Managed Aquifer Recharge at a Farm Level: Evaluating the Performance of Direct Well Recharge Structures

A field study evaluated the performance of direct well recharge structures (DWRS) in order to harvest and filter farm runoff and its discharge into open dug wells to augment groundwater recharge. This was undertaken between 2016 and 2018 using a total of 11 wells in the Dharta watershed, situated in a semi-arid hardrock region of Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India. The depth to water level in each DWRS well was monitored weekly for 1 to 3 years before and after the DWRS was established, and water samples were taken for water quality analysis (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, fluoride, and Escherichia coli) before and during the monsoon period. For each DWRS well, two control wells in close proximity were also monitored and sampled. Five of the DWRS established in 2018 also had flow meters installed in order to measure discharge from the filter to the well. The volume of water recharged through DWRS into individual wells during the 2018 monsoon ranged from 2 to 176 m3 per well. Although the mean rise in water levels over the monsoon was higher in DWRS wells than in nearby control wells, the difference was not significant. Values of pH, EC, TDS, and F decreased in DWRS and control wells as each monsoon progressed, whereas the turbidity of wells with DWRS increased slightly. There was no significant difference between DWRS and control wells for pH, EC/TDS, turbidity, or fluoride. The presence of E. coli in DWRS wells was higher than in control wells, however, E. coli exceeded drinking water guidelines in all sampled wells. On the basis of this study, it is recommended that rural runoff should not be admitted to wells that are used for, or close to, wells used for drinking water supplies, even though salinity and fluoride concentrations may be reduced. For this study, none of the 11 DWRS wells produced sufficient additional recharge to potentially increase dry season irrigation supplies to justify expenditure on DWRS. This even applies to the DWRS well adjacent to a small ephemeral stream that had a significantly larger catchment area than those drawing on farmers’ fields alone. An important and unexpected finding of this study was that no sampled open dug well met drinking water standards. This has led to a shift in local priorities to implement well-head water quality protection measures for wells used for drinking water supplies. It is recommended that parapet walls be built around the perimeter of such dug wells, as well as having covers be installed.

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EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN DOSIS KALSIUM KARBONAT (CaCO3) DAN PAC (POLY ALUMUNIUM CLORIDE) DALAM MENJERNIHKAN AIR SUMUR GALI DI KELURAHAN LALOLARA KECAMATAN KAMBU

Jukung (Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan) ◽

10.20527/jukung.v6i1.8234 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ranno Marlany Rachman ◽

Abdul Rahim Syaban

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Well Water ◽

Clean Water ◽

Water Requirements ◽

Quality Requirements ◽

Turbidity Level ◽

Dug Wells ◽

Dug Well

Air sumur gali oleh masyarakat digunakan sebagai sumber air minum dan air bersih untuk keperluan sehari-hari. Air sumur gali yang digunakan masyarakat di Kelurahan Lalolara memiliki tingkat kekeruhan sebesar 56 NTU. Kekeruhan tersebut belum memenuhi persyaratan air bersih berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 32 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Bersih sebesar 25 NTU. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan dosis Kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) dan Poly Alumunium Cloride (PAC) dalam menjernihkan sumur gali. Hasil penelitian untuk komposisi kapur maupun PAC untuk dosis 5g/L 10 gr/L, 15 g/L masih belum efektif menurunkan tingkat kekeruhan sesuai baku mutu peraturan yang ada, sedangkan untuk dosis dan 20 g/L sudah efektif menjernihkan air sumur gali sesuai ketentuan peraturan yang berlaku. Kata Kunci: Air sumur, kapur, PAC. Dug well water by the community is used as a source of drinking water and clean water for daily needs. The dug well water used by the community in the Lalolara Village has a turbidity level of 56 NTU. This turbidity has not met the clean water requirements based on the Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 the Year 2017 concerning Clean Water Quality Requirements of 25 NTU. The purpose of this study is to determine the use of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) doses in clearing dug wells. The results of the study for the composition of lime or PAC for a dose of 5g / L 10 gr / L, 15 g / L is still not effective in reducing the turbidity level in accordance with the existing quality standards, whereas for doses and 20 g / L it has been effective in purifying dug well water according to the provisions applicable regulation Keywords: Lime, PAC, well water.

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Pengaruh Sanitasi dan Konstruksi terhadap Kualitas Sumur Gali di Desa Sembubuk Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

Jurnal Daur Lingkungan ◽

10.33087/daurling.v3i1.36 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Dirga Rangga Malindo ◽

G M Saragih ◽

Anggrika Riyanti

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Public Works ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

Well Water ◽

Pollution Risk ◽

Laboratory Test Results ◽

Management Procedures ◽

Dug Wells ◽

Dug Well

Efforts to monitor and supervise the quality of dug well water is an important part in meeting the need for clean water. This study is to determine the effect of sanitation and dug well construction on well water quality. Samples of well water quality were taken at wells with poor and poor sanitation and construction conditions based on SNI 03-2916-1992 concerning Dug Well Specifications. Water quality analysis was carried out in Jambi Province Regional Laboratory in accordance with Permenkes 32 of 2017 concerning About the environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for the needs of Sanitary Hygiene, Swimming Pool, Solus per Aqua, and Public Baths. Sanitation inspection to see the level of pollution risk refers to Permenkes Number 736 of 2010 concerning Management Procedures for Drinking Water Quality at dug well facilities. Laboratory test results show that wells with good sanitation and construction have good water quality compared to wells with poor sanitation and construction. However, both water quality samples still meet the Minister of Health Regulation 32 of 2017. Based on the results of sanitation inspection in the field as many as 63% of wells have a high level of pollution risk (High TRP), most of the dug wells have problems in their construction, to reduce the level of risk of dug well pollution needs improvement construction. In the planning and preparation of the Budget Plan for repairs to construction required a fee of Rp. 1,057,703,764, - these costs refer to Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 11 / PRT / M / 2013 Concerning guidelines for unit price analysis in the field of public works and repair of dug wells in accordance with SNI 03-2916-1992 Dug Well Specifications for Drinking Water Sources.

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Evaluation of Hand-dug Wells in Rural Haiti

10.20944/preprints201808.0057.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Hayley E. Schram ◽

Peter J. Wampler

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Water Source ◽

Water Levels ◽

World Health ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

E Coli ◽

Filter Pack ◽

Dug Wells ◽

Health Organization

Water resources, especially safe, potable water, are limited for many Haitians.  In areas where shallow groundwater is available, many household water needs such as laundry, bathing, and cooking are supplied by hand-dug wells. In order to better understand the water quality and prevalence of these household wells, 35 hand-dug wells were surveyed and sampled near the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer (HAS) in Deschapelles, Haiti. Water samples were collected and tested for fecal coliform and E. coli using the IDEXX Colilert-18 method. Of the samples collected, 89 percent were determined unsafe to use as a drinking water source based on the World Health Organization standard of 1.0 colony-forming unit (cfu) Escherichia Coli (E. coli) per 100 mL. 66 percent of the wells exceeded recreational/body contact standards for the state of Michigan (130 cfu/100 mL). Some of these wells were deemed suitable for conversion to a new well type called In-Situ Filtration (ISF) wells. ISF wells are installed with an internal sand filter pack, PVC casing, pump, and cap which seals the well from surface contamination and provides additional water treatment as water is pumped. Previous ISF installations have reduced E. coli to safe drinking water levels within 90 days.

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Assessment of Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in Market Gardening Sites in the Centre-Ouest Region in Burkina Faso

Microbiology Research Journal International ◽

10.9734/mrji/2020/v30i330206 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 74-84

Author(s):

Kaboré Aminata ◽

Savadogo Boubacar ◽

Jacques Sawadogo ◽

Kafando Haoua ◽

Tarnagda Grissoum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Well Water ◽

Faecal Coliforms ◽

E Coli ◽

Dug Wells ◽

Market Gardening ◽

Faecal Bacteria ◽

Dug Well

Microbiological quality of drinking water in market gardening sites was assessed to understand the persistence of diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition among children under five. Households with children under five (5) were selected in Dassa, Nebia, Nariou and Tanguin-wobdo located in centre-ouest region in Burkina Faso. A total of 140 water samples were collected from storage containers in households (n=108), boreholes (n=7) and hand dug wells (n=25) during the month of February 2018. Faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and faecal streptococci were isolated and enumerated according French standard methods. WHO standards guidelines for drinking water were used to assess water quality. Results showed that 100% of hand dug well water were contaminated with faecal bacteria whereas all water from boreholes were potables. 72% of hand dug well water were contaminated with E. coli, 96.3% with faecal coliforms and 96% with faecal streptococci. In households, 95.9% of drinking water from boreholes were contaminated with faecal bacteria versus 100% of water from hand dug wells. This situation is related to the lack of safe drinking water infrastructures, unimproved sanitation and lack of hygiene in households. In fact, 78.12% of water infrastructures were hand dug wells located mostly in gardens. In these areas, contaminated hand dug well water are used for both irrigation and consumption. Regarding these results, a reinforcement of safe drinking water infrastructures such as boreholes, improved hygiene and sanitation and health education are necessary to improve the quality of drinking water to reduce diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition among market gardeners’ children.

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Water Quality and Health

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0416 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (1-3) ◽

pp. 201-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. Kreisel

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Human Health ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Water Supplies ◽

Minimum Quality Standards ◽

Quality Guidelines

Water quality can affect human health in various ways: through breeding of vectors, presence of pathogenic protozoa, helminths, bacteria and viruses, or through inorganic and organic chemicals. While traditional concern has been with pathogens and gastro-intestinal diseases, chemical pollutants in drinking-water supplies have in many instances reached proportions which affect human health, especially in cases of chronic exposure. Treatment of drinking-water, often grossly inadequate in developing countries, is the last barrier of health protection, but control at source is more effective for pollution control. Several WHO programmes of the International Drinking-Water Supply and Sanitation Decade have stimulated awareness of the importance of water quality in public water supplies. Three main streams have been followed during the eighties: guidelines for drinking-water quality, guidelines for wastewater reuse and the monitoring of freshwater quality. Following massive investments in the community water supply sector to provide people with adequate quantities of drinking-water, it becomes more and more important to also guarantee minimum quality standards. This has been recognized by many water and health authorities in developing countries and, as a result, WHO cooperates with many of them in establishing water quality laboratories and pollution control programmes.

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The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0706 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (11-12) ◽

pp. 35-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

B. Genthe ◽

N. Strauss ◽

J. Seager ◽

C. Vundule ◽

F. Maforah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Supply ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Guideline Values ◽

Developing Communities ◽

Quality Guideline ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship

Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

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PSV-6 Effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.270 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 153-154

Author(s):

Yuzhi Li ◽

Yunhui Zhu ◽

Michael Reese ◽

Eric Buchanan ◽

Lee Johnston

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Time Budget ◽

Calculated Data ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Drinking Frequency ◽

And Control

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate effects of chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads on behavior of lactating sows under heat stress. Sows were housed in individual farrowing stalls in two rooms with temperatures being controlled at 29.4°C (0700h to 1900h) and 23.9°C (1900h to 0700h). Sows in one room (treatment), but not in the other room (control) were provided with chilled drinking water (13 to 15°C) and cooled floor pads (15 to 18°C). Behavior of sows (n=15 sows/treatment; parity=1 to 6) was video recorded during farrowing, and d 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing. Videos were viewed to register birth time of each piglet. Number of drinking bouts and duration of each bout were registered for 2 h (1530h to 1730h) each day after farrowing. Postures (lying laterally, lying ventrally, sitting, and standing) were recorded by scanning video-recordings at 5-min intervals for 24 h each day after farrowing, and time budget for each posture was calculated. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. No effect of treatment was detected for litter size born, farrowing duration, or birth interval (P >0.33; Table 1). Neither frequency nor duration of drinking bouts was affected by treatment (P >0.27). No significant difference was observed in time budget for each posture (P >0.46) between treatment and control groups. As lactation progressed, sows increased drinking frequency (from 1.2 drinks/2h on d 1 to 4.9 drinks/2h on d 21; P< 0.001) and time spent lying ventrally (8% to 14%; P< 0.0001), standing (4% to 10%; P< 0.001), and sitting (2% to 4%; P< 0.0001), and decreased time spent lying laterally (86% to 67%; P< 0.0001) in both control and treatment rooms. These results indicate that chilled drinking water and cooled floor pads did not affect behavior of sows during farrowing and lactation in the current study.

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