scholarly journals Alimentary Risk of Mycotoxins for Humans and Animals

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 822
Author(s):  
Jagoda Kępińska-Pacelik ◽  
Wioletta Biel
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Game Meat ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Food And Feed

Mycotoxins can be found in many foods consumed by humans and animals. These substances are secondary metabolites of some fungi species and are resistant to technological processes (cooking, frying, baking, distillation, fermentation). They most often contaminate products of animal (beef, pork, poultry, lamb, fish, game meat, milk) and plant origin (cereals, processed cereals, vegetables, nuts). It is estimated that about 25% of the world’s harvest may be contaminated with mycotoxins. These substances damage crops and may cause mycotoxicosis. Many mycotoxins can be present in food, together with mold fungi, increasing the exposure of humans and animals to them. In this review we characterized the health risks caused by mycotoxins found in food, pet food and feed. The most important groups of mycotoxins are presented in terms of their toxicity and occurrence.

scholarly journals Distribution of Aspergillus Fungi and Recent Aflatoxin Reports, Health Risks, and Advances in Developments of Biological Mitigation Strategies in China

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 678
Author(s):  
Firew Tafesse Mamo ◽  
Birhan Addisie Abate ◽  
Yougquan Zheng ◽  
Chengrong Nie ◽  
Mingjun He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Food And Feed

Aflatoxins (AFs) are secondary metabolites that represent serious threats to human and animal health. They are mainly produced by strains of the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus flavus, which are abundantly distributed across agricultural commodities. AF contamination is receiving increasing attention by researchers, food producers, and policy makers in China, and several interesting review papers have been published, that mainly focused on occurrences of AFs in agricultural commodities in China. The goal of this review is to provide a wider scale and up-to-date overview of AF occurrences in different agricultural products and of the distribution of A. flavus across different food and feed categories and in Chinese traditional herbal medicines in China, for the period 2000–2020. We also highlight the health impacts of chronic dietary AF exposure, the recent advances in biological AF mitigation strategies in China, and recent Chinese AF standards.

scholarly journals Effect of Photosensitization Mediated by Curcumin on Carotenoid and Aflatoxin Content in Different Maize Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5902
Author(s):  
Rafael Nguenha ◽  
Maral Seidi Damyeh ◽  
Anh D. T. Phan ◽  
Hung T. Hong ◽  
Mridusmita Chaliha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Preservation Technique ◽  
Scanning Electron

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain types of fungi that contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to human and livestock. This study evaluated the combination of blue light with curcumin to inactivate Aspergillus flavus spores, its effect on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and maintaining carotenoid content in three maize varieties. The study was first conducted in vitro, and the spore suspensions (104 CFU·mL−1) were treated with four curcumin concentrations (25 and 50 µM in ethanol, 1000 and 1250 µM in propylene glycol) and illuminated at different light doses from 0 to 130.3 J·cm−2. The photoinactivation efficiency was light-dose dependent with the highest photoinactivation of 2.3 log CFU·mL−1 achieved using 1000 µM curcumin at 104.2 J·cm−2. Scanning electron microscopy revealed cell wall deformations as well as less density in photosensitized cells. Photosensitization of maize kernels gave rise to a complete reduction in the viability of A. flavus and therefore inhibition of AFB1 production, while no significant (p > 0.05) effect was observed using either light or curcumin. Moreover, photosensitization did not affect the carotenoids in all the studied maize varieties. The results suggest that photosensitization is a green alternative preservation technique to decontaminate maize kernels and reduce consumer exposure to AFB1 without any effect on carotenoid content.

scholarly journals Detoxification of Mycotoxins through Biotransformation

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
Ruixue Su ◽  
Ruya Yin ◽  
Daowan Lai ◽  
Mingan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Fungal Secondary Metabolites

Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that pose a major threat to the safety of food and feed. Mycotoxins are usually converted into less toxic or non-toxic metabolites through biotransformation that are often made by living organisms as well as the isolated enzymes. The conversions mainly include hydroxylation, oxidation, hydrogenation, de-epoxidation, methylation, glycosylation and glucuronidation, esterification, hydrolysis, sulfation, demethylation and deamination. Biotransformations of some notorious mycotoxins such as alfatoxins, alternariol, citrinin, fomannoxin, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone analogues are reviewed in detail. The recent development and applications of mycotoxins detoxification through biotransformation are also discussed.

scholarly journals Insight into Yeast–Mycotoxin Relations

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
László Attila Papp ◽  
Enikő Horváth ◽  
Ferenc Peles ◽  
István Pócsi ◽  
Ida Miklós
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Toxin Binding ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Control Growth ◽  
Public Pressure ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Antagonistic Yeast ◽  
Insight Into

Fungal mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that can be present in green forage, hay, or silage. Consumption of contaminated plants or agricultural products can cause various animal and human diseases, which is why problems associated with mycotoxins have received particular attention. In addition, public pressure to produce healthy food and feed is also increasing. As the results of several surveys indicate that yeasts can decrease toxic effects by binding or converting secondary metabolites or control growth of harmful fungi, this article provides an overview of the yeast species that can have great potential in detoxification. The most important antagonistic yeast species against toxigenic fungi are described and the mode of their inhibitory mechanisms is also discussed. We provide an insight into toxin binding and biotransformation capacities of yeasts and examples of their use in silo. Issues requiring further study are also mentioned.

scholarly journals Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Microorganisms in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Pigłowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Health Law ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Alert System ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Border Controls ◽  
Rapid Alert System

The most frequently notified pathogenic microorganisms in the RASFF in 1980–2017 were Salmonella sp., Listeria, Escherichia and Vibrio, whereas, among the notified non-pathogenic microorganisms were unspecified microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella sp. and Coliforms. Microorganisms were reported mainly in poultry meat, meat, fish, molluscs, crustaceans, fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices, nuts, milk, cereals (in food) and in feed materials and pet food (in feed). The number of notifications decreased at the turn of 2005 and 2006, but has steadily increased since then. The notification basis were official controls, border controls and company’s checks. Products were notified mainly by Italy, France, United Kingdom, Germany and Netherlands. The reported products originated from Brazil, European Union countries and India, Thailand and Vietnam. The notification types were alerts, information and border rejections. The distribution status was often not specified or distribution on the market was possible. The risk decision was usually not made. Products were re-dispatched, import was not authorised or products were withdrawn from the market, destroyed and recalled from the market. Proper cooperation within the framework of the RASFF can contribute to shaping public health law and reducing outbreaks associated with microorganisms.

scholarly journals Biocontrol Agents and Natural Compounds against Mycotoxinogenic Fungi

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Selma Pascale Snini ◽  
Florence Mathieu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Fungal Secondary Metabolites

Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate food and feed [...]

scholarly journals Toxicological Properties of Citrinin

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubravka Flajs ◽  
Maja Peraica
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Mitochondrial Membranes ◽  
Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The World ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Endemic Nephropathy

Toxicological Properties of CitrininCitrinin (CTN) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains belonging to the generaPenicillium, Aspergillus, andMonascus.It contaminates various commodities of plant origin, cereals in particular, and is usually found together with another nephrotoxic mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA). These two mycotoxins are believed to be involved in the aetiology of endemic nephropathy. In addition to nephrotoxicity, CTN is also embryocidal and fetotoxic. The genotoxic properties of CTN have been demonstrated with the micronuleus test (MN), but not with single-cell gel electrophoresis. The mechanism of CTN toxicity is not fully understood, especially not whether CTN toxicity and genotoxicity are the consequence of oxidative stress or of increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes. CTN requires complex cellular biotransformation to exert mutagenicity.Compared with other mycotoxins, CTN contamination of food and feed is rather scarce. However, it is reasonable to believe that humans are much more frequently exposed to CTN than generally accepted, because it is produced by the same moulds as OTA, which is a common contaminant of human food all over the world.At present, there are no specific regulations either in Croatia or in the European Union concerning CTN in any kind of commodity.

Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-186
Author(s):  
Luciano Pinotti ◽  
◽  
Luca Ferrari ◽  
Nicoletta Rovere ◽  
Francesca Fumagalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Compounds ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
And Control ◽  
Feed Samples

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are naturally occurring and (seem to be) unavoidable. In fact, a high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Mycotoxins accumulate in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops, directly in the field or during the transportation, processing or storage stages. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can lead acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals, as well as crop losses. This chapter reviews the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, the foods they commonly contaminate, and the current methods used to detect and control of these mycotoxins.

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