scholarly journals Seasonal and Age-Associated Pathogen Distribution in Newborn Calves with Diarrhea Admitted to ICU

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Engin Berber ◽  
Nurettin Çanakoğlu ◽  
İbrahim Sözdutmaz ◽  
Emrah Simsek ◽  
Neslihan Sursal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Bovine Rotavirus ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Pathogen Screening ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Infectious Pathogen

Calf mortality constitutes a substantial loss for agriculture economy-based countries and is also a significant herd problem in developed countries. However, the occurrence and frequency of responsible gastro-intestinal (GI) pathogens in severe newborn diarrhea is still not well known. We aimed to determine the seasonal and age-associated pathogen distribution of severe diarrhea in newborn calves admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Erciyes University animal hospital over a year. Fecal samples were collected during the ICU admissions, and specimens were subjected to a diarrheal pathogen screening panel that included bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Cryptosporidium spp., ETEC K99+, and bovine rotavirus, using RT-PCR and conventional PCR methods. Further isolation experiments were performed with permissive cell cultures and bacterial enrichment methods to identify the clinical importance of infectious pathogen shedding in the ICU. Among the hospitalized calves aged less than 45 days old, the majority of calves originated from small farms (85.9%). The pathogen that most frequently occurred was Cryptosporidium spp. (61.5%) followed by rotavirus (56.4%). The frequency of animal admission to ICU and GI pathogen identification was higher during the winter season (44.9%) when compared to other seasons. Most calves included in the study were 1–6 days old (44.9%). Lastly, co-infection with rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. occurred more frequently than other dual or multi-infection events. This study was the first to define severe diarrhea—causing GI pathogens from ICU admitted newborn calves in Turkey.

scholarly journals Rotavirus Serotype G9 Strains Belonging to VP7 Gene Phylogenetic Sequence Lineage 1 May Be More Suitable for Serotype G9 Vaccine Candidates than Those Belonging to Lineage 2 or 3

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (14) ◽  
pp. 7795-7802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutaka Hoshino ◽  
Ronald W. Jones ◽  
Jerri Ross ◽  
Shinjiro Honma ◽  
Norma Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Bovine Rotavirus ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Phylogenetic Lineages ◽  
Effective Group ◽  
Vp7 Gene

ABSTRACT A safe and effective group A rotavirus vaccine that could prevent severe diarrhea or ameliorate its symptoms in infants and young children is urgently needed in both developing and developed countries. Rotavirus VP7 serotypes G1, G2, G3, and G4 have been well established to be of epidemiologic importance worldwide. Recently, serotype G9 has emerged as the fifth globally common type of rotavirus of clinical importance. Sequence analysis of the VP7 gene of various G9 isolates has demonstrated the existence of at least three phylogenetic lineages. The goal of our study was to determine the relationship of the phylogenetic lineages to the neutralization specificity of various G9 strains. We generated eight single VP7 gene substitution reassortants, each of which bore a single VP7 gene encoding G9 specificity of one of the eight G9 strains (two lineage 1, one lineage 2 and five lineage 3 strains) and the remaining 10 genes of bovine rotavirus strain UK, and two hyperimmune guinea pig antisera to each reassortant, and we then analyzed VP7 neutralization characteristics of the eight G9 strains as well as an additional G9 strain belonging to lineage 1; the nine strains were isolated in five countries. Antisera to lineage 1 viruses neutralized lineage 2 and 3 strains to at least within eightfold of the homotypic lineage viruses. Antisera to lineage 2 virus neutralized lineage 3 viruses to at least twofold of the homotypic lineage 2 virus; however, neutralization of lineage 1 viruses was fourfold (F45 and AU32) to 16- to 64-fold (WI61) less efficient. Antisera to lineage 3 viruses neutralized the lineage 2 strain 16- to 64-fold less efficiently, the lineage 1 strains F45 and AU32 8- to 128-fold less efficiently, and WI61 (prototype G9 strain) 128- to 1,024-fold less efficiently than the homotypic lineage 3 viruses. These findings may have important implications for the development of G9 rotavirus vaccine candidates, as the strain with the broadest reactivity (i.e., a prime strain) would certainly be the ideal strain for inclusion in a vaccine.

scholarly journals Multicenter Evaluation of an ELISA for the Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Antigen in Clinical Human Stool Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Romy Razakandrainibe ◽  
Célia Mérat ◽  
Nathalie Kapel ◽  
Marc Sautour ◽  
Karine Guyot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Conventional Microscopy ◽  
Human Stool

Human cryptosporidiosis remains underdiagnosed, and rapid/accurate diagnosis is of clinical importance. Diagnosis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst in stool samples by conventional microscopy is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and requires skillful experience. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in detecting Cryptosporidium spp. from fecal specimens. For this aim, we evaluated the performances of a commercial ELISA (CoproELISA Cryptosporidium kit, Savyon Diagnostics, Israel) for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in random clinical stool samples through a multicenter study. The sensitivity and specificity for coproantigen ELISA were 98.86% and 94.32%, respectively. The coproantigen ELISA results indicate that the simple, rapid, reliable, and standardized immunoassay test is sensitive and specific for routine diagnosis, and may be useful for large-scale epidemiological studies of cryptosporidiosis.

Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Sharma ◽  
Monika Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Causative Agents

Calf diarrhoea is the most commonly encountered disease syndrome and significant cause of economic losses in dairy industry. Present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of causative agents of diarrhoea in the bovine calves for a period of one year. The effect of age, sex, season and parity of dam was also studied. E. coli was the major organism (86.00 %) observed in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves followed by rotavirus, Eimeria spp. and Amphistomes (15.00 % each); Toxocara spp. (12.00 %); Strongyles (9.00 %); Cryptosporidium spp. (6.00 %); Trichuris spp. (5.00 %); and Salmonella spp. and Strongyloides spp. (3.00 % each). The prevalence of rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. was found significantly higher in buffalo calves and crossbred calves than cow calves and Gir / local non-descript calves, respectively. The prevalence of Toxocara spp., Amphistomes and Strongyles in diarrhoeic buffalo calves was significantly higher than cow calves. Highest prevalence of E. coli and rotavirus was observed in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves of 0-15 days age group. Rotavirus was not detected in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves above 60 days age. The susceptibility of bovine calves for E. coli and rotavirus was found decreased with the advancement of the age. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrhoeic faecal samples of bovine calves was observed only in 16-60 days age whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was found only in 0-30 days age. The most of the parasitic infestations were observed after 30 days of age in calves. The calves of both sexes were equally susceptible to different causative agents of diarrhoea. The prevalence of E. coli and most of the helminth ova in the faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves was found maximum during rainy season whereas the rotavirus was observed mostly during winter season. The prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. was found highest in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves of first or second parity dams.

scholarly journals Prevalence of intestinal parasites in children from minority group with low hygienic standards in Slovakia

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rudohradská ◽  
M. Halánová ◽  
P. Ravaszová ◽  
M. Goldová ◽  
A. Valenčáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Giardia Intestinalis ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Hygienic Standard

AbstractThe number of parasites followed the rapid growing of human population worldwide, not only in developing but also in developed countries. Many of them are diagnosed in children and adolescents. The occurrence of selected intestinal endoparasites in children coming from areas with low hygienic and socioeconomic status was studied. Out of 81 faecal samples examined, 46 (56.8 %) were positive for presence of intestinal parasites. From helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides was found to be the leading parasite (24.7 %), followed by Trichuris trichiura (17.3 %). Tapeworm Taenia spp. eggs were detected in 4.9 % of examined children. From protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp. was observed in 36 children (44.4 %) and Giardia intestinalis in 20 children (24.7 %). The occurrence of these epidemiologically low risky parasites in Roma children population suggests low hygienic standard in the Roma settlements.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in some dairy herds of Mashhad (Iran) and its association with diarrhea in newborn calves

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Afshari Safavi ◽  
Gholam Reza Mohammadi ◽  
Abolghasem Naghibi ◽  
Mehrnaz Rad
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Newborn Calves

Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Algorithmic Cytomorphology-Based Approach to Cytology Specimens

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sule Canberk ◽  
Diana Montezuma ◽  
Umit Ince ◽  
Ebru Tastekin ◽  
Paula Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Needle Aspiration Cytology ◽  
Multiple Variants

Background: Thyroid cancer accounts for 1% of cancer cases in developed countries, in which papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type. There are multiple variants of PTC described to date, some of them with aggressive behavior and poor clinical outcome. These variants are well described and accepted in recent guidelines of many international societies, and the prognostic and management implications are well laid out. Due to their established clinical importance and to guide appropriate surgical management, it is now imperative in clinical practice, including cytopathology, to differentiate aggressive variants from nonaggressive ones. This review aims to describe the variants of PTC and to provide a practical algorithmic approach to facilitate the cytological diagnosis of these variants. Summary: Subtyping PTC variants on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is challenging even for the most experienced cytopathologist. To facilitate a correct subtyping on FNAC, we propose a stepwise approach that is mainly designed for conventional smear methodology. This approach requires first to stratify the lesions into oncocytic and nononcocytic features before analyzing further details in cell morphology and pattern. Key Messages: (1) Subtyping in PTC is possible on cytopathology. (2) The main aim of the cytopathologist is to differentiate aggressive from nonaggressive variants. (3) The subtyping of PTC can help in the surgical management of the patients.

scholarly journals RotavirusDiarrhea among Children in Taiz, Yemen: Prevalence—Risk Factors and Detection of Genotypes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulmalik Al-Badani ◽  
Leena Al-Areqi ◽  
Abdulatif Majily ◽  
Saleh AL-Sallami ◽  
Anwar AL-Madhagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Severe Gastroenteritis ◽  
Stool Specimens ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Diarrheal diseases are a great public health problem; they are among the most causes leading to morbidity and mortality of infants and children particularly in developing countries and even in developed countries.Rotavirusis the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate ofRotavirusinfection, its genotypes, and risk factors among children with diarrhea in Taiz, Yemen. 795 fecal samples were collected from children (less than 5 years old), suffering from diarrhea and attending the Yemeni-Swedish Hospital (YSH) in Taiz , Yemen, from November 2006 to February 2008.Rotaviruswas detected by enzyme linkage immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on stool specimens of children. Genotypes ofRotaviruswere characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results showed that 358 (45.2%) wereRotavirus-positive and the most prevalent genotypes were G2P[4] (55%), followed by G1P[8] (15%). In addition,Rotaviruswas found through the whole year; however, higher frequency during the summer season (53.4%) and lower frequency during the winter season (37.1%).

scholarly journals Protocol for DNA extraction of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in fecal samples

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elenice M.N. Gonçalves ◽  
Ronalda S. Araújo ◽  
Magali Orban ◽  
Glavur R. Matté ◽  
Maria Helena Matté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
External Reference ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Commercial Kits ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp.oocysts in clinical samples is useful for public health since it allows the study of sources of contamination as well as the transmission in different geographical regions. Although widely used in developed countries, in Brazil it is restricted to academic studies, mostly using commercial kits for the extraction of genomic DNA, or in collaboration with external reference centers, rendering the method expensive and limited. The study proposes the application of the modifications recently introduced in the method improving feasibility with lower cost. This method was efficient for clinical samples preserved at -20 °C for up to six years and the low number of oocysts may be overcomed by repetitions of extraction.

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