scholarly journals NSP16 2′-O-MTase in Coronavirus Pathogenesis: Possible Prevention and Treatments Strategies

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
Li-Jen Chang ◽  
Tsung-Hsien Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mtase Activity ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
End Capping ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections

Several life-threatening viruses have recently appeared, including the coronavirus, infecting a variety of human and animal hosts and causing a range of diseases like human upper respiratory tract infections. They not only cause serious human and animal deaths, but also cause serious public health problems worldwide. Currently, seven species are known to infect humans, namely SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1. The coronavirus nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) structure is similar to the 5′-end capping system of mRNA used by eukaryotic hosts and plays a vital role in evading host immunity response and protects the nascent viral mRNA from degradation. NSP16 is also well-conserved among related coronaviruses and requires its binding partner NSP10 to activate its enzymatic activity. With the continued threat of viral emergence highlighted by human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, mutant strains continue to appear, affecting the highly conserved NSP16: this provides a possible therapeutic approach applicable to any novel coronavirus. To this end, current information on the 2′-O-MTase activity mechanism, the differences between NSP16 and NSP10 in human coronaviruses, and the current potential prevention and treatment strategies related to NSP16 are summarized in this review.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections—Current Overview and Perspectives

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Alexie Mayor ◽  
Adélaïde Chesnay ◽  
Guillaume Desoubeaux ◽  
David Ternant ◽  
Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc’h ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Unmet Medical Needs

Respiratorytract infections (RTIs) are frequent and life-threatening diseases, accounting for several millions of deaths worldwide. RTIs implicate microorganisms, including viruses (influenza virus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)), bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis) and fungi (Pneumocystis spp., Aspergillus spp. and very occasionally Candida spp.). The emergence of new pathogens, like the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and the substantial increase in drug resistance have highlighted the critical necessity to develop novel anti-infective molecules. In this context, antibodies (Abs) are becoming increasingly important in respiratory medicine and may fulfill the unmet medical needs of RTIs. However, development of Abs for treating infectious diseases is less advanced than for cancer and inflammatory diseases. Currently, only three Abs have been marketed for RTIs, namely, against pulmonary anthrax and RSV infection, while several clinical and preclinical studies are in progress. This article gives an overview of the advances in the use of Abs for the treatment of RTIs, based on the analysis of clinical studies in this field. It describes the Ab structure, function and pharmacokinetics, and discusses the opportunities offered by the various Ab formats, Ab engineering and co-treatment strategies. Including the most recent literature, it finally highlights the strengths, weaknesses and likely future trends of a novel anti-RTI Ab armamentarium.

scholarly journals Faster Short-Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Cecum Following Polydextrose Ingestion Increases the Salivary Immunoglobulin A Flow Rate in Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Yamamoto ◽  
Toshiya Morozumi ◽  
Toru Takahashi ◽  
Juri Saruta ◽  
Masahiro To ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Salivary Iga ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Salivary Immunoglobulin A

Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a vital role in preventing upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). In our previous study, we showed that the intake of carbohydrates increases the intestinal levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn increase salivary IgA levels. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated in rats the effect of polydextrose (PDX) ingestion on salivary IgA level and SCFA concentration in cecal digesta and the portal vein. Five-week-old rats were fed with a fiber-free diet (control) or with 40 g/kg of PDX for 28 days. Compared to the control, ingestion of PDX led to a higher salivary IgA flow rate (p = 0.0013) and a higher concentration of SCFAs in the portal vein (p = 0.004). These two data were positively correlated (rs = 0.88, p = 0.0002, n = 12). In contrast, the concentration of SCFAs in cecal digesta and cecal digesta viscosity were significantly lower following PDX ingestion, compared to the control (p = 0.008 and 0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that the ingestion of PDX increases the absorption rate of SCFAs in the intestine through PDX-induced fermentation, which is accompanied by an increase in SCFA levels in the blood, and ultimately leads to increased salivary IgA levels.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Features of the Incidence of COVID-19 in Moscow in the Period from March 1 to August 31, 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
AV Ivanenko ◽  
DV Soloviev ◽  
NA Volkova ◽  
VM Glinenko ◽  
OA Smirnova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The City ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Introduction: Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a global healthcare and social problem due to a rapid ubiquitous spread of the virus, a high rate of complications and deaths. The disease is often asymptomatic, which can contribute to its spread, while the most common complication is the development of pneumonia with or without acute respiratory failure and respiratory distress syndrome, which are often fatal. These characteristics of the disease, along with the almost complete lack of immunity in the population around the world (before the mass spread), allowed SARS-CoV-2 to spread freely among the population of all countries. Our objective was to assess the epidemiological features of the incidence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the population of the city of Moscow. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all confirmed COVID-19 cases, the total number of diagnostic tests for COVID-19, and the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections registered in Moscow from March 1 to August 31, 2020. The correlation analysis was performed by calculating the Spearman’s correlation coefficient and subsequent statistical significance of differences in the compared relative values (p) from the Student’s t-test. Confidence intervals were determined with the calculation of average errors of the compared variables – m(σ). Conclusion: The revealed features of the COVID-19 incidence in Moscow help establish the factors influencing the development of the epidemic process in the city and give an accurate prediction of the COVID-19 situation for the future.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Soumik Chatterjee ◽  
Sabyasachi Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Novel Coronavirus are very harmful virus. This viruses have positive single stranded RNA genome and enveloped which is called nucleocapsid. The family of this virus is Coronaviridae. This virus originated from species of avian and mammalian. This virus effect on upper respiratory tract in humans. Many species of these novel coronaviruses (HCoVs) are named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63. Predominant species of this virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world.  In both adults and childrens HCoV-HKU1 sp. is causes for chronic pulmonary disease and HCoV-NL63 species causes for upper and lower respiratory tract disease. Most recent species of this virus is MERS-CoV. This species caused for acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The new strain of novel Coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. This strain causes for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease named by the World Health Organization. Now world fighting against COVID-19 and according to the recent statistics report of world about the COVID-19 cases approx 22.6M confirmed cases and 792K death cases appeared and recovered 14.5M. COVID-19 disease starts to spread from December 2019 from china. Covid-19 disease is emerged in Wuhan seafood market at Wuhan of South China and then rapidly spread throughout the world. The corona virus outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of International concern by World Health Organization (WHO). In this article we summarize the current clinical characteristics of coronavirus and diagnosis, treatments and prevention of COVID-19 disease. In this review article, we analyze data from various Research Reports like WHO guidelines and other articles. It is very important to the readers that new data of COVID-19 updating nearly every hour of day regarding clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and outcomes COVID-19 disease. The degree of COVID-19 disease varying throughout the world. COVID-19 affected patient shows various symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, and malaise among others. The COVID-19 disease is being treated through general treatment like symptomatic treatment, by using antiviral drugs, oxygen therapy and by the immune system. There is no vaccine or therapeutic strategies for deal with this disease yet. In this critical situation preventive measures must be require.  A very important issue in preventing viral infection is hand hygiene. There are other entities that people can boosting the immune system and help in infection prevention.

scholarly journals GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS: TREAT THE PATIENT NOT SYMPTOMS

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
In Pregnancy

Immunological mechanisms of appearance and therapeutic treatment strategies were discussed on example of the rare granulomatosis with polyangiitis clinical case in young patient. This vasculitis, formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, is a rare multisystem autoimmune disease with necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and pauci-immune vasculitis in small- and medium-sized blood vessels. Autoimmune diseases affect 5 to 7% of people, are commoner in women of childbearing age, and are frequently encountered in pregnancy. They may remit or improve during pregnancy, butcan flare or present in pregnancy with disastrous consequences. Otorhinolaryngologist is the first physician to contact for the majority of patients with GPA. This diagnosis must always be taken into consideration in patients with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, otitis, mucosal ulcers and laryngitis. Proper and early diagnosis is crucial for imminent therapy implementation and allows avoiding irreversible organ damage.

scholarly journals CHILDREN IN CORONAVIRUSES’ WONDERLAND: WHAT CLINICIANS NEED TO KNOW

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e2020042
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lassandro ◽  
Valentina  Palladino ◽  
Anna Amoruso ◽  
Viviana Palmieri ◽  
Giovanna Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) commonly cause mild upper-respiratory tract illnesses but can lead to more severe and diffusive diseases. A variety of signs and symptoms may be present, and infections can range in severity from common cold and sore throat to more serious laryngeal or tracheal infections, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Among the seven coronaviruses that affect humans, (SARS)-CoV, the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV and the most recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represent potential life-threatening diseases worldwide. In adults they may cause severe pneumonia that evolve in distress respiratory syndrome and multiorgan failure with a high mortality rate. Children appear to be less susceptible to develop severe clinical disease and present usually with mild and aspecific symptoms similar to other respiratory infections typical of childhood. However, some children such as infants, adolescents or those with underlying diseases may be more at-risk categories and require greater caution from clinicians. Available data on pediatric coronavirus infections are rare and scattered in the literature. The purpose of this review is to provide to clinicians a complete and updated panel useful to recognize and characterize the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of coronavirus infections in the pediatric age.

scholarly journals From Wuhan to COVID-19 Pandemic: An Up-to-Date Review of Its Pathogenesis, Potential Therapeutics, and Recent Advances

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikrame Zeouk ◽  
Khadija Bekhti ◽  
Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Antiparasitic Drugs ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Fda Approved Drugs ◽  
Screening Approaches

The emergence of a novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing severe contagious respiratory tract infections presents a serious threat to public health worldwide. To date, there are no specific antiviral agents available for this disease, currently known as COVID-19. Therefore, genomic sequencing and therapeutic clinical trials are being conducted to develop effective antiviral agents. Several reports have investigated FDA-approved drugs as well as in silico virtual screening approaches such as molecular docking and modeling to find novel antiviral agents. Until now, antiparasitic drugs such as chloroquine have shown the most relevant results. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of this novel coronavirus, its transmission routes, surface survival and evolution in the environment. So far, the scientific community has indicated a possible transmission of COVID-19 via blood transfusion which is challenging in the case of asymptomatic individuals. Protocols for pathogen inactivation are also needed. In this paper, we reviewed recent findings about this life-threatening pandemic.

scholarly journals Patterns of Human Respiratory Viruses and Lack of MERS-Coronavirus in Patients with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Southwestern Province of Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Abdulhaq ◽  
Vinod Kumar Basode ◽  
Anwar M. Hashem ◽  
Ahmed S. Alshrari ◽  
Nassrin A. Badroon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Dual Infections

We undertook enhanced surveillance of those presenting with respiratory symptoms at five healthcare centers by testing all symptomatic outpatients between November 2013 and January 2014 (winter time). Nasal swabs were collected from 182 patients and screened for MERS-CoV as well as other respiratory viruses using RT-PCR and multiplex microarray. A total of 75 (41.2%) of these patients had positive viral infection. MERS-CoV was not detected in any of the samples. Human rhinovirus (hRV) was the most detected pathogen (40.9%) followed by non-MERS-CoV human coronaviruses (19.3%), influenza (Flu) viruses (15.9%), and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) (13.6%). Viruses differed markedly depending on age in which hRV, Flu A, and hCoV-OC43 were more prevalent in adults and RSV, hCoV-HKU1, and hCoV-NL63 were mostly restricted to children under the age of 15. Moreover, coinfection was not uncommon in this study, in which 17.3% of the infected patients had dual infections due to several combinations of viruses. Dual infections decreased with age and completely disappeared in people older than 45 years. Our study confirms that MERS-CoV is not common in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia and shows high diversity and prevalence of other common respiratory viruses. This study also highlights the importance and contribution of enhanced surveillance systems for better infection control.

scholarly journals Errors in Diagnosing Infectious Diseases: A Physician Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahboubeh Haddad ◽  
Fereshte Sheybani ◽  
HamidReza Naderi ◽  
Mohammad Saeed Sasan ◽  
Mona Najaf Najafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Diagnostic Error ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Diagnostic Hypothesis ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Abdominal Infections

Background: Infectious diseases are commonly missed or misdiagnosed. Errors in diagnosing infectious diseases not only affect the patient but also the community health.Objectives: To describe our investigation on the most common errors in diagnosing infectious diseases and their causes according to the physicians' reports.Methods: Between August 2018 and February 2019, specialist physicians and residents across Mashhad, Iran were invited to participate in a survey to report errors they had made or witnessed regarding the diagnosis of infectious diseases.Results: Overall, 465 cases were reported by 315 participants. The most common infectious diseases affected by diagnostic errors were upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) (n = 69, 14.8%), tuberculosis (TB) (n = 66, 14.1%), pleuro-pulmonary infections (n = 54, 11.6%), central nervous system (CNS) infections (n = 51, 10.9%), and urinary tract infections (n = 45, 9.6%). Errors occurred most frequently in generating a diagnostic hypothesis (n = 259, 55/7%), followed by history taking (n = 200, 43%), and physical examination (n = 191, 41/1%). Errors related to the diagnosis of TB (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.9–5.7; P value: 0.047) and intra-abdominal infections (OR: 7.2, 95% CI: 0.9–53.8; P value: 0.02) were associated with more-serious outcomes.Conclusion: A substantial proportion of errors in diagnosing infectious diseases moderately or seriously affect patients' outcomes. URTIs, TB, and pleuropulmonary infections were the most frequently reported infectious diseases involved in diagnostic error while errors related to the diagnosis of TB and intraabdominal infections were more frequently associated with poor outcomes. Therefore, contagious and potentially life-threatening infectious diseases should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with compatible clinical syndromes.

scholarly journals Rhinosinusitis in Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhbir K. Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Healthcare Budget ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Intracranial Complications ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Mucociliary Function ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the mucous membranes of nose and paranasal sinus(es). 5–13% of upper respiratory tract infections in children complicate into acute rhinosinusitis. Though not life threatening, it profoundly affects child’s school performance and sleep pattern. If untreated, it could progress to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The pathogens involved in perpetuation of CRS consist of multidrug-resistant mixed microflora. CRS is challenging to manage and could further extend to cause eye or intracranial complications. In children, CRS diagnosis is often either missed or incomprehensive. Due to this, morbidity and strain on healthcare budget are tremendous. Flexible fiberoptic endoscopy has revolutionized management of CRS. Its utility in children is being increasingly recognized. Optimal management entails specific appropriate antimicrobials as well as treatment of underlying causes. The aim is to normalize sinus anatomy and physiology and regain normal mucociliary function and clearance.

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