Algicidal Activity of Cyperus rotundus Aqueous Extracts Reflected by Photosynthetic Efficiency and Cell Integrity of Harmful Algae Phaeocystis globosa

Phaeocystis globosa is regarded as a notoriously harmful algal bloom species. Suppressing harmful algae using algicidal substances extracted from plants is considered an effective method. The physiological and biochemical processes of P. globosa were explored by exposure to different concentrations of aqueous extracts of Cyperus rotundus. All treatments indicated various inhibitory effects on the algal growth compared to the control samples without adding extracts. At 48 h, the 4, 8, and 16 mg/mL treatment groups showed a significant inhibitory effect, consistent with a decrease in the chlorophyll-a content and photosynthetic efficiency. The images of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) further confirmed that a subset of the cells in the treatment groups exhibited morphological anomalies. The algicidal active substances were mainly identified as phenolic acids containing maximal content of quinic acid in aqueous extracts according to the results of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-HRMS). The 50% anti-algal effect concentration of quinic acid was 22 mg/L at 96 h (EC50–96h). Thus, the phenolic acids might be considered as major inhibitors of the growth of P. globosa. These results demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of C. rotundus could potentially control the growth of P. globosa.

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Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangrove Leaves and Analysis of Their Active Components on Phaeocystis globosa during Different Stages of Leaf Age

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph15112434 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. 2434 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Min Zhao ◽

Han Xiao ◽

Dong Sun ◽

Shunshan Duan

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Harmful Algae ◽

Marine Ecology ◽

Phenolic Glycoside ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Red Tides ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Phaeocystis Globosa ◽

Biological Remediation ◽

Young Leaves

The presence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) can cause significant problems to the quality of the water, the marine ecosystems, and the human health, and economy worldwide. Biological remediation can inhibit harmful algal growth efficiently in an environmental-friendly manner. Therefore, the research conducted on biological remediation with regard to the inhibition of HABs is becoming a major focus in marine ecology. To date, no study has been reported with regard to the red tides occurring in mangrove wetlands. Therefore, the present study used two mangrove species, namely Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Kandelia candel and one harmful algae species Phaeocystis globosa as experimental organisms. The present study determined the inhibitory effects and algae physiology of specific aqueous extracts from mangrove leaves on the viability of harmful algae, and analyzed the main chemical composition of the aqueous extracts by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The results indicated that the aqueous extracts from different leaf ages of B. gymnorrhiza and K. candel leaves exhibited apparent inhibitory effects on the growth of P. globosa. The inhibitory effects of B. gymnorrhiza and K. candel leaves aqueous extracts on the growth of P. globosa were in the following order: senescent > mature > young leaves. The levels of the parameters superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA)content in P. globosa following treatment with B. gymnorrhiza and K. candel leaves aqueous extracts were increased as follows: senescent > mature > young leaves. Simultaneously, the intensity of the ion peaks of the specific secondary metabolites assigned 4 (No.: 4 Rt: 2.83 min), 7 (No.: 7 Rt: 3.14 min), 8 (No.: 8 Rt: 3.24 min), 9 (No.: 9 Rt: 3.82min) and 10 (No.: 10 Rt: 4.10 min) were increased. These metabolites were found in the aqueous extracts from B. gymnorrhiza leaves. The intensities of the ion peaks of the secondary metabolites 7, 8 in the aqueous extracts from the K. candel leaves were also increased. The majority of the substances that inhibited the algae found in the mangrove plants were secondary metabolites. Therefore, we considered that the norsesquiterpenes compounds 4, 8, 9, and 10 and a phenolic glycoside compound 7 were the active constituents in the aqueous extracts of the mangrove leaves responsible for the inhibition of algae growth. This evidence provided theoretical guidance for the development of biological methods to control red tides and for the further use of substances with antiproliferative activity against algae.

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Combined effects of inorganic carbon and light on <i>Phaeocystis globosa</i> Scherffel (Prymnesiophyceae)

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-9-1885-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1885-1896 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

A. Hoogstraten ◽

M. Peters ◽

K. R. Timmermans ◽

H. J. W. de Baar

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽

Inorganic Carbon ◽

Harmful Algal Bloom ◽

High Light ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Low Light ◽

Phaeocystis Globosa ◽

High Co2 ◽

Dissolved Carbon

Abstract. Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) is an ecologically dominating phytoplankton species in many areas around the world. It plays an important role in both the global sulfur and carbon cycles, by the production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and the drawdown of inorganic carbon. Phaeocystis globosa has a polymorphic life cycle and is considered to be a harmful algal bloom (HAB) forming species. All these aspects make this an interesting species to study the effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, due to anthropogenic carbon emissions. Here, the combined effects of three different dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations (CO2(aq)) (low: 4 μmol kg−1, intermediate: 6–10 μmol kg−1 and high CO2(aq): 21–24 μmol kg−1) and two different light intensities (low light, suboptimal: 80 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and high light, light saturated: 240 μmol photons m−2 s−1) are reported. The experiments demonstrated that the specific growth rate of P. globosa in the high light cultures decreased with increasing CO2(aq) from 1.4 to 1.1 d−1 in the low and high CO2 cultures, respectively. Concurrently, the photosynthetic efficiency (FV/FM) increased with increasing CO2(aq) from 0.56 to 0.66. The different light conditions affected photosynthetic efficiency and cellular chlorophyll a concentrations, both of which were lower in the high light cultures as compared to the low light cultures. These results suggest that in future inorganic carbon enriched oceans, P. globosa will become less competitive and feedback mechanisms to global change may decrease in strength.

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Combined effects of inorganic carbon and light on <i>Phaeocystis globosa</i> Scherffel (Prymnesiophyceae)

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-8-12353-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 12353-12380

Author(s):

A. Hoogstraten ◽

M. Peters ◽

K. R. Timmermans ◽

H. J. W. de Baar

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽

Inorganic Carbon ◽

Harmful Algal Bloom ◽

High Light ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Low Light ◽

Phaeocystis Globosa ◽

High Co2 ◽

Dissolved Carbon

Abstract. Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) is a globally dominating phytoplankton species. It plays an important role in both the global sulfur and carbon cycles, by the production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and the drawdown of inorganic carbon. Phaeocystis globosa has a polymorphic life cycle and is considered to be a harmful algal bloom (HAB) forming species. All these aspects make this an interesting species to study the effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, due to anthropogenic carbon emissions. Here, the combined effects of three different dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations (CO2(aq)) (low: 4 μmol kg−1, intermediate: 6–10 μmol kg−1 and high CO2(aq): 21–24 μmol kg−1) and two different light intensities (low light, suboptimal: 80 μmol photons m−2s–1 and high light, light saturated: 240 μmol photons m−2s−1) are reported. The experiments demonstrated that the specific growth rate of P. globosa in the high light cultures decreased with increasing CO2(aq) from 1.4 to 1.1 d−1 in the low and high CO2 cultures respectively. Concurrently, the photosynthetic efficiency increased with increasing CO2(aq) from 0.56 to 0.66. The different light conditions affected photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll-a concentrations, both of which were lower in the high light cultures as compared to the low light cultures. These results suggest that in the future, inorganic carbon enriched oceans, P. globosa will become less competitive and feedback mechanisms to global change may decrease in strength.

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ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF A WEED SPECIES, CYPERUS ROTUNDUS L. AND CLEOME VISCOSA L. ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK GRAM (VIGNA MUNGO (L.) HEPPER.)

Kongunadu Research Journal ◽

10.26524/krj108 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 123-128

Author(s):

Prabhakaran J ◽

Kavitha D ◽

Arumugam K

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Vigna Mungo ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Black Gram ◽

Weed Species ◽

Weight Content ◽

Whole Plants ◽

Cleome Viscosa

The present study was aimed to investigate the allelopathic influence of two weed species Cyperus rotundus L. and Cleome viscosa L. against the growth of Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper). Aqueous extracts (5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% concentrations) of whole plants of C. rotundus and C. viscosa were employed to investigate their influence on the germination and seedling growth of the black gram. The aqueous whole plants extracts ( from 5% to 100% concentrations) of C. rotundus and C. viscosa exhibited an inhibitory effects on all the parameters employed in the germination percentage, root and shoot growth, fresh and dry weight, content of chlorophyll, starch, sugar and protein contents of Black gram over control. The extracts of both the weeds caused a minimum inhibition on germination and seedling growth of Black gram at 5% concentration and the intensity of inhibition increased when increased extract concentrations. The aqueous extracts of C. rotundus and C. viscosa showed an inhibitory effect on Black gram but their effect was more severe on black gram by the extract treatments of C. rotundus than that of C. viscosa.

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Role of Aerosolized Coal Fly Ash in the Global Plankton Imbalance: Case of Florida's Toxic Algae Crisis

Asian Journal of Biology ◽

10.9734/ajob/2019/v8i230056 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Mark Whiteside ◽

J. Marvin Herndon

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Salt Water ◽

Harmful Algal Bloom ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Harmful Algae ◽

Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽

Red Tides ◽

Blue Green Algae ◽

Tropospheric Aerosol

Red tide is the term used in Florida (USA) and elsewhere to describe a type of marine harmful algal bloom (HAB) that grows out of control and produces neurotoxins that adversely affect humans, birds, fish, shellfish, and marine mammals. HABs are becoming more abundant, extensive, and closer to shore, and longer in duration than any time in recorded history. Our objective is to review the effects the multifold components of aerosolized coal fly ash as they relate to the increasing occurrences of HABs. Aerosolized coal fly ash (CFA) pollutants from non-sequestered coal-fired power plant emissions and from undisclosed, although “hidden in plain sight,” tropospheric particulate geoengineering operations are inflicting irreparable damage to the world’s surface water-bodies and causing great harm to human health (including lung cancer, respiratory and neurodegenerative diseases) and environmental health (including major die-offs of insects, birds and trees). Florida’s ever-growing toxic nightmare of red tides and blue-green algae is a microcosm of similar activity globally. Atmospheric deposition of aerosol particulates, most importantly bioavailable iron, has drastically shifted the global plankton community balance in the direction of harmful algae and cyanobacterial blooms in fresh and salt water. Proposed geoengineering schemes of iron fertilization of the ocean would only make a bad situation unimaginably worse. Based on the evidence presented here, the global spread of harmful algae blooms will only be contained by rapidly reducing particulate air pollution both by implementation of universal industrial particulate-trapping and by the immediate halting of jet-sprayed particulate aerosols. Corrective actions depend not only on international cooperation, but on ending the deadly code of silence throughout government, academe, and media on the subject of ongoing tropospheric aerosol geoengineering. Long-standing weather control, climate intervention, and geoengineering operations have come to threaten not only all humans but the entire web of life on Earth.

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A marine algicidal actinomycete and its active substance against the harmful algal bloom species Phaeocystis globosa

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s00253-012-4617-8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 97 (20) ◽

pp. 9207-9215 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Xiaowei Zheng ◽

Bangzhou Zhang ◽

Jinlong Zhang ◽

Liping Huang ◽

Jing Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Active Substance ◽

Algal Bloom ◽

Harmful Algal Bloom ◽

Phaeocystis Globosa ◽

Harmful Algal Bloom Species

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Phenolic Compounds in Organic and Aqueous Extracts from Acacia farnesiana Pods Analyzed by ULPS-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Response in CD-1 Mice

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23092386 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 2386 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Delgadillo Claudia ◽

Cuchillo-Hilario Mario ◽

Navarro Arturo ◽

Medina-Campos Omar Noel ◽

Nieto Antonio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Quinic Acid ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Acacia Farnesiana ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Tbars Assay ◽

Galloyl Glucose ◽

Tof Ms

Background: Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods have been traditionally used to treat dyspepsia, diarrhea and topically for dermal inflammation. Main objectives: (1) investigate the antioxidant activity and protection against oxidative-induced damage of six extracts from AF pods and (2) their capacity to curb the inflammation process as well as to down-regulate the pro-inflammatory mediators. Methods: Five organic extracts (chloroformic, hexanic, ketonic, methanolic, methanolic:aqueous and one aqueous extract) were obtained and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-Q-oa/TOF-MS. Antioxidant activity (DPPH•, ORAC and FRAP assays) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay) were performed. Assessment of anti-inflammatory properties was made by the ear edema induced model in CD-1 mice and MPO activity assay. Likewise, histological analysis, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, COX measurements plus nitrite and immunohistochemistry analysis were carried out. Results: Methyl gallate, gallic acid, galloyl glucose isomer 1, galloyl glucose isomer 2, galloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 1, digalloyl glucose isomer 2, digalloyl glucose isomer 3, digalloyl glucose isomer 4, hydroxytyrosol acetate, quinic acid, and caffeoylmalic acid were identified. Both organic and aqueous extracts displayed antioxidant activity. All extracts exhibited a positive effect on the interleukins, COX and immunohistochemistry assays. Conclusion: All AF pod extracts can be effective as antioxidant and topical anti-inflammatory agents.

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Polyphenols in the Aqueous Extracts of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Chemotypes Cultivated in Hungary

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300800516 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300800

Author(s):

Blanka Szilvássy ◽

Gábor Rak ◽

Szilvia Sárosi ◽

Ildikó Novák ◽

Zsuzsanna Pluhár ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Acids ◽

Rosmarinic Acid ◽

High Performance ◽

Screening Method ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Syringic Acid ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Main Component ◽

Volatile Aromatic Compounds

Thyme is used worldwide both as a spice and crude drug. In addition, nowadays in the food industry it has increasing significance as a natural antioxidant. Volatile aromatic compounds of thyme have been thoroughly characterized; however, the non-volatile compounds may also contribute to the organoleptic quality and antioxidant properties. The aim of this work is to determine the phenolic acids and to profile the flavonoid compounds in the aqueous extract of two chemotypes of Thymus vulgaris L. Experiments were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Predefined phenolic acids were quantified in untreated and alkaline hydrolyzed aqueous extracts. Flavonoid derivatives were qualitatively analyzed by a non-targeted screening method. Our results showed that among the phenolic acids rosmarinic acid was the main component (882-1677 μg g−1 fresh weight) and in the thymol-type samples the amount of syringic acid and rosmarinic acid was predominantly higher compared with the non-thymol type sample. Apigenin and luteolin were the major flavonoids in the extracts, which were present in the form of hexopyranuronic acid conjugates.

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