scholarly journals Recombinant Production and Characterization of a New Toxin from Cryptops iheringi Centipede Venom Revealed by Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 858
Author(s):  
Lhiri Hanna De Lucca Caetano ◽  
Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Jr ◽  
Bianca de Carvalho Lins Fernandes Távora ◽  
Ursula Castro de Oliveira ◽  
Inácio de Loiola Meirelles Junqueira-de-Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Venom Gland ◽  
The State ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Recombinant Form ◽  
Recombinant Production ◽  
Putative Toxin

Among the Chilopoda class of centipede, the Cryptops genus is one of the most associated with envenomation in humans in the metropolitan region of the state of São Paulo. To date, there is no study in the literature about the toxins present in its venom. Thus, in this work, a transcriptomic characterization of the Cryptops iheringi venom gland, as well as a proteomic analysis of its venom, were performed to obtain a toxin profile of this species. These methods indicated that 57.9% of the sequences showed to be putative toxins unknown in public databases; among them, we pointed out a novel putative toxin named Cryptoxin-1. The recombinant form of this new toxin was able to promote edema in mice footpads with massive neutrophils infiltration, linking this toxin to envenomation symptoms observed in accidents with humans. Our findings may elucidate the role of this toxin in the venom, as well as the possibility to explore other proteins found in this work.

scholarly journals Strategizing the for-profit city: The state, developers, and urban production in Mega Manila

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan Mouton ◽  
Gavin Shatkin
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The State ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Wide Range

This article explores the evolving role of real estate developers in the wider metropolitan region of Manila, the Philippines. We argue that, given the relational nature of these actors, they are a relevant object of analysis for the formulation of “mid-level” theories that take into account both global, macroeconomic trends and local, history-dependent contingencies.  As we consider developers’ activities and interactions with a wide range of public and private actors, we retrace their gradual empowerment since the beginning of the postcolonial period. As a handful of powerful land-owning families created real estate development companies, urban production quickly became dominated by a strong oligarchy capable of steering urban development outside the realm of public decision-making. Philippine developers subsequently strengthened their capacity by stepping into infrastructure provision, seemingly expanding their autonomy further.  More recently, however, we argue that while the role of private sector actors in shaping urban and regional trajectories has scaled up, their activities have been tethered more strongly to a state-sponsored vision of change. Both by reorienting public–private partnerships (PPP) toward its regional plans, and by initiating new forms of public–private partnerships that give it more control, the state is attempting to harness the activity of developers. We characterize this shift as a move from the “privatization of planning” to the “planning of privatization” of urban space.

scholarly journals O Papel do Estado no Processo de Formação Industrial: o caso da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba | The Role of the State in the Industrial Formation Process: the case of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Djalma De Sá ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Gonçalves da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Role Of The State

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma visão geral do papel do estado no processo de formação industrial do estado do Paraná, bem como do planejamento do ordenamento territorial para atração de investimentos industriais. Coloca-se em pauta o papel do estado no desenvolvimento da região da Grande Curitiba, bem como as teorias locacionais que justificam a atratividade da região para a atividade industrial, tanto na década de 1970 quanto no processo inicial de industrialização nos anos 1990, quando da reestruturação e consolidação do processo e, nos anos 2000, como forma de buscar uma reestruturação e desconcentração industrial. Os resultados apontam que a eficiência do Estado em atrair indústrias nos anos 1970 não teve o mesmo sucesso na desconcentração da atividade, demonstrando a fragilidade da atuação do estado na expansão das políticas de industrialização como instrumento de incentivar e descentralizar o desenvolvimento regional. Por fim, o trabalho aponta que há uma forte centralização industrial e concentração econômica nessa região paranaense que pode ser explicada pelos existência de fatores locacionais que contribuem para a atratividade industrial dessas regiões.

scholarly journals Recht, Staat und Krieg

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Becker
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
The First World War ◽  
State And Society ◽  
First World

Abstract I have used Joseph Redlich’s witty characterization of the Habsburg monarchy as the »old empire of realized improbabilities« to explore the strained relations between state and society, between public officials and the State resp. the monarch during the First World War. Relying on a close reading of the debates at and decisions of the Austrian Supreme Court, I look at the improbable coexistence of the state of exception and the rule of law, of the codification of service regulations and the solipsistic engagement with them by public servants. I am particularly interested in the role of these ›realized improbabilities‹ for the delegitimization of monarchical rule.

scholarly journals Proteo-Trancriptomic Analyses Reveal a Large Expansion of Metalloprotease-Like Proteins in Atypical Venom Vesicles of the Wasp Meteorus pulchricornis (Braconidae)

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Gatti ◽  
Maya Belghazi ◽  
Fabrice Legeai ◽  
Marc Ravallec ◽  
Marie Frayssinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Unknown Function ◽  
Venom Gland ◽  
Viral Sequence ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Domain Of Unknown Function ◽  
Meteorus Pulchricornis ◽  
Venom Proteins

Meteorus pulchricornis (Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae) is an endoparasitoid wasp of lepidopteran caterpillars. Its parasitic success relies on vesicles (named M. pulchricornis Virus-Like Particles or MpVLPs) that are synthesized in the venom gland and injected into the parasitoid host along with the venom during oviposition. In order to define the content and understand the biogenesis of these atypical vesicles, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the venom gland and a proteomic analysis of the venom and purified MpVLPs. About half of the MpVLPs and soluble venom proteins identified were unknown and no similarity with any known viral sequence was found. However, MpVLPs contained a large number of proteins labelled as metalloproteinases while the most abundant protein family in the soluble venom was that of proteins containing the Domain of Unknown Function DUF-4803. The high number of these proteins identified suggests that a large expansion of these two protein families occurred in M. pulchricornis. Therefore, although the exact mechanism of MpVLPs formation remains to be elucidated, these vesicles appear to be “metalloproteinase bombs” that may have several physiological roles in the host including modifying the functions of its immune cells. The role of DUF4803 proteins, also present in the venom of other braconids, remains to be clarified.

scholarly journals The genetics of venom ontogeny in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin R. Rokyta ◽  
Mark J. Margres ◽  
Micaiah J. Ward ◽  
Elda E. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Venom Gland ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Intraspecific Divergence ◽  
Full Characterization ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Diamondback Rattlesnake ◽  
Putative Toxin

The same selective forces that give rise to rapid inter- and intraspecific divergence in snake venoms can also favor differences in venoms across life-history stages. Ontogenetic changes in venom composition are well known and widespread in snakes but have not been investigated to the level of unambiguously identifying the specific loci involved. The eastern diamondback rattlesnake was previously shown to undergo an ontogenetic shift in venom composition at sexual maturity, and this shift accounted for more venom variation than geography. To characterize the genetics underlying the ontogenetic venom compositional change in C. adamanteus, we sequenced adult/juvenile pairs of venom-gland transcriptomes from five populations previously shown to have different adult venom compositions. We identified a total of 59 putative toxin transcripts for C. adamanteus, and 12 of these were involved in the ontogenetic change. Three toxins were downregulated, and nine were upregulated in adults relative to juveniles. Adults and juveniles expressed similar total levels of snake-venom metalloproteinases but differed substantially in their featured paralogs, and adults expressed higher levels of Bradykinin-potentiating and C-type natriuretic peptides, nerve growth factor, and specific paralogs of phospholipases A2 and snake venom serine proteinases. Juvenile venom was more toxic to mice, indicating that the expression differences resulted in a phenotypically, and therefore potentially ecologically, significant difference in venom function. We also showed that adult and juvenile venom-gland transcriptomes for a species with known ontogenetic venom variation were equally effective at individually providing a full characterization of the venom genes of a species but that any particular individual was likely to lack several toxins in their transcriptome. A full characterization of a species’ venom-gene complement therefore requires sequencing more than one individual, although the ages of the individuals are unimportant.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

A Re-Appraisal of the Role of Blood Coagulation and Platelets in the Generalized Shwartzman Phenomenon

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 519-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Levin ◽  
E Beck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Renal Lesions ◽  
Intravascular Coagulation ◽  
Renal Glomeruli ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Shwartzman Phenomenon ◽  
Do So

SummaryThe role of intravascular coagulation in the production of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon has been evaluated. The administration of endotoxin to animals prepared with Thorotrast results in activation of the coagulation mechanism with the resultant deposition of fibrinoid material in the renal glomeruli. Anticoagulation prevents alterations in the state of the coagulation system and inhibits development of the renal lesions. Platelets are not primarily involved. Platelet antiserum produces similar lesions in animals prepared with Thorotrast, but appears to do so in a manner which does not significantly involve intravascular coagulation.The production of adrenal cortical hemorrhage, comparable to that seen in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, following the administration of endotoxin to animals that had previously received ACTH does not require intravascular coagulation and may not be a manifestation of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon.

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