scholarly journals New Viral Sequences Identified in the Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma Vector Scaphoideus titanus

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Sara Ottati ◽  
Marco Chiapello ◽  
Luciana Galetto ◽  
Domenico Bosco ◽  
Cristina Marzachì ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus ◽  
The Usa ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Increasing Demand

(1) Background: The leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus is the primary vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) in European vineyards. Flavescence dorée is one of the most severely damaging diseases of Vitis vinifera and, consequently, a major threat to grape and wine production in several European countries. Control measures are compulsory, but they mainly involve large-scale insecticide treatments, with detrimental impacts on the environment. One possible solution is to exploit the largely unexplored genetic diversity of viruses infecting S. titanus as highly specific and environmentally benign tools for biological control. (2) Methods: A metatranscriptomic approach was adopted to identify viruses that may infect individuals caught in the wild in both its native (United States) and invasive (Europe) areas. Reverse transcription PCR was used to confirm their presence in RNA pools and explore their prevalence. (3) Results: We described nine new RNA viruses, including members of “Picorna-Calici”, “Permutotetra”, “Bunya-Arena”, “Reo”, “Partiti-Picobirna”, “Luteo-Sobemo” and “Toti-Chryso” clades. A marked difference in the diversity and abundance of the viral species was observed between the USA population and the European ones. (4) Conclusions: This work represents the first survey to assess the viral community of a phytoplasma insect vector. The possibility to exploit these naturally occurring viruses as specific and targeted biocontrol agents of S. titanus could be the answer to increasing demand for a more sustainable viticulture.

scholarly journals Detection of Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma in Grapevine by Reverse-Transcription PCR

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1496-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Margaria ◽  
C. Rosa ◽  
C. Marzachì ◽  
M. Turina ◽  
S. Palmano
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Kappa Index ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Flavescence dorée (FD) is the most serious phytoplasma disease of grapevine. This report describes a novel method of detecting FD phytoplasma based on reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on 16S ribosomal RNA (16SrRNA) which will greatly improve mass screening of infected grapevines. A rapid protocol for extracting sap from whole leaves or midveins and successive one-tube amplification by RT-PCR was applied to grapevine samples with or without symptoms collected from different areas of Piedmont (northwestern Italy). Results were compared with those obtained using one of the current diagnostic methods that utilizes nested PCR on phytoplasma DNA-enriched preparations. A Cohen's kappa index of 0.76 indicated a substantial agreement between the two sets of results. The RT-PCR method has the advantage of being a rapid, reliable, and sensitive assay for large-scale screening of grapevines.

scholarly journals A Novel Bacteroidetes Symbiont Is Localized in Scaphoideus titanus, the Insect Vector of Flavescence Dorée in Vitis vinifera

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 1467-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Marzorati ◽  
Alberto Alma ◽  
Luciano Sacchi ◽  
Massimo Pajoro ◽  
Simona Palermo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Major Band ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus

ABSTRACT Flavescence dorée (FD) is a grapevine disease that afflicts several wine production areas in Europe, from Portugal to Serbia. FD is caused by a bacterium, “Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis,” which is spread throughout the vineyards by a leafhopper, Scaphoideus titanus (Cicadellidae). After collection of S. titanus specimens from FD-contaminated vineyards in three different areas in the Piedmont region of Italy, we performed a survey to characterize the bacterial microflora associated with this insect. Using length heterogeneity PCR with universal primers for bacteria we identified a major peak associated with almost all of the individuals examined (both males and females). Characterization by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of a major band that, after sequencing, showed a 97 to 99% identity with Bacteroidetes symbionts of the “Candidatus Cardinium hertigii” group. In addition, electron microscopy of tissues of S. titanus fed for 3 months on phytoplasma-infected grapevine plants showed bacterial cells with the typical morphology of “Ca. Cardinium hertigii.” This endosymbiont, tentatively designated ST1-C, was found in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic and vitellogenic ovarian cells, in the follicle cells, and in the fat body and salivary glands. In addition, cell morphologies resembling those of “Ca. Phytoplasma vitis” were detected in the midgut, and specific PCR assays indicated the presence of the phytoplasma in the gut, fat body and salivary glands. These results indicate that ST1-C and “Ca. Phytoplasma vitis” have a complex life cycle in the body of S. titanus and are colocalized in different organs and tissues.

scholarly journals Phytoplasma diseases of grapevine and the possible measures to control them

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kölber
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Preventive Control ◽  
Bois Noir ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus ◽  
Stolbur Phytoplasma

Phytoplasmas are a special group of phloem-living pathogens in several plant species. Grapevine yellows (GY) is a term for phytoplasma diseases occurring on Vitis vinifera and inducing the same or very similar symptoms and causing severe losses worldwide. Flavescence Dorée (16SrV) phytoplasma (FD, species name: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis’) is considered a quarantine pest in several countries due to its epidemic character and high economic loss it provokes. The leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus is the univoltine and monophagous vector of FD. Bois noir disease caused by stolbur (16SrXII-A) phytoplasma (species name: ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’) is described under different disease names in different countries. Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae) is the only proved polyphagous vector of BN. However, distribution of BN disease is increasing also on those areas where H. obsoletus is not prevalent or only in a very low number. Therefore the presence of other vectors cannot be concluded. The ‘Tuf-a’ type Stolbur phytoplasma is associated with stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) and the tuf-b type one to field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). There are only preventive control measures against phytoplasmas: the use of pathogen-free propagating material, hot water treatment of propagating material, as well as control of vectors and weeds. S. titanus can be efficiently controlled by insecticide treatments. However, in case of H. obsoletus, insecticides are not effective due to the biological characters and feeding habits of the vector.Weed control can reduce H. obsoletus specimen and their abundance to a certain extent. Extensive research is needed on wild hosts of GY phytoplasmas especially on BN phytoplasma and its vectors to the better understanding of their epidemiology.

scholarly journals Bibliometric Study of World COVID-19 Publication Output

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Mallikarjun Kappi ◽  
M Chaman Sab ◽  
Balabhim Sankrappa Biradar ◽  
Vitthal T. Bagalkoti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Publication Output ◽  
Factor H ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
H Index ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
The Usa

The COVID-19 outbreak originating in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, coincided with chunky, the period of mass migration for the annual Spring Festival. To contain its spread, China adopted unprecedented nationwide interventions on January 23, 2020. These policies included large-scale quarantine, strict controls on travel, and extensive monitoring of suspected cases. However, it is unknown whether these policies have had an impact on the epidemic. We sought to show how these control measures impacted the containment of the epidemic. Web of Science database was searched on September 10, 2020, for COVID-19 publications published between 2019 to 2020. It was performed on the same day to avoid the possible bias from an update on the database because the metrics are changing over time. All publication types were considered; however, publications as errata were excluded. Analysis parameters include a year of publication, publication type, patterns of international collaboration, research institutions, journals, impact factor, h-index, language, and times cited. A total of 17,133 COVID-19 research publications were published across the world. The (COVID-19) associated publications were originated from 25 countries/ territories, indicating the international spread of Corona virus COVID-19 research. The USA was the largest contributor, with 4767 (27.823%) articles published, followed by Peoples R China (2747 (16.033%)) articles.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma-Infected Scaphoideus titanus in Different Vineyard Agroecosystems of Northwestern Italy

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Ripamonti ◽  
Mattia Pegoraro ◽  
Marika Rossi ◽  
Nicola Bodino ◽  
Dylan Beal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Vegetation ◽  
Ecological Landscape

Quantitative estimates of vector populations and their infectivity in the wild and in cultivated compartments of agroecosystems have been carried out to elucidate the role of the wild compartment in the epidemiology of Flavescence dorée (FD). Seven sites were selected for the investigations in the Piedmont Region of Italy. They were characterized by a high variety of agricultural and ecological landscape features, and included a vineyard surrounded by wild vegetation. In order to describe abundance and prevalence of FD-infected vectors in the cultivated and wild compartments of the vineyard agroecosystem, adults of Scaphoideus titanus were collected by yellow sticky traps inside and outside the vineyard over the period July 10th–September 9th, 2015. They were counted and singly analyzed for the presence of FD phytoplasmas by PCR. Multifactorial correlations among vector population level, prevalence of infected insects inside and outside the vineyards, disease prevalence in cultivated and wild Vitis plants, and location of wild Vitis plants with respect to the vineyard were analyzed. Abundance of S. titanus adults significantly decreased from the end of July onwards, particularly inside the vineyard (average range 22.7 ± 2.5 insects/trap). Percentage of FD-positive S. titanus was significantly higher outside the vineyard (up to 48% on average) compared to inside the vineyard (up to 34% on average), and increased during the season in both compartments.

scholarly journals Recovery from Grapevine Flavescence Dorée in Areas of High Infection Pressure

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1479
Author(s):  
Matteo Ripamonti ◽  
Davide Pacifico ◽  
Chiara Roggia ◽  
Sabrina Palmano ◽  
Marika Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Infection Pressure ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Sensory Analyses ◽  
Grapevine Disease

Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine grapevine disease caused by a phytoplasma transmitted by the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball. FD management relies on compulsory insecticide treatments, roguing of infected plants, and substitution with certified material. Some grapevine cultivars show a spontaneous remission of symptoms (recovery). To determine if recovery is a suitable strategy to co-exist with disease in areas of strong infestation, the qualitative aspects of grapes, musts, and wines obtained from recovered Barbera and Chardonnay grapevines were investigated in two productive vineyards. Following field observations, about 1500 plants in each vineyard were divided into healthy (asymptomatic and negative in phytoplasma molecular diagnosis) and recovered (asymptomatic the year of observation but infected the year before). Maturation curves and microvinification tests followed by oenological and sensory analyses showed that maturation trends of recovered grapes were in line with those from healthy plants and the final qualities of wines were comparable. The spread of FD has strongly increased in Piedmont (Italy) in recent decades. Management strategies to cope with the disease are necessary to preserve traditional wine production. Despite the yield from recovered grapevines is quantitatively lower than that from healthy ones, we showed here that the wine quality is, however, preserved.

scholarly journals Interactions between the flavescence dorée phytoplasma and its insect vector indicate lectin-type adhesion mediated by the adhesin VmpA

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Arricau-Bouvery ◽  
Sybille Duret ◽  
Marie-Pierre Dubrana ◽  
Delphine Desqué ◽  
Sandrine Eveillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Insect Cell ◽  
Insect Cell Line ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Flavescence Dorée ◽  
Salivary Gland Cells ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus ◽  
Euscelidius Variegatus ◽  
Natural Vector ◽  
Insect Gut

AbstractThe flavescence dorée phytoplasma undergoes a propagative cycle in its insect vectors by first interacting with the insect cell surfaces, primarily in the midgut lumen and subsequently in the salivary glands. Adhesion of flavescence dorée phytoplasma to insect cells is mediated by the adhesin VmpA. We hypothesize that VmpA may have lectin-like activity, similar to several adhesins of bacteria that invade the insect gut. We first demonstrated that the luminal surface of the midgut and the basal surface of the salivary gland cells of the natural vector Scaphoideus titanus and those of the experimental vector Euscelidius variegatus were differentially glycosylated. Using ELISA, inhibition and competitive adhesion assays, and protein overlay assays in the Euva-6 insect cell line, we showed that the protein VmpA binds insect proteins in a lectin-like manner. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that N-acetylglucosamine and mannose present on the surfaces of the midgut and salivary glands serve as recognition sites for the phytoplasma adhesin VmpA.

Assessment of quality of life in patients with the effects of transient ischemic stroke

2016 ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
A. Babirad
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting

Cerebrovascular diseases are a problem of the world today, and according to the forecast, the problem of the near future arises. The main risk factors for the development of ischemic disorders of the cerebral circulation include oblique and aging, arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and heart disease. An effective strategy for the prevention of cerebrovascular events is based on the implementation of large-scale risk control measures, including the use of antiagregant and anticoagulant therapy, invasive interventions such as atheromectomy, angioplasty and stenting. In this connection, the efforts of neurologists, cardiologists, angiosurgery, endocrinologists and other specialists are the basis for achieving an acceptable clinical outcome. A review of the SF-36 method for assessing the quality of life in patients with the effects of transient ischemic stroke is presented. The assessment of quality of life is recognized in world medical practice and research, an indicator that is also used to assess the quality of the health system and in general sociological research.

scholarly journals COVID-19 international border surveillance at Toronto’s Pearson Airport: a cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e050714
Author(s):  
Vivek Goel ◽  
David Bulir ◽  
Eric De Prophetis ◽  
Munaza Jamil ◽  
Laura C Rosella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Support Strategies ◽  
Airport Terminal ◽  
International Border ◽  
Border Surveillance

ObjectivesThe primary objective was to estimate the positivity rate of air travellers coming to Toronto, Canada in September and October 2020, on arrival and on day 7 and day 14. The secondary objectives were to estimate the degree of risk based on country of origin and to assess knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 control measures and subjective well-being during the quarantine period.DesignProspective cohort of arriving international travellers.SettingToronto Pearson Airport Terminal 1, Toronto, Canada.ParticipantsParticipants of this study were passengers arriving on international flights. Inclusion criteria were those aged 18 or older who had a final destination within 100 km of the airport, spoke English or French, and provided consent. Excluded were those taking a connecting flight, had no internet access, exhibited symptoms of COVID-19 on arrival or were exempted from quarantine.Main outcome measuresPositive for SARS-CoV-2 virus on reverse transcription PCR with self-administered oral-nasal swab and general well-being using the WHO-5 Well-being Index.ResultsOf 16 361 passengers enrolled, 248 (1.5%, 95% CI 1.3% to 1.7%) tested positive. Of these, 167 (67%) were identified on arrival, 67 (27%) on day 7, and 14 (6%) on day 14. The positivity rate increased from 1% in September to 2% in October. Average well-being score declined from 19.8 (out of a maximum of 25) to 15.5 between arrival and day 7 (p<0.001).ConclusionsA single arrival test will pick up two-thirds of individuals who will become positive by day 14, with most of the rest detected on the second test on day 7. These results support strategies identified through mathematical models that a reduced quarantine combined with testing can be as effective as a 14-day quarantine.

scholarly journals Shape My Face: Registering 3D Face Scans by Surface-to-Surface Translation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Bahri ◽  
Eimear O’ Sullivan ◽  
Shunwang Gong ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Xiaoming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Training Time ◽  
3D Face ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Surface Translation ◽  
Visual Attention Mechanism ◽  
Diverse Data ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Robust To Noise

AbstractStandard registration algorithms need to be independently applied to each surface to register, following careful pre-processing and hand-tuning. Recently, learning-based approaches have emerged that reduce the registration of new scans to running inference with a previously-trained model. The potential benefits are multifold: inference is typically orders of magnitude faster than solving a new instance of a difficult optimization problem, deep learning models can be made robust to noise and corruption, and the trained model may be re-used for other tasks, e.g. through transfer learning. In this paper, we cast the registration task as a surface-to-surface translation problem, and design a model to reliably capture the latent geometric information directly from raw 3D face scans. We introduce Shape-My-Face (SMF), a powerful encoder-decoder architecture based on an improved point cloud encoder, a novel visual attention mechanism, graph convolutional decoders with skip connections, and a specialized mouth model that we smoothly integrate with the mesh convolutions. Compared to the previous state-of-the-art learning algorithms for non-rigid registration of face scans, SMF only requires the raw data to be rigidly aligned (with scaling) with a pre-defined face template. Additionally, our model provides topologically-sound meshes with minimal supervision, offers faster training time, has orders of magnitude fewer trainable parameters, is more robust to noise, and can generalize to previously unseen datasets. We extensively evaluate the quality of our registrations on diverse data. We demonstrate the robustness and generalizability of our model with in-the-wild face scans across different modalities, sensor types, and resolutions. Finally, we show that, by learning to register scans, SMF produces a hybrid linear and non-linear morphable model. Manipulation of the latent space of SMF allows for shape generation, and morphing applications such as expression transfer in-the-wild. We train SMF on a dataset of human faces comprising 9 large-scale databases on commodity hardware.

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