scholarly journals Intestinal Strongyle Genera in Different Typology of Donkey Farms in Tuscany, Central Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Michela Maestrini ◽  
Marcelo Beltrão Molento ◽  
Simone Mancini ◽  
Mina Martini ◽  
Francesco Giovanni Salvo Angeletti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Farm Typology ◽  
First Report ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Identification Keys ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Metrical Analysis

Intestinal strongyles are common helminths of donkeys, in which they may be responsible for disease and poor performance. This study aimed to identify intestinal strongyle genera in 55 naturally infected donkeys from three different farm typologies in Tuscany, central Italy, using morphological and metrical analysis of third stage larvae (L3) obtained from faecal cultures. Larvae were identified using two previous reported morphological identification keys. Moreover, eggs per gram (EPG) data were also evaluated to assess differences, if any, according to the farm typology, sex, and age of the examined donkeys. The results showed that small strongyles were prevalent in all donkey farms. In all examined farms, most (92–100%) of L3 were identified as cyathostomin species of the genera Cylicocyclus spp. and Cylicostephanus spp. Large strongyles of the genera Strongylus spp. and Triodontophorus spp., were identified at low percentage (8%), only in the single organic farm included in the study. A high agreement was observed between the two different morphometric keys used. No significant differences were found for EPG according to farm typology, and sex and age from the examined donkeys. This is the first report about genera identification of intestinal strongyles infecting donkeys in Tuscany, Italy.

scholarly journals Investigating the Strongyle Populations, with Emphasis on Strongylus vulgaris (Nematoda: Strongylidae) in Romanian Horses, Based on Larval Cultures

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Marius Catalin BUZATU ◽  
Ioan Liviu MITREA ◽  
Alexandra GRUIANU ◽  
Mariana IONITA
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Sample ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Sensitive Technique ◽  
Strongylus Vulgaris ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Horse Farms ◽  
Fresh Fecal Sample ◽  
Mcmaster Method

This study aimed to investigate the presence of Strongylus vulgaris on different horse establishments in Romania. A total number of 380 horses were enrolled in the study, representing: three stud farms (n=156); four sport/recreational establishments (n=75); and working horses (n=149). Overall, 106 premises/yards from 17 localities in 9 counties from North-Eastern, Center and Southern Romania were visited. Fresh fecal sample were collected from individual horses and were analyzed by a modified McMaster method for fecal strongyle egg per gram counting. Further, larval cultures were performed for morphological identification of S. vulgaris third stage larvae. Overall, of the investigated horses from studs, sport/recreational units, and working horses, 84.60%, 44.0%, and 79.20%, respectively were positive for strongyle. On coprocultures, cyathostomin-larvae were the most prevalent in all horse-establishment types, while S. vulgaris larvae were found only in working horses (12.1%; n=18). Other strongylin species have been identified, namely S. equinus, S. edentatus, Oesophagodontus robustus, and Triodontophorus spp. all in working horses, and Craterostomum acuticaudatum, in both working horses and horses for sport units. However, further studies are planned by using more sensitive technique for monitoring of S. vulgaris in Romanian horse farms.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Spot of Sweet Basil Caused by Cercospora guatemalensis in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 1580-1580
Author(s):  
J. H. Park ◽  
K. S. Han ◽  
J. Y. Kim ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
First Report ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship

Sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L., is a fragrant herb belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Originated in India 5,000 years ago, sweet basil plays a significant role in diverse cuisines across the world, especially in Asian and Italian cooking. In October 2008, hundreds of plants showing symptoms of leaf spot with nearly 100% incidence were found in polyethylene tunnels at an organic farm in Icheon, Korea. Leaf spots were circular to subcircular, water-soaked, dark brown with grayish center, and reached 10 mm or more in diameter. Diseased leaves defoliated prematurely. The damage purportedly due to this disease has reappeared every year with confirmation of the causal agent made again in 2011. A cercosporoid fungus was consistently associated with disease symptoms. Stromata were brown, consisting of brown cells, and 10 to 40 μm in width. Conidiophores were fasciculate (n = 2 to 10), olivaceous brown, paler upwards, straight to mildly curved, not geniculate in shorter ones or one to two times geniculate in longer ones, 40 to 200 μm long, occasionally reaching up to 350 μm long, 3.5 to 6 μm wide, and two- to six-septate. Conidia were hyaline, acicular to cylindric, straight in shorter ones, flexuous to curved in longer ones, truncate to obconically truncate at the base, three- to 16-septate, and 50 to 300 × 3.5 to 4.5 μm. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the previous reports of Cercospora guatemalensis A.S. Mull. & Chupp (1,3). Voucher specimens were housed at Korea University herbarium (KUS). An isolate from KUS-F23757 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC43980). Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 548 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ995781). This showed >99% similarity with sequences of many Cercospora species, indicating their close phylogenetic relationship. Isolate of KACC43980 was used in the pathogenicity tests. Hyphal suspensions were prepared by grinding 3-week-old colonies grown on PDA with distilled water using a mortar and pestle. Five plants were inoculated with hyphal suspensions and five plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain a relative humidity of 100% for 24 h and then transferred to a 25 ± 2°C greenhouse with a 12-h photoperiod. Typical symptoms of necrotic spots appeared on the inoculated leaves 6 days after inoculation, and were identical to the ones observed in the field. C. guatemalensis was reisolated from symptomatic leaf tissues, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Previously, the disease was reported in Malawi, India, China, and Japan (2,3), but not in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. guatemalensis on sweet basil in Korea. Since farming of sweet basil has recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, the disease poses a serious threat to safe production of this herb, especially in organic farming. References: (1) C. Chupp. A Monograph of the Fungus Genus Cercospora. Ithaca, NY, 1953. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 5, 2012. (3) J. Nishikawa et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 68:46, 2002.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Spot of Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima Caused by Septoria rudbeckiae in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Park ◽  
S. E. Cho ◽  
K. S. Han ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
The United States ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Its Sequence ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
First Report ◽  
Rudbeckia Hirta ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship

Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. (synonym R. bicolor Nutt.), known as the black-eyed Susan, is a flowering plant belonging to the family Asteraceae. The plant is native to North America and was introduced to Korea for ornamental purposes in the 1950s. In July 2011, a previously unknown leaf spot was first observed on the plants in a public garden in Namyangju, Korea. Leaf spot symptoms developed from lower leaves as small, blackish brown lesions, which enlarged to 6 mm in diameter. In the later stages of disease development, each lesion was usually surrounded with a yellow halo, detracting from the beauty of the green leaves of the plant. A number of black pycnidia were present in diseased leaf tissue. Later, the disease was observed in several locations in Korea, including Pyeongchang, Hoengseong, and Yangpyeong. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Korea University Herbarium (KUS-F25894 and KUS-F26180). An isolate was obtained from KUS-F26180 and deposited at the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC46694). Pycnidia were amphigenous, but mostly hypogenous, scattered, dark brown-to-rusty brown, globose, embedded in host tissue or partly erumpent, 50 to 80 μm in diameter, with ostioles 15 to 25 μm in diameter. Conidia were substraight to mildly curved, guttulate, hyaline, 25 to 50 × 1.5 to 2.5 μm, and one- to three-septate. Based on the morphological characteristics, the fungus was consistent with Septoria rudbeckiae Ellis & Halst. (1,3,4). Morphological identification of the fungus was confirmed by molecular data. Genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA.). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the ITS1/ITS4 primers and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 528 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ677043). A BLAST search showed that there was no matching sequence of S. rudbeckiae; therefore, this is the first ITS sequence of the species submitted to GenBank. The ITS sequence showed >99% similarity with those of many Septoria species, indicating their close phylogenetic relationship. Pathogenicity was tested by spraying leaves of three potted young plants with a conidial suspension (2 × 105 conidia/ml), which was harvested from a 4-week-old culture on potato dextrose agar. Control leaves were sprayed with sterile water. The plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain 100% relative humidity (RH) for the first 24 h. Plants were then maintained in a greenhouse (22 to 28°C and 70 to 80% RH). After 5 days, leaf spot symptoms identical to those observed in the field started to develop on the leaves inoculated with the fungus. No symptoms were observed on control plants. S. rudbeckiae was reisolated from the lesions of inoculated plants, confirming Koch's postulates. A leaf spot disease associated with S. rudbeckiae has been reported on several species of Rudbeckia in the United States, Romania, and Bulgaria (1–4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on R. hirta var. pulcherrima caused by S. rudbeckiae in Korea. References: (1) J. B. Ellis and B. D. Halsted. J. Mycol. 6:33, 1890. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ February 2, 2012. (3) E. Radulescu et al. Septoriozele din Romania. Ed. Acad. Rep. Soc. Romania, Bucuresti, Romania, 1973. (4) S. G. Vanev et al. Fungi Bulgaricae 3:1, 1997.

scholarly journals Morphological and molecular identification of phytophthora species from maple trees in Serbia

Genetika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Milenkovic ◽  
Justyna Nowakowska ◽  
Tomasz Oszako ◽  
Katarina Mladenovic ◽  
Aleksandar Lucic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
First Report ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Isolated Species

The paper presents the results of the study performed with aims to determine the presence and diversity of Phytophthora species on maple trees in Serbia. Due to high aggressiveness and their multicyclic nature, presence of these pathogens is posing significant threat to forestry and biodiversity. In total, 29 samples of water, soil and tissues were taken from 10 different localities, and six different maple hosts were tested. After the isolation tests, 17 samples from five different maple hosts were positive for the presence of Phytophthora spp., and 31 isolates were obtained. After the detailed morphological and physiological classification, four distinct groups of isolates were separated. DNA was extracted from selected representative isolates and molecular identification with sequencing of ITS region was performed. Used ITS4 and ITS6 primers successfully amplified the genomic DNA of chosen isolates and morphological identification of obtained isolates was confirmed after the sequencing. Four different Phytophthora species were detected, including P. cactorum, P. gonapodyides, P. plurivora and P. lacustris. The most common isolated species was homothallic, and with very variable and semipapillate sporangia, P. plurivora with 22 obtained isolates. This is the first report of P. plurivora and P. gonapodyides on A. campestre, P. plurivora and P. lacustris on Acer heldreichii and first report of P. lacustris on A. pseudoplatanus and A. tataricum in Serbia.

scholarly journals First Report of Phytophthora hydropathica Causing Wilting and Shoot Dieback on Viburnum in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1582-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Vitale ◽  
L. Luongo ◽  
M. Galli ◽  
A. Belisario
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
First Report

The genus Viburnum comprises over 150 species of shrubs and small trees such as Laurustinus (Viburnum tinus L.), which is one of the most widely used ornamental plants in private and public gardens. Furthermore, it commonly forms stands of natural woodland in the Mediterranean area. In autumn 2012, a survey was conducted to determine the presence of Phytophthora ramorum on Viburnum in commercial nurseries in the Latium region where wilting, dieback, and death of twigs were observed on 30% of the Laurustinus plants. A Phytophthora species was consistently recovered from soil rich in feeder roots from potted Laurustinus plants showing symptoms. Soil samples were baited with rhododendron leaves. Small pieces of leaf tissue cut from the margin of lesions were plated on P5ARPH selective medium (4). Pure cultures, obtained by single-hypha transfers on potato dextrose agar (PDA), were petaloid. Sporangia formation was induced on pepper seeds (3). Sporangia were almost spherical, ovoid or obpyriform, non-papillate and non-caducous, measuring 36.6 to 71.4 × 33.4 to 48.3 μm (average 53.3 × 37.4 μm) with a length/width ratio of 1.4. Chlamydospores were terminal and 25.2 to 37.9 μm in diameter. Isolates were considered heterothallic because they did not produce gametangia in culture or on the host. All isolates examined had 30 to 35°C as optimum temperatures. Based on these morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Phytophthora hydropathica (2). Morphological identification was confirmed by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and mitochondrial partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (CoxII) with BLAST analysis in the NCBI database revealing 99% identity with ITS and 100% identity with CoxII. The sequences of the three isolates AB234, AB235, and AB236 were deposited in European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) with the accession nos. HG934148, HG934149, and HG934150 for ITS and HG934151, HG934152, and HG934153 for CoxII, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on a total of six 1-year-old shoots cut from V. tinus plants with two inoculation points each. Mycelial plugs cut from the margins of actively growing 8-day-old cultures on PDA were inserted through the epidermis into the phloem. Controls were treated as described above except that sterile PDA plugs replaced the inoculum. Shoots were incubated in test tubes with sterile water in the dark at 24 ± 2°C. After 2 weeks, lesions were evident at the inoculation points and symptoms were similar to those caused by natural infection. P. hydropathica was consistently re-isolated from the margin of lesions, while controls remained symptomless. In the United States in 2008, P. hydropathica was described as spreading from irrigation water to Rhododendron catawbiense and Kalmia latifolia (2). This pathogen can also attack several other horticultural crops (1), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. hydropathica causing wilting and shoot dieback on V. tinus. References: (1) C. X. Hong et al. Plant Dis. 92:1201, 2008. (2) C. X. Hong et al. Plant Pathol. 59:913, 2010. (3) E. Ilieva et al. Eur. J. Plant Path. 101:623, 1995. (4) S. N. Jeffers and S. B. Martin. Plant Dis. 70:1038, 1986.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructicola Affecting Peach Orchards in Slovenia

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Munda ◽  
M. Viršček Marn
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
First Report ◽  
Representative Isolate

Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of brown rot, is a destructive fungal pathogen that affects mainly stone fruits (Prunoideae). It causes fruit rot, blossom wilt, twig blight, and canker formation and is common in North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. M. fructicola is listed as a quarantine pathogen in the European Union and was absent from this region until 2001 when it was detected in France. In August 2009, mature peaches (Prunus persica cv. Royal Glory) with brown rot were found in a 5-year-old orchard in Goriška, western Slovenia. Symptoms included fruit lesions and mummified fruits. Lesions were brown, round, rapidly extending, and covered with abundant gray-to-buff conidial tufts. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified based on morphological and molecular characters. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated at 25°C in darkness had an average daily growth rate of 7.7 mm. They were initially colorless and later they were light gray with black stromatal plates and dense, hazel sporogenous mycelium. Colony margins were even. Sporulation was abundant and usually developed in distinct concentric zones. Limoniform conidia, produced in branched chains, measured 10.1 to 17.7 μm (mean = 12.1 μm) × 6.2 to 8.6 μm (mean = 7.3 μm) on PDA. Germinating conidia produced single germ tubes whose mean length ranged from 251 to 415 μm. Microconidia were abundant, globose, and 3 μm in diameter. Morphological characters resembled those described for M. fructicola (1). Morphological identification was confirmed by amplifying genomic DNA of isolates with M. fructicola species-specific primers (2–4). Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (spanning ITS1 and ITS 2 plus 5.8 rDNA) of a representative isolate was generated using primers ITS1 and ITS4 and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GU967379). BLAST analysis of the 516-bp PCR product revealed 100% identity with several sequences deposited for M. fructicola in NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating five mature surface-sterilized peaches with 10 μl of a conidial suspension (104 conidia ml–1) obtained from one representative isolate. Sterile distilled water was used as a control. Peaches were wounded prior to inoculation. After 5 days of incubation at room temperature and 100% relative humidity, typical brown rot symptoms developed around the inoculation point, while controls showed no symptoms. M. fructicola was reisolated from lesion margins. Peach and nectarine orchards in a 5-km radius from the outbreak site were surveyed in September 2009 and M. fructicola was confirmed on mummified fruits from seven orchards. The pathogen was not detected in orchards from other regions of the country, where only the two endemic species M. laxa and M. fructigena were present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fructicola associated with brown rot of stone fruits in Slovenia. References: (1) L. R. Batra. Page 106 in: World Species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their Ecology, Biosystematics and Control. J. Cramer, Berlin, 1991. (2) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (3) K. J. D. Hughes et al. EPPO Bull. 30:507, 2000. (4) R. Ioos and P. Frey. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106:373, 2000.

scholarly journals Naticid gastropod and octopodid cephalopod predatory traces: evidence of drill holes on the leucosid crab Ristoria pliocaenica (Ristori, 1891), from the Pliocene of the “La Serra” quarry (Tuscany, Italy)

10.4081/19 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Pasini ◽  
Alessandro Garassino
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
First Report ◽  
Predatory Activity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Drill Holes

Garassino<em> et al.</em> (2012) reported on a rich community of decapod crustaceans including axiideans, gebiideans, anomurans, and brachyurans from the Zanclean (Early Pliocene) of the “La Serra” quarry near San Miniato (Pisa, Tuscany, central Italy). In this decapod-rich assemblage some carapaces of the common pebble crab<em> Ristoria pliocaenica</em> (Ristori, 1891) (<em>Leucosiidae Samouelle</em>, 1819) are drilled in characteristic ways, due to the predatory activity of individuals belonging to two different taxa of marine clades, possibly naticids (Gastropoda, Naticoidea), and to octopodids (Cephalopoda, Octopoda). This is the first report of direct evidence of predation by cephalopods on crabs in the fossil record.

scholarly journals Morphological identification keys for adults of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tharaka Wijerathna ◽  
Nayana Gunathilaka
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Identification Keys ◽  
Control Programmes

Abstract Background Phlebotomine sand flies are a medically important group of insects that is responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis. Surveillance plays a major role in vector control programmes through exploring species abundance, potential entomological risk and designing appropriate control measures. In field surveillance programmes of such nature, morphological identification of vector species is of paramount importance. However, in Sri Lanka, there is no published taxonomic key available for the identification of leishmaniasis vectors. Method Identification keys for both male and females of the sand flies recorded in Sri Lanka were developed using morphological features. Main identification features were compared with the original observation of specimens collected from surveys and the use of published literature. Photographic illustrations of morphological features are included with the intention of making the keys user-friendly for non-taxonomists. Results A total of 22 sand fly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia reported in Sri Lanka from 1910 to 2019 are included in the present work. Conclusion This simplified key, along with photographs taken from specimens would be beneficial to the health staff, entomologists and research staff who deal with leishmaniasis control programmes and vector-related studies.

scholarly journals Exploring unknown life stages of Arctic Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae) with DNA barcoding

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2743 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISABETH STUR ◽  
TORBJØRN EKREM
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Identification Keys ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
First Results

We present the first results from a project on Spitsbergen and Bear Island where the ultimate goal is to provide genetic and morphological identification keys to all species. Five Tanytarsini species have been recorded from Svalbard. By sequencing partial COI gene sequences, we have associated larvae of all of these, and describe the hitherto undescribed larval stages of Microspectra insignilobus Kieffer, M. radialis Goetghebuer and Tanytarsus heliomesonyctios Langton. We also present keys to larva, pupa and imagines of all Tanytarsini species found on Svalbard and discuss larval morphology in relationship to characters preserved in subfossil material. Of particular interest is the mandible and mentum of T. heliomsonyctios which show close resemblance to the tentatively associated larvae of Corynocera oliveri Lindeberg. An overview over Tanytarsus species with “lugens-type” larvae is given and the phylogenetic value of mandibular accessory teeth is briefly discussed.

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