Etio-Epidemiological Studies on Diarrhoea in Cattle and Buffalo Calves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Sharma ◽  
Monika Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Winter Season ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Causative Agents

Calf diarrhoea is the most commonly encountered disease syndrome and significant cause of economic losses in dairy industry. Present investigation was undertaken to find out the prevalence of causative agents of diarrhoea in the bovine calves for a period of one year. The effect of age, sex, season and parity of dam was also studied. E. coli was the major organism (86.00 %) observed in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves followed by rotavirus, Eimeria spp. and Amphistomes (15.00 % each); Toxocara spp. (12.00 %); Strongyles (9.00 %); Cryptosporidium spp. (6.00 %); Trichuris spp. (5.00 %); and Salmonella spp. and Strongyloides spp. (3.00 % each). The prevalence of rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. was found significantly higher in buffalo calves and crossbred calves than cow calves and Gir / local non-descript calves, respectively. The prevalence of Toxocara spp., Amphistomes and Strongyles in diarrhoeic buffalo calves was significantly higher than cow calves. Highest prevalence of E. coli and rotavirus was observed in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves of 0-15 days age group. Rotavirus was not detected in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves above 60 days age. The susceptibility of bovine calves for E. coli and rotavirus was found decreased with the advancement of the age. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrhoeic faecal samples of bovine calves was observed only in 16-60 days age whereas Cryptosporidium spp. was found only in 0-30 days age. The most of the parasitic infestations were observed after 30 days of age in calves. The calves of both sexes were equally susceptible to different causative agents of diarrhoea. The prevalence of E. coli and most of the helminth ova in the faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves was found maximum during rainy season whereas the rotavirus was observed mostly during winter season. The prevalence of E. coli, Salmonella spp., rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. was found highest in the faecal samples of the diarrhoeic calves of first or second parity dams.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mozambican Children Younger than 5 Years Enrolled in a Matched Case-Control Study on the Aetiology of Diarrhoeal Disease

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Augusto Messa, Jr. ◽  
Pamela C. Köster ◽  
Marcelino Garrine ◽  
Tacilta Nhampossa ◽  
Sérgio Massora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Matched Case

Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of childhood diarrhoea and associated physical and cognitive impairment in low-resource settings. Cryptosporidium-positive faecal samples (n = 190) from children aged ≤ 5 years enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique detected by ELISA (11.5%, 430/3754) were successfully PCR-amplified and sequenced at the gp60 or ssu rRNA loci for species determination and genotyping. Three Cryptosporidium species including C. hominis (72.6%, 138/190), C. parvum (22.6%, 43/190), and C. meleagridis (4.2%, 8/190) were detected. Children ≤ 23 months were more exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. infections than older children. Both C. hominis and C. parvum were more prevalent among children with diarrhoeal disease compared to those children without it (47.6% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.007 and 23.7% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.014, respectively). A high intra-species genetic variability was observed within C. hominis (subtype families Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) and C. parvum (subtype families IIb, IIc, IIe, and IIi) but not within C. meleagridis (subtype family IIIb). No association between Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and child’s age was demonstrated. The predominance of C. hominis and C. parvum IIc suggests that most of the Cryptosporidium infections were anthroponotically transmitted, although zoonotic transmission events also occurred at an unknown rate. The role of livestock, poultry, and other domestic animal species as sources of environmental contamination and human cryptosporidiosis should be investigated in further molecular epidemiological studies in Mozambique.

scholarly journals Ocorrência dos principais agentes bacterianos e parasitários em fezes diarreicas de bezerros búfalos nos estados de São Paulo e Paraná

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Gregory ◽  
Rodolfo Santos Rossi ◽  
João Padilha Gandara Mendes ◽  
Natalie Neuwirt ◽  
Eduardo Carvalho Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Toxocara Vitulorum ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Eimeria Spp

A população de bubalinos estimada no Brasil é de aproximadamente 3 milhões de animais, encontrando-se distribuídos em todos os Estados brasileiros, com crescimento médio anual de 12%. Apesar disso, os trabalhos realizados buscando os avanços na bubalinocultura são escassos. Em função da complexidade etiológica da diarreia em bubalinos e da falta de informações recentes nesta área, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência dos principais agentes bacterianos e parasitários envolvidos na diarreia de bezerros búfalos lactentes, de explorações leiteiras semi-intensivas e intensivas em regiões dos estados de São Paulo e Paraná. De março de 2010 a junho de 2011, foram colhidas 53 amostras para exame coproparasitológico e 46 amostras para o exame bacteriológico de animais com quadro de diarreia nos municípios paulistas de São João da Boa Vista, Dourado, Pirassununga, Registro, Pariquera Açu, Pilar do Sul e uma propriedade no estado do Paraná, município de Santana do Itararé. No exame parasitológico, 45,28% (24) foram positivos para Eimeria spp., 26,42% (14) para Strongyloidea e 1,88 (1) para Toxocara vitulorum. No exame bacteriológico, 97,83%, (45) das amostras foram positivas para E. coli, contudo, somente duas foram consideradas patogênicas (E. coli STEC). Em uma amostra (2,17%) isolou-se Klebsiella pneumoniae; já a presença de Salmonella spp. não foi constatada. Para o presente estudo, a presença de endoparasitas foi bastante relevante, principalmente os casos Eimeria spp., sendo a higiene das instalações e falhas de manejo fatores importantes na ocorrência de diarreia em bezerros búfalos no estado de São Paulo.

scholarly journals Occurrence of poultry coccidiosis in different management systems in Thrissur, Kerala

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry ◽  
Poultry Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is one of the most prevalent and economically important parasitic diseases caused by the infection with Eimeria species contributing to major economic losses of poultry industry worldwide. In this study, occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken reared under different management systems was studied. A total of 300 faecal samples from chicken were collected from six organised poultry farms and six backyard poultry units in and around Thrissur, Kerala. Out of this, 167 faecal samples were from organised farms and 133 from backyard poultry units. All the samples were artificially sporulated and examined for studying the oocysts morphology and morphometry. Out of 167 samples from organised farms 52 were found to be positive for Eimeria spp. while 61 out of 133 samples from backyard poultry were positive. The overall occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken from 12 different areas in and around Thrissur was 37.66 per cent (113/300). The species of Eimeria identified on morphological examination were E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. maxima. The occurrence rate of E. tenella was found to be significantly higher (46.01 %) compared to E. necatrix (39.82 %) and E. maxima (14.15 %). The rate of occurrence of Eimeria spp. infection was significantly higher in backyard poultry (45.86 %) compared to that in organised farms (31.13 %).

Enteropathogens in Holstein calves with diarrhea during the first five weeks of age in México

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Delgado-González ◽  
C.A. Meza-Herrera ◽  
A.S. Alvarado-Espino ◽  
V. Contreras-Villareal ◽  
L.R. Gaytán-Alemán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Holstein Calves

The aim was to assess the prevalence of etiologic agents of diarrhea in single and mixed infections and their relationship with age in Holstein calves. Fecal diarrheic samples (n=90) were taken to determine the causative agent (E. coli (K99), Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Coronavirus, and Rotavirus). Samples tested were positive at least to one pathogen (87.7%), most of the positive cases were mixed infections (62%; P less than 0.01); from these, affected by two (59%), and by three or more agents (41%; P=0.07). Cryptosporidium spp. and Rotavirus were the most common agents and most of infections occurred during the first two weeks of age

scholarly journals Detection of Salmonella spp. and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in fresh pork sausages

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1533
Author(s):  
Paola Bianca Barbosa Cavalin ◽  
Juan Josue Puño Sarmiento ◽  
Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi ◽  
Gerson Nakazato ◽  
Armando Navarro Ocaña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Pork Sausage ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Inspection Service

The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in meat products may result in foodborne diseases and economic losses to their producers. Small industries in the region of Londrina, Paraná, produce sausages that are commercialized in free fairs, small markets, bars, and restaurants in the city. Although these industries are inspected by the Municipal Inspection Service of Londrina, there are no data about the pathogenic microorganisms present in these products. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in sausages produced and sold in the region of Londrina, Paraná, and identify eae, bfp, stx1, stx2, hlyA, ipaH, elt, est, aggR, aap, and AA probe genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from these samples. Forty-six samples of three types of sausages (fresh pork, Tuscan, and Calabresa) produced by four different producers (brands A, B, C, and D) were analyzed. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 13 (28.3%) and E. coli from 33 (71.3%) of the analyzed samples. Seven (53.8%) of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. were from brand A. Salmonella spp. contamination was the highest in the Tuscan sausage samples (8/17, 41.7%) when compared with the fresh pork sausage samples of all brands analyzed. E. coli was isolated from 12 of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. One sample of Calabresa sausage was contaminated with atypical enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O108:H9 that has the eae and hlyA genes. The results suggest contamination of the processing plant and/or raw meat used in the manufacture of sausages. A better inspection of the industries is required to ensure that Good Manufacturing Practices are followed by which the contamination of products by pathogenic bacteria can be prevented.

scholarly journals Diarrhoea in neonatal small ruminants: Updated review and proposed measures for its control in Greece.

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
S. K. KRITAS (Σ.Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ) ◽  
H. KARATZIAS (Χ. ΚΑΡΑΤΖΙΑΣ) ◽  
C. ALEXOPOULOS (Κ. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) ◽  
S. C. KYRIAKIS (Σ.Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Type B ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
Financial Losses

Diarrhoea in neonatal small ruminants appears to be responsible for substantial financial losses in sheep and goat enterprises worldwide, including Greece. Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens type B, rotavirus, Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium spp, and Eimeria spp. are the main causes of scour problems in neonatal lambs and kids up to the age of 3-4 weeks. In this study, a review of the causative agents, their pathogenesis, and clinical and autopsy findings possibly helpful for diagnosis is attempted. Moreover, appropriate therapeutic and preventive measures for effective control of diarhoea, and measures for controlling the speading of the causative agents among sheep and goat farms, are suggested.

scholarly journals Estudo longitudinal da infecção por enteropatógenos em bezerros neonatos, com diarreia, sob diferentes estratégias de aleitamento

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júlia G. Carvalho ◽  
Antônio U. Carvalho ◽  
Marcos B. Heinemann ◽  
Sandra G. Coelho ◽  
Paulo R.O. Paes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp

Foram utilizados 17 bezerros, recém nascidos, da raça Holandesa, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do volume de sucedâneo nos principais patógenos causadores de diarreia neonatal. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, 8 bezerros do grupo 1 e 9 bezerros do grupo 2. Os animais foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia totalizando 4 litros de sucedâneo diários para o grupo 1 e 6 litros para o grupo 2. A partir do 1° dia de chegada dos bezerros foram avaliadas as fezes diariamente após o aleitamento da manhã para a classificação das fezes em diarreicas ou não diarreicas. Do primeiro dia de diarreia até o sétimo dia, as fezes foram coletadas em dias alternados (1º, 3º, 5º e 7° dia) diretamente da ampola retal para avaliação dos enteropatógenos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos bezerros com cinco dias de idade para dosagem da proteína total. A média da proteína total foi 6,33 e 6,21g/dL nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. O grupo 2 apresentou tendência (p<0,1) de maior consumo de sucedâneo no período avaliado. A quantidade de sucedâneo oferecida aos animais não influenciou a incidência de diarreia e sua etiologia, ou seja, não foi observada diferença (p>0,05) na frequência das amostras positivas para cada agente entre os grupos. A frequência dos enteropatógenos nas amostras foi de 100 e 75% para Cryptosporidium spp.; 28,5 e 43,7% para Salmonella spp.; 28,5 e 15,6% para patotipos de E. coli; 3,5 e 6,2% para Rotavírus e 10,7 e 9,4% para Giardia sp. nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. Foram encontrados os sorotipos de Salmonella infantis e muenster. Os patotipos de E. coli isolados foram classificados como E. coli enterohemorrágica, enteropatogênica, enterotoxigênica e produtoras de toxinas Shiga 1 e 2. Foi observada associação entre o Cryptosporidium spp. e os patotipos de E. coli em 30% das amostras do grupo 1 e Cryptosporidium spp. e Salmonella spp. em 45,5% no grupo 2. Os resultados do presente trabalho demonstraram que o fornecimento de diferentes volumes de sucedâneo não apresentou influência sobre a incidência e etiologia da diarreia neonatal. A avaliação longitudinal dos enteropatógenos durante o período de patência da diarreia demonstrou que a associação entre eles ocorre a partir do primeiro dia da doença e destacou a importância da infecção pelo Cryptosporidium spp. agente encontrado em todos os momentos e animais.

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND PREVALENCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WILD ANIMALS AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN JOS, NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-236
Author(s):  
O. O. Oludairo ◽  
J. K. P. Kwaga ◽  
A. A. Dzikwi ◽  
J. Kabir
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
High Prevalence

There had been reports of infectious diarrhea leading to death of wild animals at the National Zoological Garden Jos, Nigeria which could possibly be due to E. coli. The presence of the zoonotic infection puts the animals, staff, visitors and the general public at risk of contracting the bacteria which could lead to death of wildlife, economic losses, wildlife conservation issues, human sickness, expenditure on treatments or death of man or animals. The record of surveillance of E. coli in Nigeria is limited. The study sought to determine the presence and prevalence of E. coli in the zoo. 160 faecal samples were collected over a period of three months and analysed for E. coli using the conventional biochemical tests and confirmation was done using the Microbact GNB 12E. Seventy seven (48.1%) isolates showed reactions presumptive of E. coli after the conventional biochemical tests while 58 (36.3%) were confirmed after testing with Microbact GNB 12E. The confirmed isolates were from primates 18, carnivores 5, herbivores 5, birds 28, and reptiles 2. There was a statistically significant association (p<0.05) between the different classes of animals and the isolation of E. coli. There was also a statistically significant association (p<0.05) between the occurrence of E. coli and months of sample collection. The occurrence and high prevalence of E. coli implies the organism could be the cause of infectious diarrhoea and death in the zoo, while staff and as many as visit the zoo are at risk of contracting the organisms from the animals or other contaminated objects which could lead to human death and  epidemics.

scholarly journals Review on Common Infectious Diseases of Neonatal Calves

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
Galma Boneya Arero
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neonatal Calf ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Calf Rearing

Neonatal calf mortality is one of the important problems of calf rearing in dairy farms worldwide. A successful dairy farm operation requires that a large percentage of cows wean a live healthy calf every year. However, in many developing countries, a large number of calves die during the early neonatal life, this causing heavy economic loss. This is due to several infectious (bacterial, viral, and protozoal) and non-infectious factors (management around birth, colostrum management, calf housing, feeding system, hygiene, and pathogens) play an important role in calf rearing. This paper aims to review major infectious causes of neonatal calf mortality. Numerous studies have been conducted in the past from many parts of the world using both retrospective and prospective data sources to document the major causes of calf mortality. Of the infectious diseases of calves, neonatal diarrhea is a matter of major concern, and multiple etiological agents from viruses (Bovine rotavirus, Bovine coronavirus, Bovine viral diarrhea virus) from bacteria (Salmonella spp, Escherichia-coli, and Clostridium perfringens) from protozoal (Cryptosporidium-parvum) have been identified as major causes of neonatal calf mortality. Among the infectious agents, rotavirus and E. coli are mainly involved in the causation of neonatal calf diarrhea which leads to high mortality and morbidity in young calves. E. coli mainly plays its role up to the second week of life whereas, rotavirus up to the third week. Generally, early calf mortality leading to economic losses due to the cost of treatment, prophylaxis, increased susceptibility to other infections, reduced growth rates, and death of calves. Keywords: Calf Mortality; Infectious Diseases; Diarrhea

scholarly journals Diarréia em bezerros da raça Nelore criados extensivamente: estudo clínico e etiológico

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
José P. Oliveira Filho ◽  
Daniel P.G. Silva ◽  
Marcelo D. Pacheco ◽  
Luciene M. Mascarini ◽  
Marcio G. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp

A diarréia é considerada uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade de bezerros neonatos. Foram colhidas 100 amostras fecais diarréicas e 30 amostras não diarréicas (grupo controle), de bezerros Nelore com até nove semanas de idade com o objetivo de detectar os enteropatógenos Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, rotavírus, coronavírus, Cryptosporidium spp. e ovos de helmintos. Enteropatógenos foram detectados em 79,0% das amostras diarréicas e em 70,0% das amostras não-diarréicas. No grupo de bezerros com diarréia, E. coli (69,0%) foi o agente mais freqüentemente isolado, seguido de Cryptosporidium spp. (30,0%), coronavírus (16,0%) e rotavírus (11,0%). No grupo controle, E. coli, Cryptosporidium spp. e coronavírus foram detectados, respectivamente, em 66,7%, 10,0% e 3,3% das amostras. Salmonella spp. e ovos de estrongilídeos não foram encontrados nos dois grupos avaliados. A fímbria K99 foi identificada exclusivamente nas linhagens de E. coli isoladas de bezerros com diarréia (5,8%). Entre os antimicrobianos avaliados "in vitro" a enrofloxacina, a norfloxacina e a gentamicina foram os mais efetivos. O peso dos bezerros aos 210 dias de idade não apresentou diferença significativa entre os animais com e sem diarréia.

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