Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus

Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission, and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid-transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.

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Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood ◽

10.1044/hhdc25.1.15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 15-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryan W. McCreery ◽

Elizabeth A. Walker ◽

Meredith Spratford

Keyword(s):

Hard Of Hearing ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Infants And Children ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Needs ◽

Case Examples ◽

Hearing Aid Use ◽

Wide Range ◽

In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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Trends in Molecular Diagnosis and Diversity Studies for Phytosanitary Regulated Xanthomonas

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040862 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 862

Author(s):

Vittoria Catara ◽

Jaime Cubero ◽

Joël F. Pothier ◽

Eran Bosis ◽

Claude Bragard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Diagnosis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Wild Plants ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Wide Range ◽

Diversity Studies

Bacteria in the genus Xanthomonas infect a wide range of crops and wild plants, with most species responsible for plant diseases that have a global economic and environmental impact on the seed, plant, and food trade. Infections by Xanthomonas spp. cause a wide variety of non-specific symptoms, making their identification difficult. The coexistence of phylogenetically close strains, but drastically different in their phenotype, poses an added challenge to diagnosis. Data on future climate change scenarios predict an increase in the severity of epidemics and a geographical expansion of pathogens, increasing pressure on plant health services. In this context, the effectiveness of integrated disease management strategies strongly depends on the availability of rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic methods. The accumulation of genomic information in recent years has facilitated the identification of new DNA markers, a cornerstone for the development of more sensitive and specific methods. Nevertheless, the challenges that the taxonomic complexity of this genus represents in terms of diagnosis together with the fact that within the same bacterial species, groups of strains may interact with distinct host species demonstrate that there is still a long way to go. In this review, we describe and discuss the current molecular-based methods for the diagnosis and detection of regulated Xanthomonas, taxonomic and diversity studies in Xanthomonas and genomic approaches for molecular diagnosis.

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Valuing Streamflow Forecasts in Centrally Controlled Power Systems

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-1406 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jordan Kern ◽

Nathalie Voisin ◽

Sean Turner ◽

Hongxiang Yan ◽

Konstantinos Oikonomou

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Electricity Markets ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Profit Maximization ◽

Value Added ◽

Marginal Value ◽

Wide Range ◽

Streamflow Forecasts ◽

Hydropower Production ◽

Bulk Power

<p>Given the wide range of institutional and market contexts in which hydroelectric dams are operated, determining the value added from improvements in hydrologic forecasts is a challenge. Many previous examples of hydrologic forecasts being used to optimize hydropower production strategies at dams focus on a single reservoir system or watershed, with a key assumption that the marginal value of hydropower production is exogenously-defined (dams are &#8216;price takers&#8217; in markets for electricity that exhibit no market power). In some cases, this may accurately reflect current institutional boundaries and decision making processes. However, with increased attention being paid to how more coordinated grid management strategies, including management of hydropower assets, could facilitate deep integration of renewable energy, it is critical to understand how the use of improved hydrologic forecasts could produce wider grid-scale benefits, including &#160;lower costs and emissions. In this study, we quantify the value of streamflow forecasts to a centralized power system operator in charge of coordinating sub-weekly operations of hydropower assets, using the Western U.S. as a case study. We propagate flow forecasts through realistic models of reservoir operations and models of bulk power systems/wholesale electricity markets. Our results shed light on how the value of flow forecasts to grid operations can vary across regions and power systems. They also highlight the potential for conflicts between firm-specific objectives (profit maximization) and system-wide objectives (minimization of costs and emissions) when determining value added from hydrologic forecasts. &#160;</p>

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Coping with abrupt environmental change: the impact of the coastal El Niño 2017 on artisanal fisheries and mariculture in North Peru

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsy171 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 1122-1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lotta Clara Kluger ◽

Sophia Kochalski ◽

Arturo Aguirre-Velarde ◽

Ivonne Vivar ◽

Matthias Wolff

Keyword(s):

El Niño ◽

El Nino ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Small Scale ◽

Artisanal Fisheries ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact ◽

Coastal El Niño

Abstract In February and March 2017, a coastal El Niño caused extraordinary heavy rains and a rise in water temperatures along the coast of northern Peru. In this work, we document the impacts of this phenomenon on the artisanal fisheries and the scallop aquaculture sector, both of which represent important socio-economic activities for the province of Sechura. Despite the perceived absence of effective disaster management and rehabilitation policies, resource users opted for a wide range of different adaptation strategies and are currently striving towards recovery. One year after the event, the artisanal fisheries fleet has returned to operating almost on a normal scale, while the aquaculture sector is still drastically impacted, with many people continuing to work in different economic sectors and even in other regions of the country. Recovery of the social-ecological system of Sechura likely depends on the occurrence of scallop seed and the financial capacity of small-scale producers to reinitiate scallop cultures. Long-term consequences of this coastal El Niño are yet to be studied, though the need to develop trans-local and trans-sectoral management strategies for coping with disturbance events of this scale is emphasized.

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Germination Biology of Sesbania (Sesbania cannabina): An Emerging Weed in the Australian Cotton Agro-environment

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2018.62 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 68-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nadeem Iqbal ◽

Sudheesh Manalil ◽

Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽

Steve W. Adkins

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Weed Species ◽

Physical Dormancy ◽

Sesbania Cannabina ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

AbstractSesbania [Sesbania cannabina(Retz.) Pers.] is a problematic emerging weed species in Australian cotton-farming systems. However, globally, no information is available regarding its seed germination biology, and better understanding will help in devising superior management strategies to prevent further infestations. Laboratory and glasshouse studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of various environmental factors such as light, temperature, salt, osmotic and pH stress, and burial depth on germination and emergence of two Australian biotypes ofS. cannabina. Freshly harvested seeds of both biotypes possessed physical dormancy. A boiling-water scarification treatment (100±2 C) of 5-min duration was the optimum treatment to overcome this dormancy. Once dormancy was broken, the Dalby biotype exhibited a greater germination (93%) compared with the St George biotype (87%). The nondormant seeds of both biotypes showed a neutral photoblastic response to light and dark conditions, with germination marginally improved (6%) under illumination. Maximum germination of both biotypes occurred under an alternating temperature regime of 30/20 and 35/25 C and under constant temperatures of 32 or 35 C, with no germination at 8 or 11 C. Seed germination of both biotypes decreased linearly from 87% to 14% with an increase in moisture stress from 0.0 to −0.8 MPa, with no germination possible at −1.0 MPa. There was a gradual decline in germination for both biotypes when imbibed in a range of salt solutions of 25 to 250 mM, with a 50% reduction in germination occurring at 150 mM. Both biotypes germinated well under a wide range of pH values (4.0 to 10.0), with maximum germination (94%) at pH 9.0. The greatest emergence rate of the Dalby (87%) and St George (78%) biotypes was recorded at a burial depth of 1.0 cm, with no emergence at 16.0 cm. Deep tillage seems to be the best management strategy to stopS. cannabina’s emergence and further infestation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) fields. The findings of this study will be helpful to cotton agronomists in devising effective, sustainable, and efficient integrated weed management strategies for the control ofS. cannabinain cotton cropping lands.

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Progress in Defining the Role of RSV in Allergy and Asthma: From Clinical Observations to Animal Models

Clinical and Developmental Immunology ◽

10.1080/10446670410001722131 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

W. V. Kalina ◽

L. J. Gershwin

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Allergic Sensitization ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Young Infants ◽

Wide Range ◽

Similar Disease ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae, causes respiratory disease in humans. A closely related bovine RSV is responsible for a remarkably similar disease syndrome in young cattle. Severe RSV disease is characterized by bronchiolitis. The impact of RSV on human health is demonstrated annually when infants are admitted to the hospital in large numbers. Nearly every child will have been infected with RSV by the age of 3 years. While the disease is most severe in young infants and elderly people, it can re-infect adults causing mild upper respiratory tract disease throughout life. In addition, there is growing evidence that RSV infection may also predispose some children to the development of asthma. This is based on the observation that children who wheeze with RSV-induced bronchiolitis are more likely to develop into allergic asthmatics. Recent studies describe attempts to create an RSV induced asthma model in mice and other species; these have shown some degree of success. Such reports of case studies and animal models have suggested a wide range of factors possibly contributing to RSV induced asthma, these include timing of RSV infection with respect to allergen exposure, prior allergic sensitization, environmental conditions, exposure to endotoxin, and the genetic background of the person or animal. Herein, we primarily focus on the influence of RSV infection and inhalation of extraneous substances (such as allergens or endotoxin) on development of allergic asthma.

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Numerical Model for the Analysis of Thermal Transients in District Heating Networks

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202019701004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 197 ◽

pp. 01004

Author(s):

Martina Capone ◽

Elisa Guelpa ◽

Vittorio Verda

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Management Strategies ◽

District Heating ◽

Equivalent Model ◽

Computational Time ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Thermal Transients ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Wide Range

As District Heating (DH) networks are experiencing an evolution towards the so-called 4th generation, there is a need to update the currently used models to take into account the ever-increasing complexity of this technology. Indeed, to further improve the reduction in energy consumption and carbon-dioxide emissions, a wide range of technologies and management strategies are being introduced within district heating, such as a large exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). As a consequence, thermal transients assume a major importance, posing the need to redefine the relevant physical parameters and to develop a model which accurately describes their behaviour. In this framework, this paper proposes a quantitative analysis of the influence of the pipe heat-capacity on the model. Moreover, an equivalent-model, which is able to take into account the two heat capacities of steel and water in just one equation, is proposed and compared with two commonly used approaches. One of the features of the proposed model is the suitability for application to large networks. To prove its capabilities, an application to the Turin district heating network, which is among the largest systems in Europe, is proposed. Results show significant improvements in terms of accuracy over computational time ratio.

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Origins and Evolution of the Global RNA Virome

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02329-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 121

Author(s):

Yuri I. Wolf ◽

Darius Kazlauskas ◽

Jaime Iranzo ◽

Adriana Lucía-Sanz ◽

Jens H. Kuhn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathogens ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Phylogenomic Analysis ◽

Rna Helicases ◽

Sequence Alignments ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Wide Range ◽

Positive Sense ◽

Dsrna Viruses

ABSTRACTViruses with RNA genomes dominate the eukaryotic virome, reaching enormous diversity in animals and plants. The recent advances of metaviromics prompted us to perform a detailed phylogenomic reconstruction of the evolution of the dramatically expanded global RNA virome. The only universal gene among RNA viruses is the gene encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We developed an iterative computational procedure that alternates the RdRp phylogenetic tree construction with refinement of the underlying multiple-sequence alignments. The resulting tree encompasses 4,617 RNA virus RdRps and consists of 5 major branches; 2 of the branches include positive-sense RNA viruses, 1 is a mix of positive-sense (+) RNA and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, and 2 consist of dsRNA and negative-sense (−) RNA viruses, respectively. This tree topology implies that dsRNA viruses evolved from +RNA viruses on at least two independent occasions, whereas −RNA viruses evolved from dsRNA viruses. Reconstruction of RNA virus evolution using the RdRp tree as the scaffold suggests that the last common ancestors of the major branches of +RNA viruses encoded only the RdRp and a single jelly-roll capsid protein. Subsequent evolution involved independent capture of additional genes, in particular, those encoding distinct RNA helicases, enabling replication of larger RNA genomes and facilitating virus genome expression and virus-host interactions. Phylogenomic analysis reveals extensive gene module exchange among diverse viruses and horizontal virus transfer between distantly related hosts. Although the network of evolutionary relationships within the RNA virome is bound to further expand, the present results call for a thorough reevaluation of the RNA virus taxonomy.IMPORTANCEThe majority of the diverse viruses infecting eukaryotes have RNA genomes, including numerous human, animal, and plant pathogens. Recent advances of metagenomics have led to the discovery of many new groups of RNA viruses in a wide range of hosts. These findings enable a far more complete reconstruction of the evolution of RNA viruses than was attainable previously. This reconstruction reveals the relationships between different Baltimore classes of viruses and indicates extensive transfer of viruses between distantly related hosts, such as plants and animals. These results call for a major revision of the existing taxonomy of RNA viruses.

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Development and Assessment of Ash Mortality Models in Relation to Emerald Ash Borer Infestation

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2015.025 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Rachel Clark ◽

Kayla Boyes ◽

Lori Morgan ◽

Andrew Storer ◽

Jordan Marshall

Keyword(s):

Tree Mortality ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Health Assessment ◽

Emerald Ash Borer ◽

Decision Models ◽

Correct Prediction ◽

Tree Health ◽

Prediction Of Mortality ◽

Introduced Range ◽

Wide Range

Emerald ash borer is a pest of North American ash that has caused significant mortality within its introduced range. The timeline for tree mortality, once infested by emerald ash borer, is variable for individual trees, with a small proportion surviving infestation. Using tree health assessments and signs of emerald ash borer infestation, researchers developed decision models to predict the probability of mortality. Two resulting models performed well at correctly predicting mortality (>83% correct) and significantly separating probability of mortality for those trees. Both models used diameter at breast height (DBH) and presence of bark splits, with one including percent crown dieback and the other including vigor rating (overall tree health assessment). A third model had reduced correct prediction of mortality, but was still potentially an effective model. Other tested models had shortcomings in prediction of mortality or in separation of probabilities of mortality. Using variables from three potential decision models, the year of mortality was modeled. However, specific year prediction was not as effective. Because of a wide range of external factors, prediction of a specific year of mortality may not be appropriate. Using DBH and rapid health and infestation assessment data, the authors were able to correctly predict ash mortality within a three-year period for the majority of trees within this study. Management strategies that use these models for developing hierarchical removal programs for infested ash may distribute financial and environmental costs over multiple years as opposed to mass removal of street and park trees.

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Challenge Management of Banking Services – with Special Reference to Virtual Banking Service Challenges

Shanlax International Journal of Management ◽

10.34293/management.v7i3.1620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 57-66

Author(s):

J Shifa Fathima

Keyword(s):

Credit Card ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Internet Banking ◽

Banking Services ◽

Service Channel ◽

Online Transactions ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Banking Service ◽

Wide Range ◽

Degree Of Satisfaction

The Indian Banking industry is seeing an exceptional challenge. To remain ahead, banks are thinking of plenty of services to draw customers. Services including 24-hours banking, Service at entryway step, Telephone banking, Internet banking, Extended Business Hours (EBH), Speedy handling are just a couple to mention. The larger piece of the present bank transactions happens elsewhere other than in-branch premises. This shows the growth of “virtual” banks in India. With accommodation, speed, productivity, and adequacy, these virtual banks, as a result, have opened up another universe of conceivable outcomes and brought major changes in giving a wide scope of services. Virtual banks are presently observed as a response to the challenge of planning another service channel that is completely secure, useful, and which customers can promptly figure out how to utilize and confide in it. (Aladwani, A, M.) Virtual banking, an amazing “esteem included” instrument, has become the point of convergence for banks to attract and hold customers. However, the point of these services is to satisfy customers; there is a need to comprehend customer mindfulness, observation, and significantly the degree of satisfaction. Virtual banking is a transporter that licenses customers to access and do economic transactions on their financial foundation obligations from their web empowered PC systems with net association with banks’ web locales whenever 24 Hours. Banks assume a vital job in advancing online businesses. Even though V-customers have the alternative of money down, which is by all accounts secure reliable, still there is an inclination for the V-payment plans, which must be given through banks. Banks go about as solid and dependable go-betweens in online transactions, and they give an intense opening in the online business. At present, banks have V-payment systems like Internet banking, electronic fund transfers (NEFT/RTGS), plastic money (credit card and debit card), and portable banking. These systems give payment to online transactions like the online acquisition of items, versatile revives, lodging booking, ticket booking, and so forth by considering a wide range of safety efforts. For the genuine working of these V-services, the need for able frameworks is an unavoidable element. Reserve Bank of India is observing and inspecting the legitimate and different requirements of V-Banking on persistent bases to guarantee that V-banking would create on sound lines, and V-Banking related challenges would not represent a risk to financial dependability. Hence, the present study is on the challenges of Virtual banking services in its challenge management strategies and the study based on secondary sources of data.

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