Information Integration and Information Storage in Retinotopic and Non-Retinotopic Sensory Memory

The first stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of human memory is a sensory memory (SM). The visual component of the SM was shown to operate within a retinotopic reference frame. However, a retinotopic SM (rSM) is unable to account for vision under natural viewing conditions because, for example, motion information needs to be analyzed across space and time. For this reason, the SM store of the Atkinson–Shiffrin model has been extended to include a non-retinotopic component (nrSM). In this paper, we analyze findings from two experimental paradigms and show drastically different properties of rSM and nrSM. We show that nrSM involves complex processes such as motion-based reference frames and Gestalt grouping, which establish object identities across space and time. We also describe a quantitative model for nrSM and show drastic differences between the spatio-temporal properties of rSM and nrSM. Since the reference-frame of the latter is non-retinotopic and motion-stream based, we suggest that the spatiotemporal properties of the nrSM are in accordance with the spatiotemporal properties of the motion system. Overall, these findings indicate that, unlike the traditional rSM, which is a relatively passive store, nrSM exhibits sophisticated processing properties to manage the complexities of ecological perception.

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Concept for Reference Frames in Geodesy and Geodynamics: The Reference Directions

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900036202 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 82 ◽

pp. 175-175

Author(s):

Erik W. Grafarend ◽

Ivan I. Müller ◽

Haim B. Papo ◽

Burkhard Richter

Keyword(s):

Reference Frame ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Terrestrial Reference Frame ◽

Observation Point ◽

Terrestrial Reference Frames ◽

Space And Time ◽

The Earth ◽

Least Squares Adjustment ◽

Rigid Earth

Modern high accuracy measurements of the non-rigid Earth are to be referred to four-dimensional, i.e., time and space-dependent reference frames. Geodynamics phenomena derived from these measurements are to be described in a terrestrial reference frame in which both space and time-like variations can be monitored. Existing conventional terrestrial reference frames (e.g., CIO, BIH) are no longer suitable for such purposes.The ultimate goal of this study is the establishment of a reference frame, moving with the Earth in some average sense, in which the geometric and dynamic behavior of the Earth can be monitored, and whose motion with respect to inertial space can also be determined.The study is conducted in two parts. In the first part problems related to reference directions are investigated, while the second part deals with positions, i.e., with reference origins. Only the first part is treated in this paper.The approach is based on the fact that reference directions at an observation point on the Earth's surface are defined by four fundamental vectors (gravity, Earth rotation, etc.), both space and time variant. These reference directions are interrelated by angular parameters, also derived from the fundamental vectors. The interrelationships between these space and time-variant angular parameters are illustrated in a commutative diagram–tower of triads, which makes the derivation of the various relationships convenient.In order to determine the above parameters from observations (e.g., laser ranging, VLBI) using least squares adjustment techniques, a model tower of triads is also presented to allow the formation of linear observation equations. Although the model tower is also space and time variant, these variations are described by adopted parameters representing our current knowledge of the Earth. For details, see Bulletin Géodésique, end of 1978.

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The Center for International Biomedical Communications Research

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1636285 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 05 (03) ◽

pp. 142-146

Author(s):

A. Kent ◽

P. J. Vinken

Keyword(s):

Information Needs ◽

English Language ◽

Medical Information ◽

Biomedical Literature ◽

Information Storage ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

University Of Pittsburgh ◽

The World ◽

The University ◽

Excerpta Medica Foundation

A joint center has been established by the University of Pittsburgh and the Excerpta Medica Foundation. The basic objective of the Center is to seek ways in which the health sciences community may achieve increasingly convenient and economical access to scientific findings. The research center will make use of facilities and resources of both participating institutions. Cooperating from the University of Pittsburgh will be the School of Medicine, the Computation and Data Processing Center, and the Knowledge Availability Systems (KAS) Center. The KAS Center is an interdisciplinary organization engaging in research, operations, and teaching in the information sciences.Excerpta Medica Foundation, which is the largest international medical abstracting service in the world, with offices in Amsterdam, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Buenos Aires, will draw on its permanent medical staff of 54 specialists in charge of the 35 abstracting journals and other reference works prepared and published by the Foundation, the 700 eminent clinicians and researchers represented on its International Editorial Boards, and the 6,000 physicians who participate in its abstracting programs throughout the world. Excerpta Medica will also make available to the Center its long experience in the field, as well as its extensive resources of medical information accumulated during the Foundation’s twenty years of existence. These consist of over 1,300,000 English-language _abstract of the world’s biomedical literature, indexes to its abstracting journals, and the microfilm library in which complete original texts of all the 3,000 primary biomedical journals, monitored by Excerpta Medica in Amsterdam are stored since 1960.The objectives of the program of the combined Center include: (1) establishing a firm base of user relevance data; (2) developing improved vocabulary control mechanisms; (3) developing means of determining confidence limits of vocabulary control mechanisms in terms of user relevance data; 4. developing and field testing of new or improved media for providing medical literature to users; 5. developing methods for determining the relationship between learning and relevance in medical information storage and retrieval systems’; and (6) exploring automatic methods for retrospective searching of the specialized indexes of Excerpta Medica.The priority projects to be undertaken by the Center are (1) the investigation of the information needs of medical scientists, and (2) the development of a highly detailed Master List of Biomedical Indexing Terms. Excerpta Medica has already been at work on the latter project for several years.

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Allocentric to Egocentric Spatial Switching: Impairment in aMCI and Alzheimer's Disease Patients?

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205014666171030114821 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 229-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gennaro Ruggiero ◽

Alessandro Iavarone ◽

Tina Iachini

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Reference Frame ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Memory Task ◽

Spatial Representations ◽

The Novel ◽

Spatial Memory Task ◽

Switching Condition ◽

Normal Controls

Objective: Deficits in egocentric (subject-to-object) and allocentric (object-to-object) spatial representations, with a mainly allocentric impairment, characterize the first stages of the Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: To identify early cognitive signs of AD conversion, some studies focused on amnestic-Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) by reporting alterations in both reference frames, especially the allocentric ones. However, spatial environments in which we move need the cooperation of both reference frames. Such cooperating processes imply that we constantly switch from allocentric to egocentric frames and vice versa. This raises the question of whether alterations of switching abilities might also characterize an early cognitive marker of AD, potentially suitable to detect the conversion from aMCI to dementia. Here, we compared AD and aMCI patients with Normal Controls (NC) on the Ego-Allo- Switching spatial memory task. The task assessed the capacity to use switching (Ego-Allo, Allo-Ego) and non-switching (Ego-Ego, Allo-Allo) verbal judgments about relative distances between memorized stimuli. Results: The novel finding of this study is the neat impairment shown by aMCI and AD in switching from allocentric to egocentric reference frames. Interestingly, in aMCI when the first reference frame was egocentric, the allocentric deficit appeared attenuated. Conclusion: This led us to conclude that allocentric deficits are not always clinically detectable in aMCI since the impairments could be masked when the first reference frame was body-centred. Alongside, AD and aMCI also revealed allocentric deficits in the non-switching condition. These findings suggest that switching alterations would emerge from impairments in hippocampal and posteromedial areas and from concurrent dysregulations in the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system or pre-frontal cortex.

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Reference frames in spatial communication for navigation and sports: an empirical study in ultimate frisbee players

Cognitive Research Principles and Implications ◽

10.1186/s41235-020-00254-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Steven M. Weisberg ◽

Anjan Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Reference Frame ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Spatial Reference ◽

Spatial Reference Frames ◽

The North ◽

Communication Task ◽

Spatial Communication ◽

Spatial Domains ◽

Ultimate Frisbee

Abstract Background Reference frames ground spatial communication by mapping ambiguous language (for example, navigation: “to the left”) to properties of the speaker (using a Relative reference frame: “to my left”) or the world (Absolute reference frame: “to the north”). People’s preferences for reference frame vary depending on factors like their culture, the specific task in which they are engaged, and differences among individuals. Although most people are proficient with both reference frames, it is unknown whether preference for reference frames is stable within people or varies based on the specific spatial domain. These alternatives are difficult to adjudicate because navigation is one of few spatial domains that can be naturally solved using multiple reference frames. That is, while spatial navigation directions can be specified using Absolute or Relative reference frames (“go north” vs “go left”), other spatial domains predominantly use Relative reference frames. Here, we used two domains to test the stability of reference frame preference: one based on navigating a four-way intersection; and the other based on the sport of ultimate frisbee. We recruited 58 ultimate frisbee players to complete an online experiment. We measured reaction time and accuracy while participants solved spatial problems in each domain using verbal prompts containing either Relative or Absolute reference frames. Details of the task in both domains were kept as similar as possible while remaining ecologically plausible so that reference frame preference could emerge. Results We pre-registered a prediction that participants would be faster using their preferred reference frame type and that this advantage would correlate across domains; we did not find such a correlation. Instead, the data reveal that people use distinct reference frames in each domain. Conclusion This experiment reveals that spatial reference frame types are not stable and may be differentially suited to specific domains. This finding has broad implications for communicating spatial information by offering an important consideration for how spatial reference frames are used in communication: task constraints may affect reference frame choice as much as individual factors or culture.

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Practical Reference-Frame-Independent Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution Systems Against the Worst Relative Rotation of Reference Frames

Communications in Theoretical Physics ◽

10.1088/0253-6102/70/4/379 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 379 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chun-Mei Zhang ◽

Jian-Rong Zhu ◽

Qin Wang

Keyword(s):

Reference Frame ◽

Quantum Key Distribution ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Key Distribution ◽

Relative Rotation ◽

Independent Measurement ◽

Measurement Device ◽

Measurement Device Independent

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Language beyond the language system: dorsal visuospatial pathways support processing of demonstratives and spatial language during naturalistic fast fMRI

10.1101/651257 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Roberta Rocca ◽

Kenny R. Coventry ◽

Kristian Tylén ◽

Marlene Staib ◽

Torben E. Lund ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Language Processing ◽

Information Integration ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Finite Impulse Response ◽

Angular Gyrus ◽

Attentional Orienting ◽

Word Level ◽

Pragmatic Inference ◽

The Right

AbstractSpatial demonstratives are powerful linguistic tools used to establish joint attention. Identifying the meaning of semantically underspecified expressions like “this one” hinges on the integration of linguistic and visual cues, attentional orienting and pragmatic inference. This synergy between language and extralinguistic cognition is pivotal to language comprehension in general, but especially prominent in demonstratives.In this study, we aimed to elucidate which neural architectures enable this intertwining between language and extralinguistic cognition using a naturalistic fMRI paradigm. In our experiment, 28 participants listened to a specially crafted dialogical narrative with a controlled number of spatial demonstratives. A fast multiband-EPI acquisition sequence (TR = 388ms) combined with finite impulse response (FIR) modelling of the hemodynamic response was used to capture signal changes at word-level resolution.We found that spatial demonstratives bilaterally engage a network of parietal areas, including the supramarginal gyrus, the angular gyrus, and precuneus, implicated in information integration and visuospatial processing. Moreover, demonstratives recruit frontal regions, including the right FEF, implicated in attentional orienting and reference frames shifts. Finally, using multivariate similarity analyses, we provide evidence for a general involvement of the dorsal (“where”) stream in the processing of spatial expressions, as opposed to ventral pathways encoding object semantics.Overall, our results suggest that language processing relies on a distributed architecture, recruiting neural resources for perception, attention, and extra-linguistic aspects of cognition in a dynamic and context-dependent fashion.

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Gravity as entanglement, entanglement as gravity

10.31226/osf.io/4z56f ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vasil Dinev Penchev

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Quantum Mechanics ◽

Reference Frame ◽

Common Sense ◽

Reference Frames ◽

General Covariance ◽

The Universe

A generalized and unifying viewpoint to both general relativity and quantum mechanics and information is investigated. It may be described as a generaliztion of the concept of reference frame from mechanics to thermodynamics, or from a reference frame linked to an element of a system, and thus, within it, to another reference frame linked to the whole of the system or to any of other similar systems, and thus, out of it. Furthermore, the former is the viewpoint of general relativity, the latter is that of quantum mechanics and information.Ciclicity in the manner of Nicolas Cusanus (Nicolas of Cusa) is complemented as a fundamental and definitive property of any totality, e.g. physically, that of the universe. It has to contain its externality within it somehow being namely the totality. This implies a seemingly paradoxical (in fact, only to common sense rather logically and mathematically) viewpoint for the universe to be repesented within it as each one quant of action according to the fundamental Planck constant.That approach implies the unification of gravity and entanglement correspondiing to the former or latter class of reference frames. An invariance, more general than Einstein's general covariance is to be involved as to both classes of reference frames unifying them. Its essence is the unification of the discrete and cotnitinuous (smooth). That idea underlies implicitly quantum mechanics for Bohr's principle that it study the system of quantum microscopic entities and the macroscopic apparatus desribed uniformly by the smmoth equations of classical physics.e

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Dual Sequence Controller with Delayed Signal Cancellation in the Rotating Reference Frame

10.36227/techrxiv.17142341.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Mota ◽

Erick Alves ◽

Elisabetta Tedeschi

Keyword(s):

Reference Frame ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Formal Proof ◽

Voltage Source ◽

Phase Measurements ◽

Current Controller ◽

Signal Cancellation ◽

Rotating Reference Frames ◽

Dsc Method ◽

Dual Sequence

Manuscript submitted to the Twenty-second IEEE Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL 2021).<div>Abstract: Dual-sequence current controllers of voltage source converters (VSCs) feature two separate rotating reference frames (RRFs), commonly named dq frames, and rely on techniques that isolate the positive and negative sequences of three-phase measurements. One of these techniques is the delayed signal cancellation (DSC). It is performed in the stationary reference frame (SRF), also known as αβ frame. The DSC combines old values of one axis with new values of the other axis of the SRF. The results are, then, transformed into the RRFs for use in the current controller. This filtering process introduces an extra layer of complexity for dual-sequence current controllers, which could otherwise operate solely in the RRFs. This paper introduces a frequency adaptive DSC method that operates directly in the RRF. Moreover, an averaging of two of the proposed DSC filters with contiguous integer delays is employed for reducing discretization errors caused by grid frequency excursions. A formal proof of the equivalence between the αβ and dq DSC methods is presented. Furthermore, computer simulations of a case study support the interpretation of the results.</div>

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Dual Sequence Controller with Delayed Signal Cancellation in the Rotating Reference Frame

10.36227/techrxiv.17142341 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Mota ◽

Erick Alves ◽

Elisabetta Tedeschi

Keyword(s):

Reference Frame ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Formal Proof ◽

Voltage Source ◽

Phase Measurements ◽

Current Controller ◽

Signal Cancellation ◽

Rotating Reference Frames ◽

Dsc Method ◽

Dual Sequence

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Imagine Your Crossed Hands as Uncrossed: Visual Imagery Impacts the Crossed-Hands Deficit

Multisensory Research ◽

10.1163/22134808-bja10065 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Lisa Lorentz ◽

Kaian Unwalla ◽

David I. Shore

Keyword(s):

Reference Frame ◽

Reference Frames ◽

Internal Reference ◽

Integration Model ◽

Tactile Localization ◽

Tactile Stimuli ◽

External Reference ◽

Spatial Coordinates ◽

Localization Performance ◽

Males And Females

Abstract Successful interaction with our environment requires accurate tactile localization. Although we seem to localize tactile stimuli effortlessly, the processes underlying this ability are complex. This is evidenced by the crossed-hands deficit, in which tactile localization performance suffers when the hands are crossed. The deficit results from the conflict between an internal reference frame, based in somatotopic coordinates, and an external reference frame, based in external spatial coordinates. Previous evidence in favour of the integration model employed manipulations to the external reference frame (e.g., blindfolding participants), which reduced the deficit by reducing conflict between the two reference frames. The present study extends this finding by asking blindfolded participants to visually imagine their crossed arms as uncrossed. This imagery manipulation further decreased the magnitude of the crossed-hands deficit by bringing information in the two reference frames into alignment. This imagery manipulation differentially affected males and females, which was consistent with the previously observed sex difference in this effect: females tend to show a larger crossed-hands deficit than males and females were more impacted by the imagery manipulation. Results are discussed in terms of the integration model of the crossed-hands deficit.

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