigration but also a country where foreigners have begun to play a much larger role in the domestic labour market than ever before. This makes the analyses of foreigners’ integration increasingly important both to understand the situation of immigrants in Poland and their impact on the national economy and social processes. In this context, this article aims to quantify one of the dimensions of the economic integration of immigrants. We look at the level of earnings as one of the indicators of their integration process. Additionally, we refer to the impact of social capital (in the form of migrant networks) on the economic situation of immigrants. We focus on immigrants from Ukraine—the most numerous group of foreigners in Poland. Based on a unique data set, we empirically identify the key dimensions that have an impact on their incomes, including gender, employment sector and legal status. We also point to the statistically significant effects of migrant networks on migrants’ earnings.

Nitrogen concentrations in flow separated river water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørgen Windolf ◽  
Hans Thodsen ◽  
Henrik Tornbjerg ◽  
Brian Kronvang ◽  
Peter B. Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Flow Component ◽  
The Past ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
N Removal ◽  
The Impact

<p>Nitrogen (N) loads and concentrations have been successfully reduced in most Danish streams during the last 30 years. Thereby also reducing the impact of the main driver of marine eutrophication in Danish coastal waters. However, the trend in N-loads and concentrations vary substantially among the monitored streams. The understanding of this variation are of great importance and interest for the evaluation of measures implemented to combat N eutrophication and for forecasting of effects of further measures.</p><p>River hydrographs can be split into base flow and quick flow components and the N concentrations in these two components can, thereafter, be calculated. The N concentration in the two components varies over time showing both longer term and seasonal variation. The quick flow component typically having a high variation reflecting present days leaching of N from fields and this strata has been significantly reduced during the last 3 decades due to a more sustainable farming practices.</p><p>During base flow conditions, stream water typically holds less nitrogen due to N removal in groundwater. Reductions in agricultural nitrogen leaching over the past three decades has reduced concentrations in the quick flow component and reduced the load to ground water aquifers. As groundwater aquifers are often large with a capacity of several years of recharge, the response in base flow N-concentrations is expected to be slow compared to the response in quick flow. The low response of the N-concentrations in base flow have implications on the rate of change of the river concentrations and consequently riverine N-loads to coastal waters. In some cases, the base flow N-concentration might still be influenced by the larger N-leaching of the past (1960-1990).</p><p>We have analyzed a national data set for developments in N-concentrations during base flow and quick flow. The data set covers the in country range in catchment size, land use and geology. The data set spans 29 years covering the period 1990 – 2018. In addition, measurements from a few streams monitored for a longer period have been included in the analyses</p>

What determines the business activities in the airline industry? A theoretical framework

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Huettinger
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Airline Alliances ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to create a model, which specifies the determinants of the airline business. This sector is chosen, as the airline industry is not only influenced by national characteristics, but also characterized by international standards and internationalization processes. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, a systematic analysis of the research published over the past decades is carried out. This analysis incorporates the most acknowledged concepts and works in the field of airline management. Findings – The main determinants of the airline business are identified as: national culture, airline alliances, the implementation of the low-fare business model, the influence of the state on business, and the impact of market liberalization. The modern airline industry can be partially seen as an embodiment of the neoliberal ideas of the 1990s. Practical implications – The model may be used by academics and practitioners who work in the area of airline business management. Specifically in the case of a merger between two airlines, the model might serve as a useful tool to analyze potential synergies. Originality/value – Although various research has been conducted on describing the way that airline business is done, little focus has been paid on the factors that actually determine and change it. This paper analyzes the unique industry variables by which the airline industry is driven and determined.

scholarly journals The Impact of People in Cooperation on Cooperative Management of the Private Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Manaf Raewf ◽  
Yazen Mahmood ◽  
Ali Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Academic Staff ◽  
Organizational Management ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Cooperative Management ◽  
Integral Development ◽  
Successful Business ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analyze Data

Cooperation among employees is one of the main determinants of a successful business because people are the main protagonists of cooperative management. Therefore, organizations have to give more attention to establish a cooperative management. This study examines the impact of people in cooperation on cooperative management. The research also included recommendations for organization managers, as well as a theoretical basis of cooperative management and people in cooperation, based on a management model developed by Mondragon Cooperation. The SMART PLS3 was used to analyze data collected through the distribution of questioners to employees and academic staff at two private universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Researchers believe that the presence of integral development and cooperative leadership helps in the implementation of cooperative management by the staff. However, organizations are recommended to strengthening the power of staff and allowing them to practice the role of managing, as well as, being authorized at a certain level in order to increase cooperative conduct between employees and management in terms of organizational management concerns.

scholarly journals The Impact of Corruption on the Business in Bulgaria and Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Krastev ◽  
Blagovesta Koyundzhiyska-Davidkova ◽  
Irina Atanasova
Keyword(s):  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Nowadays, the topic of corruption is extremely relevant, not only in terms of clarifying its nature and appearance, but also in terms of its impact on business development. Corruption as a phenomenon goes through constant changes from the past to the present. Its growing significance from a resource redistribution tool to a regulator of social mechanisms, plays the role of a risk factor for the economic development of each country. In this context, the role of corruption is crucial for the business. Its importance in the economic and business climate, on one hand limits the input of foreign capital investment and on other hand slows the development of the companies, leading to an incorrect redistribution of their assets. As a result, there are significant losses for the business, as well as there is a disturbance of the economic cycle of the country. At the same time, business is an area predisposed to corruption. There are numerous possibilities for committing crimes and unethical behavior in this area. It is therefore necessary to analyze the impact of corruption on business development. In this regard, the aim of this report is to make a comparative analysis of the impact of corruption on the business in Bulgaria and Romania.

scholarly journals How COVID-19 Have Changed Crowdfunding: Evidence From GoFundMe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junda Wang ◽  
Xupin Zhang ◽  
Jiebo Luo
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

While the long-term effects of COVID-19 are yet to be determined, its immediate impact on crowdfunding is nonetheless significant. This study takes a computational approach to more deeply comprehend this change. Using a unique data set of all the campaigns published over the past two years on GoFundMe, we explore the factors that have led to the successful funding of a crowdfunding project. In particular, we study a corpus of crowdfunded projects, analyzing cover images and other variables commonly present on crowdfunding sites. Furthermore, we construct a classifier and a regression model to assess the significance of features based on XGBoost. In addition, we employ counterfactual analysis to investigate the causality between features and the success of crowdfunding. More importantly, sentiment analysis and the paired sample t-test are performed to examine the differences in crowdfunding campaigns before and after the COVID-19 outbreak that started in March 2020. First, we note that there is significant racial disparity in crowdfunding success. Second, we find that sad emotion expressed through the campaign's description became significant after the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering all these factors, our findings shed light on the impact of COVID-19 on crowdfunding campaigns.

scholarly journals Borders within Borders: The Impact of Occupational Licensing on Immigrant Incorporation

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-45
Author(s):  
Beth Redbird ◽  
Angel Alfonso Escamilla-García
Keyword(s):  
Financial Capital ◽  
Immigrant Incorporation ◽  
Immigrant Labor ◽  
Occupational Licensing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Occupational Regulation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Institutional Mechanism

Over the past four decades, occupational regulation, particularly licensing, which creates a legal right to practice, has engulfed the American occupational structure. Occupational licensure research typically offers theoretical arguments suggesting that licensing limits individuals’ entry into an occupation. For migrants arriving with little financial capital, licensing requirements can act as substantial barriers to occupational entry. On the other hand, licensing delineates, codifies, and publicizes uniform standards for occupational entry, which may have the effect of enhancing accessibility for immigrants. Using a unique longitudinal data set of occupational licensing enactments between 1994 and 2012, combined with nationally representative data from the Current Population Survey, the authors show that licensing creates institutional mechanism that can ease access into occupations for immigrants, particularly for vulnerable immigrant labor groups, particularly for (1) those arriving as adults after the acquisition of education credentials in their countries of origin and (2) those who recently entered the country and may lack the occupational social networks necessary to find and obtain jobs and the cultural capital to follow typical informal paths to entry.

Understanding the Role of Vaping in Criminal Behavior Among Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 073401682110019
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Vito ◽  
Gregory C. Rocheleau ◽  
Jonathan Intravia
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Monitoring The Future ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the link between ever vaped, vaped just flavoring in the past 30 days, and vaped just flavoring frequently in the past 30 days and violent crime, property crime, marijuana use, and smoking. Using the 2017 Monitoring the Future form two data set and propensity score matching, the researchers are better able to consider the impact of the vaping behavior among similarly situated 12th-grade adolescents. Results illustrate that there are no vaping behaviors linked with violent crime or property crime among similarly situated adolescents. In contrast, results show that adolescents who have ever vaped, vaped just flavoring, or vaped just flavoring frequently are linked with marijuana use and smoking. Limitations and future research implications are discussed.

Germany's Future Political Challenges: Imagine that The New Yorker Profiled the German Chancellor in 2015

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-87
Author(s):  
Beverly Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Wild Cards ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The New Yorker

What follows is a fictitious scenario, a "thought experiment," meant to project a particular future for Germany if certain assumptions hold. Scenarios are hypotheses that rest on a set of assumptions and one or two "wild cards." They can reveal forces of change that might be otherwise hidden, discard those that are not plausible, and describe the future of trends that are relatively certain. Indeed, scenarios create a particular future in the same way that counterfactual methods create a different past. Counterfactual methods predict how events would have unfolded had a few elements of the story been changed, with a focus on varying conditions that seem important and that can be manipulated. For instance, to explore the effects of military factors on the likelihood of war, one might ask: "how would pre 1914 diplomacy have evolved if the leaders of Europe had not believed that conquest was easy?" Or to explore the importance of broad social and political factors in causing Nazi aggression: "How might the 1930s have unfolded had Hitler died in 1932?" The greater the impact of the posited changes, the more important the actual factors that were manipulated. Assuming that the structure of explanation and prediction are the same, scenario writing pursues a similar method. But, instead of seeking alternative explanations for the past, scenarios project relative certainties and then manipulate the important but uncertain factors, to create a plausible story about the future.

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