scholarly journals Biomethane from Manure, Agricultural Residues and Biowaste—GHG Mitigation Potential from Residue-Based Biomethane in the European Transport Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 14007
Author(s):  
Katja Oehmichen ◽  
Stefan Majer ◽  
Daniela Thrän
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Advanced Biofuels ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Biomethane from manure, agricultural residues, and biowaste has been prioritized by many energy strategies as a sustainable way to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector. The technology is regarded as mature; however, its implementation is still at an early stage. At EU level, there are currently two major instruments relevant for promoting the production of biomethane from waste and residues and which are likely to contribute to unlocking unused GHG mitigation potentials: the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) and the European Emission Trading System (EU ETS). Our study analyzes the effects of these two instruments on the competitiveness of biomethane as an advanced transport fuel in relation to different policy scenarios within the RED II framework and under EU ETS conditions. Within the RED II market framework for advanced biofuels, biomethane concepts that use manure as a substrate or as a cosubstrate show significantly lower GHG mitigation costs compared to advanced biofuels. With respect to the current EU ETS conditions for bioenergy, it is helpful to consider the GHG reduction potential from the non-ETS agricultural sector as a way to unlock unused potential for reducing GHG emissions.

scholarly journals The green-house gas (GHG) emission’s reduction mechanisms for biofuels in the European legislation

OCL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Philippe Dusser
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Reduction Mechanisms ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Emission Reduction Target ◽  
The Eu

GHG reductions are a major focus of the EU policy. Several regulations have been set in order to meet the EU commitments under the Paris Agreement with an overall reduction of 40% from 1990 level. For the transport sector which is responsible for around 20% of the total GHG emissions, the GHG reductions obligations have been translated by i) reinforced GHG reduction thresholds for biofuels into the recast Renewable Energy Directive RED II; ii) an ambitious target of 30% GHG emission reduction target from 2005 level in the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) common to “non-ETS sector” (not covered by the Emission Trading System – ETS) as agriculture, building, waste… and transport. Furthermore, other EU regulations directed to Cars, Vans as well as Heavy Duty Vehicles set GHG emission reduction targets for new vehicle up to 2030. Finally, in its communication “A Clean Planet for All” the EU Commission describes A Strategy for 2050 to achieve a carbon neutral economy. This article addresses also the case of the German “GHG quota” which is a national support system for biofuels and as such is parallel to the European obligations stemming from the RED II renewable energy mandates that are to be met by Germany.

scholarly journals Valorization Methodology for Agriculture Sector Climate Change Mitigation Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 944-954
Author(s):  
Agita Gancone ◽  
Jelena Pubule ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Future ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Abstract Agriculture sector holds an essential role in Latvia’s economy and play significant role in keeping rural areas as a habitable environment (approximately 32 % of the population lives in rural areas). The agricultural sector is responsible for 28.5 % (2018) of total non-European Union Emissions Trading System (non – EU ETS) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Latvia. The largest part of emissions is related to agricultural soils (59.3 %) and enteric fermentation 32.6 % (mainly dairy and beef cattle). The GHG emissions trend of recent years shows a gradual and steady increase in GHG emissions for example between 2005 and 2018 +12.5 % and during the period 2013–2018 emissions increased by 2.12 %. According to Latvia’s National Energy and Climate Plan 2021–2030 (NECP), total GHG emissions in the agricultural sector are expected to increase in the period from 2020 to 2030, mainly in the enteric fermentation and agricultural soil categories. To achieve determined targets for Latvia’s non-EU ETS sector in 2030 and be on track to reach climate neutrality in 2050, the agricultural sector has to contribute to GHG emission mitigation. For the agricultural sector, improved food security and climate smart activities will be necessary to achieve GHG emission reduction. Existing policies and measures (WEM) as well as those which are included in the NECP as additional measures (WAM) were used to assess more suitable measures to move on climate smart agriculture (CSA), that could help to decrease GHG emissions at the farm and state level as well as is expected to contribute towards achieving the commitments in the plan. To achieve the aim of the study, a combination of the Delphi method together with multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is utilized to find a set of top GHG mitigation measures in the future. Results show that, in the future, the measure support the development of innovative technologies and solutions to promote resource efficiency in agriculture is essential to move on climate smart agriculture.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Harumi Harumi Fukurozaki ◽  
Fernando José Gomes Landgraf
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Primary Metal ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract Over the past decade, the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) has been recognized as one of the key factors for sustainable primary metal production, in which the rare earth (RE) industry can be affected both in terms of price and use by GHG reduction policies and nontariff technical barriers. From environmental and economic standpoint, the perfluorocarbons (PFC) emissions generated in RE electrolysis during events known as anode effects (AE) are strong infrared-absorbing GHG and play an important role for RE metals process improvements. However, there is no standard methodology to account these GHG emissions from RE metal production industry and the assessment of the contribution of PFC emissions from different technologies to the global warming is urgently needed. This paper focuses on the analysis of PFC measurements from RE metal production in terms of GHG inventory and sustainable production. The state of art of RE fused oxide-fluoride electrolysis, particularly of neodymium electrolysis, provides the technical fundamentals for the evaluation of PFC emissions factors reported in scientific articles. Based on International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) standard methods and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and International Aluminium Institute (IAI) protocol applied to analogous industrial process, the analysis of key issues for estimate CF4 and C2F6 emission factors from electrolytic RE production indicates the additional refinements are necessary to optimize the accuracy of total PFC emission amount from each currently RE technology. Additionally, the selection of emission estimation technique (EET) or mix EET should be considered on case-by-case basis as to their purposes and suitability for a particular process and facility. Finally, this paper highlights the technological implications related to the PFC emissions measurements and trends towards to set goals and develop strategies for GHG mitigation.

scholarly journals Toward a Low-Carbon Transport Sector in Mexico

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge M. Islas-Samperio ◽  
Fabio Manzini ◽  
Genice K. Grande-Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Ghg Mitigation

Considering that the world transport sector is the second largest contributor of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to energy use and the least decarbonized sector, it is highly recommended that all countries implement ambitious public policies to decarbonize this sector. In Mexico the transport sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions, in 2014 it contributed with 31.3% of net emissions. Two original scenarios for the Mexican transport sector, a no-policy baseline scenario (BLS) and a low carbon scenario (LCS) were constructed. In the LCS were applied 21 GHG mitigation measures, which far exceeds the proposals for reducing transport sector GHG emissions that Mexico submitted in its National Determined Contributions (NDC). As a result, the proposed LCS describes a sector transformation path characterized by structural changes in freight and passenger mobility, new motor technologies for mobility, introduction of biofuels, price signals, transportation practices and regulations, as well as urban planning strategies, which altogether achieve an accumulated reduction of 3166 MtCO2e in a 25 year period, producing a global net benefit of 240,772 MUSD and a GHG emissions’ reduction of 56% in 2035 in relation to the BLS.

scholarly journals The potential of agroforestry to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gases in Canada: Insight from pairwise comparisons with traditional agriculture, data gaps and future research

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (02) ◽  
pp. 180-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Baah-Acheamfour ◽  
Scott X. Chang ◽  
Edward W. Bork ◽  
Cameron N. Carlyle
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Traditional Agriculture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Data Gaps

Canadian agriculture is a source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and agroforestry has the potential to sequester carbon (C), and mitigate agricultural GHG emissions. Agroforestry systems are common features in Canada’s agricultural landscape; however, there are limited empirical data to support implementation of agroforestry practices for GHG mitigation. This shortfall of data may be a contributing factor to the lack of policy that supports the use of agroforestry for GHG mitigation in the Canadian agricultural landscape. We reviewed published studies that compared C stocks in vegetation and soils, and/or GHG emissions in agroforestry systems to traditional agriculture across Canada, with the aims of assessing the benefit of adopting agroforestry for GHG reduction. We then identified data gaps and obstacles that could direct future research. We found that most studies reported increases in vegetation and soil organic C storage in areas with woody species compared to herbaceous crops. Agroforestry systems also reduced the emission of CH4 and N2O, and increased CO2 respiration from soil, but few studies have examined these gases. The small set of studies we reviewed demonstrated the potential of agroforestry to store terrestrial C and mitigate GHG emissions. However, additional research is required to verify this pattern across geographic regions, determine the regional potential for development of agroforestry systems, and assess the potential atmospheric GHG reduction at regional and national scales.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Electrolysis: key issues for measurement of greenhouse gases from oxide-fluoride systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Harumi Harumi Fukurozaki ◽  
Fernando José Gomes Landgraf
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Primary Metal ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract Over the past decade, the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) has been recognized as one of the key factors for sustainable primary metal production, in which the rare earth (RE) industry can be affected both in terms of price and use by GHG reduction policies and non-tariff technical barriers. From environmental and economic standpoint, the perfluorocarbons (PFC) emissions generated in RE electrolysis during events known as anode effects (AE) are strong infrared-absorbing GHG and play an important role for RE metals process improvements. However, there is no standard methodology to account these GHG emissions from RE metal production industry and the assessment of the contribution of PFC emissions from different technologies to the global warming is urgently needed. This paper focuses on the analysis of PFC measurements from RE metal production in terms of GHG inventory and sustainable production. The state of art of RE fused oxide-fluoride electrolysis, particularly of neodymium electrolysis, provides the technical fundamentals for the evaluation of PFC emissions factors reported in scientific articles. Based on International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) standard methods and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and International Aluminium Institute (IAI) protocol applied to analogous industrial process, the analysis of key issues for estimate CF4 and C2F6 emission factors from electrolytic RE production indicates the additional refinements are necessary to optimize the accuracy of total PFC emission amount from each currently RE technology. Additionally, the selection of emission estimation technique (EET) or mix EET should be considered on case-by-case basis as to their purposes and suitability for a particular process and facility. Finally, this paper highlights the technological implications related to the PFC emissions measurements and trends towards to set goals and develop strategies for GHG mitigation.

Determining Impacts of NDC Enhancement on Country-Level Emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taryn Fransen ◽  
Mengpin Ge ◽  
Tina Huang
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Nationally Determined Contributions

This technical note describes a method for determining whether and to what extent Parties to the Paris Agreement have enhanced their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) with respect to greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. We estimate each Party’s target-year GHG emissions under its previous NDC (typically First NDC) and under its subsequent NDC (typically Updated First NDC or Second NDC). On this basis, we determine whether the subsequent NDC reduces emissions relative to the previous NDC and—where possible—by how much. We outline approaches for NDCs with GHG reduction targets and with non-GHG targets and policies.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) leakage and net mitigation of typical carbon sequestration practices in China’s terrestrial ecosystem

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Lu ◽  
Guo Zhang ◽  
Weiwei Liu ◽  
Bojie Liu ◽  
Hong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
The Impact

<p>Many management practices in cropland, forest and grassland ecosystems can extend forest area, increase carbon input or prevent C loss from vegetation and soil, and subsequently enhance C sinks and stocks. These management practices are considered as promising carbon sequestration measures. However, during implementation of these measures, the production, transportation and consumption of corresponding materials (such as synthetic fertilizers) and fossil fuel, the additional trace GHG emissions, and the processes taking place elsewhere as a result of the implementation activities may lead to GHG budget change other than the carbon stock, and form GHG leakage. Consequently, in order to reveal the true contribution of these practices to global warming mitigation and GHG reduction, full GHG budget need to be considered rather than the impact on soil and vegetation carbon alone. We built the frame of “Carbon Accounting and Net Mitigation (CANM)” and serious of CANM methods to investigate the GHG leakage and net mitigation of typical carbon sequestration practices in China's terrestrial ecosystem, including China’s national ecological restoration projects, and forest, cropland and grassland managements. The results showed large variations in carbon contributions, GHG leakages and their counteraction effects among different practices and ecosystems. The counteraction effects of GHG leakage from forest management and some forest-related ecological restoration projects were relatively small and could hardly exceed 25%. Meanwhile, the GHG leakage of some cropland management practice (e.g., straw return in rice paddies) could fully offset the carbon sequestration in soil. But reduction of synthetic fertilizer application in accordance with the national fertilization recommendations might own considerable net GHG mitigation potential. Grazing prohibition could sequester carbon in grassland ecosystem, but the transfer of grazing activity could offset about half of the carbon sequestration effect. Therefore, policies and technical approaches to minimize GHG leakage are necessary to enhance the GHG mitigation effect of the ecosystem carbon sequestration practices.</p>

scholarly journals Cap-and-trade and project-based framework: how do carbon markets work for greenhouse emissions reduction?

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Gurfinkel Marques de Godoy ◽  
Maria Sylvia Macchione Saes
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Emission Limits

There are two examples of carbon market mechanisms: i ) trading based on the cap-and-trade principle establishes Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emission limits for companies that can negotiate allowance to pollute (as in European Union Emission Trading Scheme, EU ETS) , and ii ) carbon credits, project-based emission reductions of GHG (such as the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, CDM). Given the importance of these two, this paper presents the dynamics of the evolution of carbon markets evolution by analyzing different markets (including other examples) and their framework, performances, potential and barriers. Besides these two programs, other national and regional systems are being developed, bu EU ETS and Kyoto stand in terms of volume and visibility. Despite existing criticism, in some countries volume of GHG emissions decreased between 1990 and 2011, probably influenced by the modernization of some formerly obsolete and inefficient industrial plant, and also by the poor performance of world economies in recent years.

scholarly journals Reduction of GHG emissions from ships: evaluation of inter-company R&D cooperation models in the case of Hapag-Lloyd

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Willer ◽  
Max Johns
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Strategic Partnerships ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Technological Test ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Sustainable Value

AbstractDecarbonization provides a crucial challenge for the maritime industry, resulting in growing concerns about how to achieve the initial IMO strategy on reduction of GHG-emissions from ships. In this context, R&D cooperation has become an important domain for industrial practice, constituting a preeminent strategic framework and vital factor for actively shaping the industry’s development towards a sustainable future. Leading global liner-shipping companies emphasize the importance of R&D to surmount disruptive challenges. However, based on the variety of R&D cooperation models, it remains to be investigated how such collaborations should be configured. This paper seeks to address practical collaboration concepts by defining holistic requirements from a corporate perspective, which are subsequently matched with a portfolio of external stakeholders and cooperation configurations. For this process, a mixed-methods research design has been adopted, sourcing the required information from expert interviews with the primary stakeholder groups and culminating in the construction of two multi-criteria decision-making models to draw dynamic inferences.On this basis, econometric analysis suggests knowledge-based R&D cooperation models, and early-stage involvement of academic institutions and classification societies. This provides the framework for actively engaging in a variety of further technological test-phases in the future, to evaluate imminent GHG-reduction alternatives and perpetuate sustainable value creation. The research results empirically support theoretical literature on environmentally related R&D cooperation and contribute to the understanding of strategic partnerships. This adds economic robustness to a widely discussed topic.

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