Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus in newborn calves fed colostrum supplements from cows immunized with recombinant SA11 rotavirus core-like particle (CLP) or virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines

Transmission of immunoglobulins (Ig) from mother to newborns, classified as passive transmission of immunity, is a critical factor in protecting newborns from infectious diseases. Syndesmochorial structure of the cows placenta prevents the transfer of Ig from the mother to the fetus, so calves are born agammaglobulinemic, that is, without their own Ig, which they receive when consuming colostrum. Obtaining colostrum with high Ig content is the main factor of growth, development and protection of calves in the early postnatal period against pathogens in the environment. Universal media passive immunity is IgG. Violation of passive transfer of Ig leads to an increase in sickness rate and mortality and is considered as an important economic problem for industrial farming. The review discusses the current understanding of the properties, function and importance of cow colostrum in the formation of the immune status of newborn calves and their resistance to disease in the early postnatal period.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Passive Immunity Induced by Immunisation Using Two Inactivated gE-deleted Marker Vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in Calves

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8010014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Stefano Petrini ◽

Cecilia Righi ◽

Carmen Iscaro ◽

Giulio Viola ◽

Paola Gobbi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Humoral Immune Response ◽

Calf Serum ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Control Group ◽

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Glycoprotein E ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Newborn Calves

Different types of vaccines against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) are commercially available. Among these, inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are commonly used, but their ability to induce passive immunity is poorly known. Here, we evaluated the passive immunity transferred from dams immunised with commercial inactivated gE-deleted marker vaccines to calves. We vaccinated 12 pregnant cattle devoid of neutralising antibodies against Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and divided them into two groups with 6 animals each. Both groups were injected with a different inactivated gE-deleted marker vaccine administrated via intranasal or intramuscular routes. An additional 6 pregnant cattle served as the unvaccinated control group. After calving, the number of animals in each group was increased by the newborn calves. In the dams, the humoral immune response was evaluated before calving and, subsequently, at different times until post-calving day 180 (PCD180). In addition, the antibodies in colostrum, milk, and in serum samples from newborn calves were evaluated at different times until PCD180. The results indicated that inactivated glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines are safe and produce a good humoral immune response in pregnant cattle until calving and PCD180. Moreover, results showed that, in calf serum, passive immunity persists until PCD180.

Download Full-text

Dynamic of antibodies in blood and colostrum of cows immunized with three-component viral and bacterial vaccine

Russian veterinary journal ◽

10.32416/article_5c050ab7ca8b27.10355831 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 (6) ◽

pp. 9-11

Author(s):

Ирина Симанова ◽

Irina Simanova ◽

Вера Макарова ◽

Vera Makarova ◽

Оксана Бадеева ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Status ◽

Control Groups ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Cattle Breeding ◽

E Coli ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Bacterial Vaccine ◽

Antigenic Activity ◽

Newborn Calves ◽

High Level

The article presents the results of testing the immune status of cows vaccinated with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine. It was found that vaccine induces in deep-seated cows a high titers of serum antibodies to the bovine rotavirus and coronavirus, as well as adhesines of E. coli. Purpose. To study the dynamics of the formation of antibodies in the blood and colostrum of cows immunized with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine. Materials and methods. Cows were immunized with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine (approved on January 27, 2014) in a cattle-breeding farm in the Vologda Oblast, unfavorable for gastrointestinal infections. The obtained material was examined for the presence of antibodies to the rota- and coronavirus using the ELISA method, using the ANTI-TELA-RODIKOR-ELISA VIEV kit, anti-adhesive antibodies in colostrum were detected in the developed agglutination reaction. Results. The immune response to the introduction of the vaccine produced by FGBNU VIEV was detected in all animals, whereas in the serum of cows in the control groups it was significantly lower. In the colostrum of the first milk yield, the titers of antibodies to the rota and coronavirus were significantly higher compared with the control ones. All indicators indicate sufficient antigenic activity of the tested vaccine. Conclusion. Studies have shown that immunization of pregnant cows with a three-component viral-bacterial vaccine contributes to the development of antibodies to the components of the drug in sufficiently high titers, which will ensure a high level of colostral immunity in newborn calves.

Download Full-text

Comparative analysis of innate immune responses following infection of newborn calves with bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.82861-0 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 88 (10) ◽

pp. 2749-2761 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Palok Aich ◽

Heather L. Wilson ◽

Radhey S. Kaushik ◽

Andy A. Potter ◽

Lorne A. Babiuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Post Infection ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Bovine Coronavirus ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Qrt Pcr ◽

Newborn Calves

Bovine rotavirus (BRV) and bovine coronavirus (BCV) are important causes of diarrhoea and death in newborn calves. Although these viruses belong to distinct viral classes, they both infect intestinal epithelial cells and induce similar clinical symptoms. Rotavirus usually causes an acute infection, but coronavirus infection can persist and reoccur in adults. Differences in viral structure and clinical outcome prompted us to postulate that innate mucosal immune responses would be markedly different following rotavirus and coronavirus infections. To address this hypothesis, gene expression following BRV and BCV infection was analysed in surgically prepared intestinal loops from 1-day-old colostrum-deprived calves. Gene expression was profiled at 18 h post-infection using bovine cDNA microarrays; the majority of differentially expressed significant genes were associated with the cell cycle and innate immune responses. A select group of these genes was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The expression of genes associated with interferons (IFNs), cytokines and Toll-like receptors, which were not present on the microarray, was analysed further by qRT-PCR. Strong activation of TLR3, IL-6 and p65 was observed in BRV-infected host tissues, but not in tissues infected with BCV. Both viruses also downregulated IFN- and pro-inflammatory cytokine-associated pathways. In vitro studies confirmed that IFN inhibited viral replication. All of these results together suggested either that very early events of host responses at 18 h post-infection were being observed, or that both viruses have unique effective strategies to evade host immune responses.

Download Full-text

Seasonal and Age-Associated Pathogen Distribution in Newborn Calves with Diarrhea Admitted to ICU

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8070128 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 128

Author(s):

Engin Berber ◽

Nurettin Çanakoğlu ◽

İbrahim Sözdutmaz ◽

Emrah Simsek ◽

Neslihan Sursal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Season ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Severe Diarrhea ◽

Cryptosporidium Spp ◽

Pathogen Screening ◽

Newborn Calves ◽

Calf Mortality ◽

Infectious Pathogen

Calf mortality constitutes a substantial loss for agriculture economy-based countries and is also a significant herd problem in developed countries. However, the occurrence and frequency of responsible gastro-intestinal (GI) pathogens in severe newborn diarrhea is still not well known. We aimed to determine the seasonal and age-associated pathogen distribution of severe diarrhea in newborn calves admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Erciyes University animal hospital over a year. Fecal samples were collected during the ICU admissions, and specimens were subjected to a diarrheal pathogen screening panel that included bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Cryptosporidium spp., ETEC K99+, and bovine rotavirus, using RT-PCR and conventional PCR methods. Further isolation experiments were performed with permissive cell cultures and bacterial enrichment methods to identify the clinical importance of infectious pathogen shedding in the ICU. Among the hospitalized calves aged less than 45 days old, the majority of calves originated from small farms (85.9%). The pathogen that most frequently occurred was Cryptosporidium spp. (61.5%) followed by rotavirus (56.4%). The frequency of animal admission to ICU and GI pathogen identification was higher during the winter season (44.9%) when compared to other seasons. Most calves included in the study were 1–6 days old (44.9%). Lastly, co-infection with rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. occurred more frequently than other dual or multi-infection events. This study was the first to define severe diarrhea—causing GI pathogens from ICU admitted newborn calves in Turkey.

Download Full-text

Predicting colostrum and calf blood components based on refractometry

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029921000340 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Do T. Hue ◽

John L. Williams ◽

Kiro Petrovski ◽

Cynthia D. K. Bottema

Keyword(s):

Serum Protein ◽

Total Protein ◽

Post Partum ◽

Calf Serum ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Serum Igg ◽

Newborn Calves ◽

Glutamyl Transferase

Abstract Provision of good quality colostrum is essential for the passive immunity and nutrition of newborn calves. In order to better predict the quality of colostrum and the transfer of passive immunity, the relationships between colostrum components and between calf serum components were examined in this study. Samples of bulk tank milk, colostrum pooled from several cows 0–4 d postpartum, and colostrum collected from individual cows twice daily for 3 d post-partum were compared. With the exception of fat percentage, there were strong correlations between the levels of the components in the pooled colostrum and in the individual cow colostrum collected 0–1 d postpartum. The correlations between total solids as measured by Brix refractometry and total protein, immunoglobulin G (IgG), lactose % and protein % in colostrum within 1 d postpartum and pooled colostrum were 0.92, 0.90, −0.88 and 0.98, respectively. These high correlations enabled these colostrum components to be accurately predicted from Brix % and therefore, the volume of colostrum required to feed neonate calves can be optimised based on Brix refractometry to avoid failure of passive immunity transfer. To assess whether the components obtained from colostrum were correlated in calf blood, newborn calves were separated from their dams before suckling and blood sampled before feeding (day 0), and on days 1 and 7, after receiving colostrum or milk twice a day. The correlations between glucose, total protein, IgG, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels in the calf blood were lower than the correlations observed between the colostrum components. The highest correlation was between serum protein measured by refractometer and serum IgG within one week postpartum. GGT activity was not a good indicator of serum IgG levels. However, serum protein refractometer measurements predicted serum IgG level with high accuracy, providing an on-farm test to determine that calves have received sufficient passive immunity and colostrum components.

Download Full-text

Estimation of passive immunity in newborn calves with routine clinical chemistry measurements

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi ◽

10.1501/vetfak_0000002558 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 85-88

Author(s):

PEKCAN Mert; FIDANCI

Keyword(s):

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Newborn Calves

Download Full-text

Bovine Coronavirus Infection: Pathology and Interspecies Transmission

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2012.p0297 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 297-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Toru Kanno ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Cultured Cells ◽

Genomic Analysis ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Bovine Coronavirus ◽

Adult Cattle ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Newborn Calves ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Winter Dysentery

Bovine diarrhea is one of the major diseases that cause major economic damage to farmers. There are many kinds of viral diseases that cause diarrhea in cattle. Among them, bovine coronavirus infection and bovine rotavirus infection are known as diseases that frequently occur throughout the world, and whose incidence and numbers of infected cattle are particularly large. Both viruses cause diarrhea in newborn calves, but bovine coronavirus (BCoV), lead to more economic damage because they also cause a type of diarrhea in adult cattle called winter dysentery (WD) and respiratory disease. However, since it is generally difficult to isolate coronaviruses from cultured cells, and these viruses have huge RNAs of about 30kb, research on coronaviruses, including genomic analysis, have not advanced sufficiently to cope with this problem. Recent reports have suggested that BCoV is able to overcome host range barriers with relative ease and even to transmit to humans. It has thus become necessary to consider their significance as zoonosis, even though much about the ecology of BCoV remains unknown. This paper will outline bovine coronavirus infection and describe BCoV characteristics that have been reported so far.

Download Full-text

Rotavirus in Calves and Its Zoonotic Importance

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2021/6639701 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Umer Seid Geletu ◽

Munera Ahmednur Usmael ◽

Fufa Dawo Bari

Keyword(s):

Animal Species ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Viral Evolution ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Bovine Rotavirus ◽

Livestock Management ◽

The World ◽

Newborn Calves ◽

Rotavirus Infections ◽

Primary Strategy

Rotavirus is a major pathogen responsible for diarrheal disease in calves, resulting in loss of productivity and economy of farmers. However, various facets of diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus in calves in the world are inadequately understood, considering that diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus is a vital health problem in calves that interrupts production benefits with reduced weight gain and increased mortality, and its potential for zoonotic spread. The pathological changes made by rotavirus are almost exclusively limited to the small intestine that leads to diarrhea. It is environmentally distributed worldwide and was extensively studied. Reassortment is one of the important mechanisms for generating genetic diversity of rotaviruses and eventually for viral evolution. So, the primary strategy is to reduce the burden of rotavirus infections by practicing early colostrum’s feeding in newborn calves, using vaccine, and improving livestock management. Rotaviruses have a wide host range, infecting many animal species as well as humans. As it was found that certain animal rotavirus strains had antigenic similarities to some human strains, this may be an indication for an animal to play a role as a source of rotavirus infection in humans. Groups A to C have been shown to infect both humans and animals. The most commonly detected strains in both human and animals are G2, G3, G4, and G9, P [6]. Therefore, this review was made to get overview epidemiology status and zoonotic importance of bovine rotavirus.

Download Full-text