A Study on the Comparison of Corrosion in Water Supply Pipes Due to Tap Water (TW) and Reclaimed Water (RW)

Chlorination has been believed to be the best sterilization method in water supply engineering for many years. However, the recent carcinogenic problem of trihalomethanes (THM) formed from organic compounds by chlorination requires us to assess the public health risk of THM. The author tried an assessment of a suitable chlorination technique considering both the effects of THM and viruses on human health, using Lake Biwa as a representative example of a water resource in Japan. Statistical handling of data was revealed to be important because of the statistical nature of the data. In other words, since both concentrations are very low in tap water, we need to quantify both the effects and concentrations with probabilities. In the first part of this paper, a statistical procedure and numerical results of the assessment of virus and THM risks are shown. In the second part some results of accuracies in virus experiments are briefly shown. These experiments concerning statistical problems are particularly important for more precise assessment of the public risk of viruses in tap water.

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Interactions of 2-PPM Lead in the Water Supply with Food Deprivation upon Maze-Swimming Behavior of Mice

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1982.55.2.515 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 515-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Kowalski ◽

G. H. Parker ◽

M. A. Persinger

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Food Deprivation ◽

Tap Water ◽

Swimming Behavior ◽

Statistical Techniques ◽

Multivariate Statistical Techniques ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Food Condition ◽

Ad Libitum

Mice that had been given either tap water or 2 ppm lead in their drinking water and either severely food deprived (3 days before testing) or allowed food ad libitum demonstrated significant interactions of lead treatment by day by food condition and lead by block. Although not statistically significant, the food deprived-lead treated mice displayed more errors and longer latencies than the ad libitum-water controls. The food deprived-water controls and ad libitum-lead-treated mice displayed intermediate values. The importance of using multivariate statistical techniques that can evaluate dynamic repeated behavioral measurements is emphasized.

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Characteristics of Mutagenicity of Municipal Tap Water from Two Different Water Supply Systems in Summer and Winter

Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment ◽

10.2965/jswe.26.369 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 369-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mitsuko TAKAHASHI ◽

Shin'ichi ISODA ◽

Kiyoshi KOIZUMI ◽

Koji OKI ◽

Haruko SAITO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Supply Systems

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Organics and its Control in Reclaimed Water

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.752 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 507 ◽

pp. 752-756

Author(s):

Chao Xiang ◽

Ping Xu ◽

Jing Wang ◽

Tao Wang ◽

Ya Jun Zhang

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Microbial Growth ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Supply Network ◽

Water Supply Network ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Comprehensive Study

Some forms of organic matter existing in the water have direct or indirect effects on microbial growth. By the investigation data over drinking water and reclaimed water, we summarized organic limiting factors that may affect the growth of microorganisms and factors affecting these water qualities in the reclaimed water supply network, such as a variety of treatment process and the residual disinfectants. Through its comprehensive study, we want to make a contribution of opinion to control the growth of microorganisms in reclaimed water supply network.

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Microplastics throughout a tap water supply network

Water and Environment Journal ◽

10.1111/wej.12766 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joan Dalmau‐Soler ◽

Rubèn Ballesteros‐Cano ◽

Núria Ferrer ◽

M. Rosa Boleda ◽

Sílvia Lacorte

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Tap Water ◽

Supply Network ◽

Water Supply Network

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A retrospective assessment of water reclamation projects

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0662 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 33 (10-11) ◽

pp. 59-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard A. Mills ◽

Takashi Asano

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Project Performance ◽

Financial Assistance ◽

Water Reclamation ◽

Control Board ◽

Retrospective Assessment ◽

State Water ◽

Local Water

Stimulated by droughts and inability to construct new freshwater projects, water suppliers in California, U.S.A. have taken a heightened interest in water reclamation in the last decade. Since 1980 the California State Water Resources Control Board has approved financial assistance to local water supply agencies to design and construct water reclamation facilities. Nineteen of these are now operating. There is an opportunity to assess how well projects are performing in relation to their planned objectives, in particular, deliveries of reclaimed water to users. Based on reports on many of these projects, it is found that two-thirds of the projects are delivering 75 percent or less of the expected amounts of water. Data are provided on project performance. A discussion is provided of the problems encountered on many of the projects that account for these deficiencies in yields and have caused other problems in implementation.

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Modeling of trihalomethane compounds formation in Baghdad water supply network

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska ◽

10.22630/pniks.2020.29.2.12 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 136-144

Author(s):

Salam Ewaid ◽

Salwan Abed ◽

Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽

Bassam Al-Farhani

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Tap Water ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Supply Network ◽

Chromatography Method ◽

Water Supply Network ◽

Spss Software ◽

Measured Water ◽

Mean Concentration ◽

Dependent Factor

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of four trihalomethane compounds (THMs) in raw, treated, and drinking water of seven water purification plants and the residential neighborhoods nearby in Baghdad. About 350 samples gathered between January and October 2017 and analyzed by the gas chromatography method. Results showed that THM annual levels in tap water ranged between 12 and 97.3 μg·l–1 in winter and summer consecutively, with a mean concentration of 60 μg·l–1, these concentrations did not exceed the level recommended by the WHO and the Iraqi standards. Statistical modeling by SPSS software for the formation of THM (the dependent factor) in the water supply network was undertaken using the measured water quality parameters (as independent factors) and utilizing multiple regression analysis. The model obtained has a high correlation (r = 0.842) and approved that the most affecting parameters on THM formation are total organic carbon, temperature, turbidity, total solids, and chlorine dose. The model that was derived may be used for the purposes of choosing appropriate THM-reduction procedures and the use of chlorine for improving the method of disinfection.

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Application of model fitting technique to enhance bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) measurement for drinking water supply monitoring

Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology—AQUA ◽

10.2166/aqua.2021.069 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wenjin Xue ◽

Christopher W. K. Chow ◽

John van Leeuwen

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Samples ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Tap Water ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Drinking Water Supply ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Bacterial Regrowth

Abstract The bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) method was utilised to indirectly measure the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as an indicator for the assessment of the microbial regrowth potential in drinking water distribution systems. A model using various microbial growth parameters was developed in order to standardise the experimental interpretation for BRP measurement. This study used 82 experimental BRP data sets of water samples collected from the water treatment plant to locations (customer taps) in the distribution system. The data were used to model the BRP process (growth curve) by a data fitting procedure and to obtain a best-fitted equation. Statistical assessments and model validation for evaluating the equation obtained by fitting these 82 sets of data were conducted, and the results show average R2 values were 0.987 for treated water samples (collected at the plant prior to chlorination) and 0.983 for tap water (collected at the customer taps). The F values obtained from the F-test are all exceeded their corresponding F critical values, and the results from the t-test also showed a good outcome. These results indicate this model would be successfully applied in modelling BRP in drinking water supply systems.

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Chihuahua: a water reuse case in the desert

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0148 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 323-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M.-S. Espino ◽

C.-J. Navarro ◽

J.-M. Pérez

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Secondary Effluent ◽

Planning Strategy ◽

Groundwater Aquifers ◽

The Government ◽

Industrial Zones ◽

The City

Water supply for all kind of uses in Chihuahua is mainly groundwater. During the last decade this city has been damaged with a heavy hydrologic crisis because of a persistent drought. This came up with the overexploitation of groundwater aquifers; therefore a deficit between demand and offer was done. To minimize this problem the government authorities have started an integral plan of optimizing hydrologic resources which considers the treatment of wastewater and the use of reclaimed water. The secondary wastewater treatment facility of the city treats about 30,000 m3/d of a wastewater with high organic contents, and produces an effluent with low concentration of suspended solids, organic matter, fats, detergents, and metals. Reclaimed water is conveyed toward strategic sites for the irrigation of great green areas in sport clubs, educational institutions and industrial zones, besides of its utilization on some manufacturing processes, road service, and also over construction industry. The potential reuse of this water goes farther from those activities; the treatment of the secondary effluent until the required levels of the water-bearing recharge criteria are met for drinking water supply is considered as the next step to achieve through a suitable planning strategy for the best integral resource advantage.

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Breast-Feeding and Fluoride

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.55.4.572a ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 572-572

Author(s):

Hersh W. Libo

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Water Supply ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Tap Water ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Caries Prevention ◽

Public Water Supply ◽

Fluoride Treatment ◽

Great Practical Importance

The value of fluoride treatment in dental caries prevention was again well emphasized by Ripa1 and the Leskes2 in the August issue of Pediatrics. One problem not discussed and of great practical importance to patient and physician is the child living in an area with a fluoridated public water supply who neither drinks water nor ingests it via tap water used for cooking, mixed frozen juices, etc. In our area and among our private patients, most infants are on preprepared formulas or on breast milk and take little or no tap water.

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