scholarly journals Emergence of a Distinct Picobirnavirus Genotype Circulating in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Respiratory Illness

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2534
Author(s):  
Michael G. Berg ◽  
Kenn Forberg ◽  
Lester J. Perez ◽  
Ka-Cheung Luk ◽  
Todd V. Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Competing Models

Picobirnaviruses (PBV) are found in a wide range of hosts and typically associated with gastrointestinal infections in immunocompromised individuals. Here, a divergent PBV genome was assembled from a patient hospitalized for acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Colombia. The RdRp protein branched with sequences previously reported in patients with ARI from Cambodia and China. Sputa from hospitalized individuals (n = 130) were screened by RT-qPCR which enabled detection and subsequent metagenomic characterization of 25 additional PBV infections circulating in Colombia and the US. Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp highlighted the emergence of two dominant lineages linked to the index case and Asian strains, which together clustered as a distinct genotype. Bayesian inference further established capsid and RdRp sequences as both significantly associated with ARI. Various respiratory-tropic pathogens were detected in PBV+ patients, yet no specific bacteria was common among them and four individuals lacked co-infections, suggesting PBV may not be a prokaryotic virus nor exclusively opportunistic, respectively. Competing models for the origin and transmission of this PBV genotype are presented that attempt to reconcile vectoring by a bacterial host with human pathogenicity. A high prevalence in patients with ARI, an ability to reassort, and demonstrated global spread indicate PBV warrant greater public health concern.

scholarly journals Characterization of precipitation product errors across the US using multiplicative Triple Collocation

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 2527-2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Alemohammad ◽  
K. A. McColl ◽  
A. G. Konings ◽  
D. Entekhabi ◽  
A. Stoffelen
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
The United States ◽  
Error Model ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Precipitation Estimates

Abstract. Validation of precipitation estimates from various products is a challenging problem, since the true precipitation is unknown. However, with the increased availability of precipitation estimates from a wide range of instruments (satellite, ground-based radar, and gauge), it is now possible to apply the Triple Collocation (TC) technique to characterize the uncertainties in each of the products. Classical TC takes advantage of three collocated data products of the same variable and estimates the mean squared error of each, without requiring knowledge of the truth. In this study, triplets among NEXRAD-IV, TRMM 3B42, GPCP and GPI products are used to quantify the associated spatial error characteristics across a central part of the continental US. This is the first study of its kind to explore precipitation estimation errors using TC across the United States (US). A multiplicative (logarithmic) error model is incorporated in the original TC formulation to relate the precipitation estimates to the unknown truth. For precipitation application, this is more realistic than the additive error model used in the original TC derivations, which is generally appropriate for existing applications such as in the case of wind vector components and soil moisture comparisons. This study provides error estimates of the precipitation products that can be incorporated into hydrological and meteorological models, especially those used in data assimilation. Physical interpretations of the error fields (related to topography, climate, etc) are explored. The methodology presented in this study could be used to quantify the uncertainties associated with precipitation estimates from each of the constellation of GPM satellites. Such quantification is prerequisite to optimally merging these estimates.

ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS ASSOCIATED WITH COXSACKIE B4 VIRUS IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-226
Author(s):  
C. George Ray ◽  
Kathryn L. Plexico ◽  
Herbert A. Wenner ◽  
Tom D. Y. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Children's Home ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Coxsackie B4 Virus

An outbreak of respiratory illness in a children's home, associated with Coxsackie B4 infection, occurred in the summer of 1964. The illness was mild, characterized primarily by mild to moderate pharyngitis, fever, and rhinorrhea. The duration of symptoms was 3 to 7 days. No pleurodynia, aseptic meningitis, or other syndromes frequently associated with Coxsackie B4 were noted. An analysis of sera available from both before and after the outbreak showed that all children without preexisting antibody titers (<1:8) had serological evidence of infection following the outbreak; one-third of the children with preexisting antibody titer (≥1:8) also showed evidence of reinfection. The ratio of subclinical to clinical infections was 3.4 to 1. The data also suggest that the presence of preexisting antibodies did not prevent the development of respiratory illness. The high prevalence of Coxsackie B4 antibodies in this group and in other studies is noted and may be related to a broad clinical spectrum with a probable preponderance of minor illnesses and frequent inapparent infections.

scholarly journals Detection and characterization of respiratory viruses causing acute respiratory illness and asthma exacerbation in children during three different seasons (2011–2014) in Mexico City

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yazmin Moreno‐Valencia ◽  
Victor A. Hernandez‐Hernandez ◽  
Jose A. I. Romero‐Espinoza ◽  
Rodrigo H. Coronel‐Tellez ◽  
Manuel Castillejos‐Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Asthma Exacerbation ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Different Seasons

scholarly journals Targeted Characterization of the Chemical Composition of JUUL Systems Aerosol and Comparison with 3R4F Reference Cigarettes and IQOS Heat Sticks

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Xin Chen ◽  
Patrick C. Bailey ◽  
Clarissa Yang ◽  
Bryant Hiraki ◽  
Michael J. Oldham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Contract Research Organization ◽  
Iso 17025 ◽  
Nicotine Concentration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Aerosol constituent yields have been reported from a wide range of electronic nicotine delivery systems. No comprehensive study has been published on the aerosol constituents generated from the JUUL system. Targeted analyses of 53 aerosol constituents from the four JUUL products currently on the US market (Virginia Tobacco and Menthol flavored e-liquids in both 5.0% and 3.0% nicotine concentration by weight) was performed using non-intense and intense puffing regimens. All measurements were conducted by an ISO 17025 accredited contract research organization. JUUL product aerosol constituents were compared to published values for the 3R4F research cigarette and IQOS Regular and Menthol heated tobacco products. Across the four JUUL products and two puffing regimes, only 10/53 analytes were quantifiable, including only two carbonyls (known propylene glycol or glycerol degradants). The remaining analytes were primary ingredients, nicotine degradants and water. Average analyte reductions (excluding primary ingredients and water) for all four JUUL system aerosols tested were greater than 98% lower than 3R4F mainstream smoke, and greater than 88% lower than IQOS aerosol. In summary, chemical characterization and evaluation of JUUL product aerosols demonstrates a significant reduction in toxicants when compared to mainstream cigarette smoke from 3R4F reference cigarettes or aerosols from IQOS-heated tobacco products.

scholarly journals Applied Demography In Action: A Case Study of “Population Identification.”

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ◽  
Nuclear Waste Repository ◽  
Graduate Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Level Nuclear Waste ◽  
Regulatory Commission ◽  
High Level

This case study deals with a problem quite different than the typical one facing most applied demographers. It involves the identification of a “population” using a set of criteria established by a regulatory agency. Specifically, criteria established by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission for purposes of Site Characterization of the High Level Nuclear Waste Repository proposed for Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Consistent with other recent studies, this one suggests that a wide range of skills may be needed in dealing with problems posed to applied demographers by clients and users in the 21st century. As such, budding applied demographers, especially those nearing completion of their graduate studies, should consider adopting a set of skills beyond traditional demography.

scholarly journals Characterization of precipitation product errors across the United States using multiplicative triple collocation

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 3489-3503 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Alemohammad ◽  
K. A. McColl ◽  
A. G. Konings ◽  
D. Entekhabi ◽  
A. Stoffelen
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
The United States ◽  
Error Model ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Precipitation Estimates

Abstract. Validation of precipitation estimates from various products is a challenging problem, since the true precipitation is unknown. However, with the increased availability of precipitation estimates from a wide range of instruments (satellite, ground-based radar, and gauge), it is now possible to apply the triple collocation (TC) technique to characterize the uncertainties in each of the products. Classical TC takes advantage of three collocated data products of the same variable and estimates the mean squared error of each, without requiring knowledge of the truth. In this study, triplets among NEXRAD-IV, TRMM 3B42RT, GPCP 1DD, and GPI products are used to quantify the associated spatial error characteristics across a central part of the continental US. Data are aggregated to biweekly accumulations from January 2002 through April 2014 across a 2° × 2° spatial grid. This is the first study of its kind to explore precipitation estimation errors using TC across the US. A multiplicative (logarithmic) error model is incorporated in the original TC formulation to relate the precipitation estimates to the unknown truth. For precipitation application, this is more realistic than the additive error model used in the original TC derivations, which is generally appropriate for existing applications such as in the case of wind vector components and soil moisture comparisons. This study provides error estimates of the precipitation products that can be incorporated into hydrological and meteorological models, especially those used in data assimilation. Physical interpretations of the error fields (related to topography, climate, etc.) are explored. The methodology presented in this study could be used to quantify the uncertainties associated with precipitation estimates from each of the constellations of GPM satellites. Such quantification is prerequisite to optimally merging these estimates.

scholarly journals Genomic characterization of sporadic isolates of the dominant clone of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Davidson ◽  
Jeanne B. Benoit ◽  
Sara M. Kammlade ◽  
Nabeeh A. Hasan ◽  
L. Elaine Epperson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Mycobacterium Abscessus ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Genomic Characterization ◽  
Genome Analyses ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractRecent studies have characterized a dominant clone (Clone 1) of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense (M. massiliense) associated with high prevalence in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, pulmonary outbreaks in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK), and a Brazilian epidemic of skin infections. The prevalence of Clone 1 in non-CF patients in the US and the relationship of sporadic US isolates to outbreak clones are not known. We surveyed a reference US Mycobacteria Laboratory and a US biorepository of CF-associated Mycobacteria isolates for Clone 1. We then compared genomic variation and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mutations between sporadic non-CF, CF, and outbreak Clone 1 isolates. Among reference lab samples, 57/147 (39%) of patients with M. massiliense had Clone 1, including pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections, compared to 11/64 (17%) in the CF isolate biorepository. Core and pan genome analyses revealed that outbreak isolates had similar numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and accessory genes as sporadic US Clone 1 isolates. However, pulmonary outbreak isolates were more likely to have AMR mutations compared to sporadic isolates. Clone 1 isolates are present among non-CF and CF patients across the US, but additional studies will be needed to resolve potential routes of transmission and spread.

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