scholarly journals Water Conserving Irrigation Practices, Plant Growth, Seasonal Crop Coefficients, and Nutrition of Container-Grown Woody Ornamentals

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernandez ◽  
Pershey ◽  
Andresen ◽  
Cregg
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Irrigation Practices

Irrigation practices for container nursery crops often result in over-application and can lead to leaching of nutrients and reduced growth. Our objectives were to: (1) compare growth and foliar nutrient content for plants under daily water use (DWU) based irrigation treatments, (2) determine DWU of 14 woody ornamental taxa, and (3) classify taxa into irrigation functional groups based on crop coefficients (KC). Irrigation was applied daily to 8 taxa in 2009 and 2010 using a control of 19 mm and three irrigation treatments: (1) replacing 100% plant DWU (100DWU) each day, (2) alternating 100% DWU with 75% DWU in a 2-day cycle (100-75DWU), and (3) a 3-day cycle replacing 100% DWU the first day and 75% DWU on the second and third days (100-75-75DWU). In 2009, seasonal average DWU ranged between 8.8 and 17.3 mm depending on taxa and treatment. Most DWU-based treatments resulted in less water applied than the control, yet plant growth was not reduced, and for one taxon (Hydrangea paniculata ‘Limelight’) the 100DWU increased plant growth index. Lower foliar P and K concentrations were found for several taxa in control versus DWU treatments. In 2010, DWU for the season ranged between 2.1- and 22.0-mm d−1 depending on taxa and treatment. Growth was lower only for 100-75-75DWU Hydrangea paniculata ‘Limelight’ compared to other treatments and there were no differences in foliar nutrient content.

scholarly journals Irrigating Based on Daily Water Use Reduces Nursery Runoff Volume and Nutrient Load Without Reducing Growth of Four Conifers

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Pershey ◽  
Bert M. Cregg ◽  
Jeffrey A. Andresen ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Nursery Runoff

The objectives of this study were to quantify irrigation volume, runoff volume and nutrient content, and plant growth of container-grown conifers when irrigated based on plant daily water use (DWU) vs. a standard irrigation rate. Four conifer taxa were grown in 10.2-L (no. 3) containers subjected to four irrigation treatments from 23 June to 16 Oct. 2009 and 6 June to 31 Oct. 2010. The taxa were: 1) Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. & Zucc. ‘Filicoides’, 2) Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. & Zucc.) Endl. ‘Sungold’, 3) Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Holmstrup’, and 4) Thuja plicata D. Donn ‘Zebrina’. The four irrigation treatments were: 1) control application of 19 mm·d−1, 2) irrigation applied to replace 100% DWU (100 DWU) per day, 3) applications alternating 100% with 75% DWU in a 2-day cycle (100–75 DWU), and 4) a 3-day application cycle replacing 100% DWU the first day and 75% DWU on the second and third days (100–75–75 DWU). Irrigation treatments did not affect plant growth index {GI= [(H + WNS + WEW)/3]} in 2009. In 2010, GI of C. obtusa ‘Filicoides’ was greater for 100 DWU than the control plants. Seasonal total water applied for 100, 100–75, and 100–75–75 DWU was 22%, 32%, and 56% less, respectively, than the control amount of 117 L per container in 2009 (114 days) and 24%, 18%, and 24% less than the control amount of 165 L per container in 2010 (147 days). Scheduling irrigation based on DWU reduced runoff volumes and (nitrate-nitrogen) NO3−-N and (phosphate-phosphorous) PO43−-P load compared with the control. Irrigating based on DWU reduced water application and runoff volumes and NO3−-N and PO43−-P load while producing plants of equal or greater size than control plants.

scholarly journals Container-grown Ornamental Plant Growth and Water Runoff Nutrient Content and Volume Under Four Irrigation Treatments

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1573-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron L. Warsaw ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Bert M. Cregg ◽  
Jeffrey A. Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Container-grown woody ornamentals were irrigated according to a percentage of daily water use (DWU) or a traditional irrigation rate to evaluate plant growth, irrigation volume, runoff, and nutrient loss from each irrigation treatment. Deutzia gracilis Sieb. and Zucc. ‘Duncan’, Kerria japonica (L.) DC. ‘Albiflora’, Thuja plicata D. Don. ‘Atrovirens’, and Viburnum dentatum L. ‘Ralph Senior’ were grown in 10.2-L (# 3) containers under four overhead irrigation treatments: 1) a control irrigation rate of 19 mm per application (control); 2) irrigation scheduled to replace 100% DWU per application (100DWU); 3) irrigation alternating every other application with 100% replacement of DWU and 75% DWU (100–75); and 4) irrigation scheduled on a three-application cycle with one application of 100% DWU followed by two applications replacing 75% DWU (100–75–75). Applications were separated by at least 24 h. Total irrigation applied for the 100DWU, 100–75, and 100–75–75 treatments was 33%, 41%, and 44% less, respectively, than the total water applied by the control treatment of 123 L per container. Plants grown under the three DWU treatments had a final growth index greater than or equal to plants irrigated by the control treatment depending on species. Daily average runoff volumes from production areas irrigated with 100% and 75% DWU were 66% and 79% lower than average control runoff of 11.4 L·m−2·d−1 across all collection days. Quantity of NO3–-N lost daily across all collection days for the 100% DWU and 75% DWU irrigation volumes averaged 38% and 59% less, respectively, than the control. Daily losses of PO43–- P quantities across all collection days under the 100% and 75% DWU volumes were 46% and 74% lower, respectively, compared with the control. Irrigating according to the DWU treatments used in this study reduced irrigation and runoff volumes and NO3–-N and PO43–-P losses compared with a control of 19 mm per application while producing the same size or larger plants.

scholarly journals 423 Tensiometer-controlled Irrigation in Large Container-grown Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 466B-466
Author(s):  
Virginia Thaxton ◽  
Ed Bush ◽  
Ann Gray ◽  
Paul Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Day Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Bald Cypress ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Large Container

Proper irrigation practices are important in the production of container-grown woody ornamentals. When choosing irrigation methods, nurserymen must attempt to maximize production and comply with public policies mandating decreased water usage and runoff. One of these methods schedules irrigation based on plant demand, using tensiometers to measure matric potential of the substrate. While tensiometers have been used successfully with agronomic crops in the field, their effectiveness in irrigation management of large container-grown woody ornamentals has not been extensively tested. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of four irrigation treatments (7 cb tensiometer setting, 14 cb tensiometer setting, 1 time a day application, 4 times a day application) on the production of the ornamental tree Bald Cypress over a 9-month period. Growth differed significantly among treatments. The highest growth index was observed in the 4 times a day and the 7 cb tensiometer treatments, followed by the 1 time a day and 14 cb treatments, respectively. Effluent and leachate (pH, EC, N, P, K) were also measured. Percent effluent volume was highly variable, with maximum volume occurring in June for the 7 cb setting (82%) and in October for the 1 time a day treatment (47%). Higher pH values (7.0 to 8.0) initially occurred in the timed irrigation treatments and higher EC values (2.0–6.0 mmhos) were found in tensiometer treatments; over time, differences among treatments decreased for both variables. Substrate concentrations of N, P and K varied significantly among treatments, while no significant differences were found in the leaf tissue analysis.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SPRING POTTING DATE AND CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZER ON CONTAINER PRODUCTION OF WOODY ORNAMENTALS

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 271E-271
Author(s):  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
John W. Olive
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Two 8- to 9- month [Nutricote 20-7-10 (Type 270) and Osmocote 18-6-121 and two 12- to 14- month [Nutricote 20-7-10 (Type 360) and Osmocote 17-7-121 controlled release fertilizers were preplant incorporated into a 3:1 pine bark:peat moss medium during two potting dates (April 12 and June 6, 1991) at the rate of 1.5 kg N/m. Plant growth of two woody ornamentals, 'Green Luster' Japanese holly and 'Fashion' azalea, and monthly medium solution electrical conductivity (EC) were determined. Growth index [GI = (height + width at widest point + width perpendicular to widest point)/3] response to fertilizer treatment was species specific. Nutricote 20-7-10 (type 360) produced the largest GIs for holly, while GIs for azalea were not affected 420 days after initiation (DAI) of the test. Plants potted in April had greater GIs than those potted in June for the two plant species 420 DAI, regardless of fertilizer type. Osmocote 18-6-12 and 17-7-12 controlled release fertilizers had the greatest medium solution ECs from 90 to 180 DAI.

scholarly journals Water Conservation, Growth, and Water Use Efficiency of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals Irrigated Based on Daily Water Use

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1308-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron L. Warsaw ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez ◽  
Bert M. Cregg ◽  
Jeffrey A. Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Difference

Irrigation scheduling based on plant daily water use (DWU) to conserve water without adversely affecting plant growth compared with a traditional irrigation rate was investigated for 25 common container-grown woody ornamentals. Ten different taxa were grown in 2006 and 2007 and five in 2008 in 10.2-L (No. 3) containers. Overhead irrigation was applied in four treatments: 1) a control irrigation rate of 19 mm (1.07 L per container) per application (control); 2) irrigation scheduled to replace 100% DWU per application (100DWU); 3) irrigation alternating every other application with 100% replacement of DWU and 75% DWU (100-75); and 4) irrigation scheduled on a three application cycle replacing 100% DWU followed by two applications of 75% DWU (100-75-75). Irrigation applications were separated by at least 24 h. Daily water use was calculated by measuring the difference in volumetric moisture content 1 h and approximately 24 h after irrigation. The three DWU treatments reduced total irrigation applied 6% to 75% compared with the control depending on treatment and species, except for Buddleja davidii ‘Guinevere’ in which total irrigation applied by the 100DWU, 100-75, and 100-75-75 treatments was 26%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, greater than the amount applied to the control. Final growth index [(plant height + width A + width B)/3] of all DWU treatments was greater than or equal to the control for all taxa. Forsythia ×intermedia ‘New Hampshire Gold’, Hydrangea arborescens ‘Dardom’, Hydrangea paniculata ‘Unique’, and Weigela florida ‘Wilma’ had higher water use efficiencies (estimated as the change in growth index per liter of water applied) at lower irrigation treatment volumes with no differences in growth index or growth index increase, indicating that further irrigation reductions may be possible without affecting growth. PourThru electrical conductivity of H. arborescens ‘Dardom’, Spiraea fritschiana ‘Wilma’, and Viburnum ×burkwoodii ‘Chenaultii’ measured in 2007 did not accumulate to damaging levels. Final plant size of all taxa under DWU treatments was the same or greater than the control and substantially less water was applied under DWU treatments except for B. davidii ‘Guinevere’.

scholarly journals Rock-Solubilizing Microbial Inoculums Have Enormous Potential as Ecological Remediation Agents to Promote Plant Growth

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Jia ◽  
Miaojing Meng ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Lu Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Bare Rock ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia L

Anthropogenic overexploitation poses significant threats to the ecosystems that surround mining sites, which also have tremendous negative impacts on human health and society safety. The technological capacity of the ecological restoration of mine sites is imminent, however, it remains a challenge to sustain the green restorative effects of ecological reconstruction. As a promising and environmentally friendly method, the use of microbial technologies to improve existing ecological restoration strategies have shown to be effective. Nonetheless, research into the mechanisms and influences of rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums on plant growth is negligible and the lack of this knowledge inhibits the broader application of this technology. We compared the effects of rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums on two plant species. The results revealed that rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums significantly increased the number of nodules and the total nodule volume of Robinia pseudoacacia L. but not of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. The reason of the opposite reactions is possibly because the growth of R. pseudoacacia was significantly correlated with nodule formation, whereas L. bicolor’s growth index was more closely related to soil characteristics and if soil nitrogen content was sufficient to support its growth. Further, we found that soil sucrase activity contributed the most to the height of R. pseudoacacia, and the total volume of root nodules contributed most to its ground diameter and leaf area. Differently, we found a high contribution of total soil carbon to seedling height and ground diameter of L. bicolor, and the soil phosphatase activity contributed the most to the L. bicolor’ s leaf area. Our work suggests that the addition of rock-solubilizing microbial inoculums can enhance the supply capacity of soil nutrients and the ability of plants to take up nutrients for the promotion of plant growth. Altogether, our study provides technical support for the practical application of rock-solubilizing microbes on bare rock in the future.

scholarly journals Changes in foliar nutrient content and resorption in Fraxinus excelsior L., Ulmus minor Mill. and Clematis vitalba L. after prevention of floods

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Trémolières ◽  
Annik Schnitzler ◽  
José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez ◽  
Diane Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Ulmus Minor ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Clematis Vitalba

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of humic acids on the nutrient content, plant growth, and soil properties under conditions of salinity

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 21-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khaled ◽  
H.A. Fawy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
A Minor

In this study, the effects were investigated of salinity, foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the growth and mineral nutrients uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10), and the comparison was carried out of the soil and foliar applications of humic acid treatments at different NaCl levels. Soil organic contents are one of the most important parts that they directly affect the soil fertility and textures with their complex and heterogenous structures although they occupy a minor percentage of the soil weight. Humic acids are an important soil component that can improve nutrient availability and impact on other important chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils. The effects of foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the plant growth and some nutrient elements uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10) grown at various salt concentrations were examined. Sodium chloride was added to the soil to obtain 20 and 60mM saline conditions. Solid humus was applied to the soil one month before planting and liquid humic acids were sprayed on the leaves twice on 20<sup>th</sup> and 40<sup>th</sup> day after seedling emergence. The application doses of solid humus were 0, 2 and 4 g/kg and those of liquid humic acids were 0, 0.1 and 0.2%. Salinity negatively affected the growth of corn; it also decreased the dry weight and the uptake of nutrient elements except for Na and Mn. Soil application of humus increased the N uptake of corn while foliar application of humic acids increased the uptake of P, K, Mg,Na,Cu and Zn. Although the effect of interaction between salt and soil humus application was found statistically significant, the interaction effect between salt and foliar humic acids treatment was not found significant. Under salt stress, the first doses of both soil and foliar application of humic substances increased the uptake of nutrients.

Effects of early season waterlogging on maize growth and yield

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Mason ◽  
KE Pritchard ◽  
DR Small
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Final Harvest

Five irrigation treatments (0, 2, 6 and 24 h ponding in furrows plus a 6-h flooded treatment) were applied at the first two irrigations after emergence of a maize crop. Water was ponded for 6 h in the furrows or on the flooded plots at each of the 10 subsequent irrigations.The irrigation treatments had a significant effect on plant growth, resulting in final DM yields of 22.3, 19.7, 19.2, 18.7 and 13.9 t/ha for the 0, 2,6, 24 h furrow irrigations and the 6 h flood treatment respectively. The 2, 6 and 24 h furrow treatments did not perform differently in any of the parameters measured, indicating that a threshold level of waterlogging was reached in all three compared with the zero ponding treatment.Nitrogen applications of 25 kg N/ha to the soil or foliage prior to each of the first two irrigations did not reduce the severity of the waterlogging treatments, despite herbage N levels being significantly depressed in the flooded plots. Similarly, soil fungicide application did not mitigate the waterlogging effects.Individual plants within the treatment populations differed greatly in their response to the waterlogging treatments. The effect on individual plants persisted until final harvest. Cultural methods which may prevent the yield losses associated with the first irrigation of maize are discussed.

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