scholarly journals Evaluation in Carbon Dioxide Equivalent and CHG Emissions for Water and Energy Management in Water Users Associations. A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3536
Author(s):  
Amparo Melián-Navarro ◽  
Antonio Ruiz-Canales
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Irrigation Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Precise Quantification ◽  
Energy Audits ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Agriculture is an activity linked to the environment and has a great influence on climate change. As more and more crops are producing in less time, agricultural production is intensified and water consumption and energy demand is increasing. Since the energy consumed is not renewable, greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted and their concentration in the atmosphere increases. The objective of this article is to apply various methodologies for the precise quantification of the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) and GHG emissions in the management of irrigation water and energy in ten water user’s associations (WUAs) in the southeast of Spain. All the studied WUAs include irrigation facilities. This paper is based on obtained data in different water and energy audits during 2017. The concept of “irrigation water management” considered in the article covers the process from its extraction through management data to its transport and application to crops through irrigation systems, as well as the reception of water. The way in which water and energy is used to irrigate crops is taken into account. Moreover, the type of energy used for irrigation and at what moment energy is demanded influence the total amount of generated GHG emissions. The tariff periods for electricity and the water needs of the crops planted also has to be taken into account, as well as the economic emissions valuation.

PSVIII-19 Greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle production in Brazil: how we can mitigate from animal operations?

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 430-430
Author(s):  
Andre Pastori D Aurea ◽  
Abmael S da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Lauriston Bertelli Fernandes ◽  
Ricardo Andrade Reis ◽  
Luis Eduardo Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Beef Cattle Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Abstract In Brazil beef cattle production is one of the most important activities in the agricultural sector and has an important impact on environmental and resources consumption. In this study assessed greenhouses gases (GHG) impacts from on farms representative productive system and the possible improvements of the production chain. Primary data from animal production index and feeding were collected from 17 farms, which covers 300.000 animals and 220.000 hectares. Emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were made using intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) guidelines for national inventories. The GHG inventory included emissions from animals, feeds and operations for animal operation from “cradle to farm gate”. Emissions of each farm were converted to carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) and divided by carcass production. Regression analysis between carbon dioxide equivalent and productive index was run to identify possible hotspot of GHG emissions. A large variation between farms were observed. The GHG yield ranged from 8.63 kg to 50.88 CO2eq kg carcass-1. The productive index age of slaughtering (P < 0.0001), average daily gain (P < 0.0001) and productivity (P = 0.058) per area were positive correlated to GHG yield. While no correlation was found with stocking rate (P = 0.21). Improvements of the production chain could be realized by accurate animal management strategies that reduce the age of slaughtering (feeding and genetic improvements) and gain individual or per area using strategic animal supplementation and pasture management, in order to obtains reduction of GHG emissions of beef cattle.

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Emissions of Newly Developed Rice Varieties

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Seied Mohsen Taghavi ◽  
Teodoro C. Mendoza ◽  
Bart Acero Jr ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Sameer Ali Siddiq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Social Cost Of Carbon ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Soil Emissions ◽  
Post Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Breeding of rice varieties with low carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emission is essential in reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we compared the gross CO2e emission of two newly developed green super rice (GSR) varieties with elite hybrids and nationally released farmer-cultivated varieties from production to post-production in the dry and wet seasons in Laguna, Philippines. The average gross CO2e emission was 17.9 tons CO2e ha-1 or 2.98 tons CO2e ton-1 rice (production 82%, post-production 18%). Contributing to this total were soil emissions at 72%, the use of chemicals at 5%, burning of rice straw at 3%, cooking at 12%, and transportation at 5%. The average social cost of carbon (SCC) per ton of rice was estimated at $119. Increasing grain yield per unit area with shorter growth duration decreased CO2e emission of rice per unit of weight. Cultivation of rice varieties GSR8 and GSR2 emitted 37.0% lower CO2e than the popular inbred varieties.

scholarly journals Mixing the Message: Do Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Affect Dung-Generated Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fallon Fowler ◽  
Christopher J. Gillespie ◽  
Steve Denning ◽  
Shuijin Hu ◽  
Wes Watson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

AbstractBy mixing and potentially aerating dung, dung beetles may affect the microbes producing the greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, their sum-total global warming effect is described as the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Our literature analysis of reported GHG emissions and statistics suggests that most dung beetles do not, however, reduce CO2e even if they do affect individual GHGs. Here, we compare the GHG signature of homogenized (“premixed”) and unhomogenized (“unmixed”) dung with and without dung beetles to test whether mixing and burial influence GHGs. Mixing by hand or by dung beetles did not reduce any GHG – in fact, tunneling dung beetles increased N2O medians by ≥1.8x compared with dung-only. This suggests that either: 1) dung beetles do not meaningfully mitigate GHGs as a whole; 2) dung beetle burial activity affects GHGs more than mixing alone; or 3) greater dung beetle abundance and activity is required to produce an effect.

Water User Organizations and Social Capital

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia M. Gouda
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water User ◽  
Irrigation Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The Impact

Chapters 3 and 4 four set out the findings of four case studies in two different governorates, Kafr al-Sheikh and Fayoum, covering two periods: the 1950s and 1960s, and the 1970s onward. They described and analyzed similar village fields and contrasting irrigation water management fields. This chapter draws on this material to examine the role played by social capital in influencing the functioning of water users' organizations (WUOs). First, it sets out the findings from using the developed framework in the four case study areas. This is followed by a discussion, based on these findings, of the limitations of Putnam's theory and approach in explaining the impact of social capital on the functioning of WUOs. Next, it discusses the enhancements of the conceptual framework based on the empirical findings and their theoretical implications. Finally, the chapter looks at how the framework can be generalized.

scholarly journals Improving the Passive Energy Performance of the Buildings’ Envelope in the Southern European Area: A Study on the Integration of a Tensile Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Giovanni Ciampi ◽  
Yorgos Spanodimitriou ◽  
Niloufar Mokhtari ◽  
Michelangelo Scorpio ◽  
Antonio Rosato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Office Building ◽  
European Area ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent ◽  
East West

In this paper, the energy and environmental impacts of a passive retrofit action, involving the installation, on an office building, of a second-skin system with the external layer made of a PVC-coated polyester fabric, were evaluated in terms of primary energy saving and carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. The primary energy consumption and the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with the considered case studies were evaluated through the dynamic simulation software TRNSYS, across a whole year. The study was carried out considering five cities (Athens, Barcelona, Lisbon, Marseille and Naples) in five different countries in southern Europe upon varying the orientation of the two main façades of building (north-south and east-west orientation were considered). The office building was modeled in detail considering different construction characteristics upon varying the country. The simulation results highlight that the best results in terms of PES (equal to 22.4%) in Naples, while the best results in terms of CO2 (equal to 32.0 MgCO2,eq) were obtained when the building is located in Athens. In addition, the adoption of the proposed passive lightweight retrofit solution allowed the reduction of both cooling and thermal yearly energy demand up to 57.7% (Marseille) and 17.8% (Barcelona), respectively.

scholarly journals Frameworks for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from municipal solid waste in Oman

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 945-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Umar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe Gulf Cooperation Council member countries not only generate the highest quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) per capita when compared globally, but also in most of these countries, such waste is just dumped at different landfill stations. In Oman, the total quantity of MSW stood at 2.0 million tons per year. The emission from this waste is estimated at 2,181,034 tons/year (carbon dioxide equivalent). This article attempts to develop frameworks that considered landfilling, composting and recycling of MSW.Design/methodology/approachTo know the composition of the municipal solid waste in Oman, a quantitative research method was employed. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSWM in this study focus on three major gases, CO2, CH4 and N2O. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 model is used to calculate GHG emissions from landfills and composting (IPCC, 2006). Four frameworks – baseline F0, framework F1, framework F2 and framework F3 – are outlined in this paper. The F0 represents the current situation of the MSW in which most of the waste goes to landfills and dumpsites. In F1, improved MSW collection service and landfilling are incorporated and open burning is restricted. The F2 considered landfilling and composting, while F3 is based on landfilling, composting and recycling.FindingsThe framework F2, which proposes the composting process for the organic waste which normally goes to landfills, results in the reduction of emissions by 40% as compared to landfill practice. Similarly, the samples of MSW collected in Oman show a good amount of recycling waste. The framework F3, which considers the landfill, composting and recycling, reduced the total GHG emissions from 2,181,034 tons/year to 1,427,998 tons/year (carbon dioxide equivalent), representing a total reduction of 35% in emissions.Research limitations/implicationsDifferent values such as CH4 correction factor, the fraction of degradable organic carbon and the fraction of DOC used to determine the GHG emissions from MSW considering landfilling, composting and recycling based on the IPPC model and existing literature review. The actual determination of these values based on the Oman conditions may result in more accurate emissions from MSW in Oman.Practical implicationsDifferent frameworks suggested in this research have different practical implications; however, the final framework F3, which produces fewer emissions, required a material recovery facility to recycle the MSW in Oman. For framework F3, it is important that the residents in Oman have enough knowledge and willingness to do the waste segregation at the household level. Apparently, such knowledge and willingness need to be determined through a separate study.Originality/valueThe frameworks F2 and F3 are considered to be more suitable solutions compared to the current practices for Oman and other gulf countries to reduce its per capita emissions from MSW and protect its local environment. There is a potential for further work that needs to explore the possible solutions to implement the suggested frameworks.

Participatory irrigation water management in the Jordan Valley

Water Policy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Salman ◽  
Emad Al-Karablieh ◽  
Hans-Jochen Regner ◽  
Heinz-Peter Wolff ◽  
Munther Haddadin
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Jordan Valley ◽  
Irrigation Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Participatory Irrigation Management ◽  
The Government

This paper reviews Jordan's relatively short experience gained since participatory irrigation management (PIM), was introduced with due consideration of the traditional social and cultural merits. The introduction of PIM was a meaningful partial shift in the paradigm of operation of the Jordan Valley irrigation system that has been undertaken by government agencies since its staged implementation between 1960 and 1988. The Jordan Valley Authority (JVA) of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, among other responsibilities, is the current government agency in charge of operation and maintenance of the irrigation system. The advantages of the introduced mode of operation, the PIM, especially in an environment of perpetual irrigation water shortage, are presented. The paper further discusses the multi-dimensional facets of PIM expressed by the representation of users’ community and by the level of representation as well as the interaction between the targeted groups and the government and highlights the virtues of “learning while implementing” in which midcourse corrections can be made in order to arrive at a state of equilibrium between the various stakeholders. The adoption of traditional cooperation as a basis for setting up water users associations (WUAs), is presented. The emergence of PIM as a competitor to management contracts adopted in municipal water and wastewater management in Jordan is touched upon and the dynamics of PIM application in the Jordan Valley, including the division of labor between the WUAs and JVA, is described.

scholarly journals Share of road transport in greenhouse gas emissions in Poland in 1988–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Anna Olecka ◽  
Krystian Szczepański ◽  
Katarzyna Bebkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Abstract The results of an analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventory in Poland in the years 1988–2015 are presented, paying special attention to the impact of road transport on the intensification of greenhouse effect. The analysis was made based on the official results compiled by the National Centre for Emissions Management and Balancing (KOBiZE) at the Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute. It was found that carbon dioxide emission represented the dominant part of the total GHG emissions, despite that there were other gases having far greater greenhouse effect potential. There was a general downward trend for the national annual emission of basic GHGs. The estimated share of road transport in the GHGs emission was not high: from 4% in 1988 to around 12% in 2015. For motor vehicles, there is a dominant share in the GHGs emissions of passenger cars: (50 ÷ 60)%. In the years 1988–2015, there was a relative decrease by about 32% in the national annual emission of carbon dioxide equivalent from all sources covered by the inventory. That notwithstanding, the national annual emission of carbon dioxide equivalent arising from transportation increased generally by about 93% and that from the road transport increased by as much as 117%. The increase in GHGs emissions from motor vehicles resulted mainly from a significant growth in car numbers. Technical progress in the construction of motor vehicles can be evaluated by considering the average annual emission of carbon dioxide equivalent from a conventional car, which has been decreasing since 1998.

Social Capital and Irrigation Water Management in Kafr al-Sheikh and Fayoum since the 1970s

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia M. Gouda
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Village

This chapter identifies and describes the conditions of the village and institutional fields since the 1970s in the case study areas in Kafr al-Sheikh (KSH) and Fayoum, which were influenced by the socioeconomic, institutional, and technological changes discussed in the literature. It examines the impact of these changes on the village field interactions, and thus the formation of collective action and the exercise of social control, and the extent to which these changes affected the irrigation water management (IWM) field. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first examines the changes that have affected the village field actors and their ability to exercise the social capital functions, social control and collective action, as well as changes to the main social relationships in the village field. The second analyzes the formation and functioning of water users' organizations in KSH and Fayoum on the mesqa and branch canal levels. It considers the impact of changes on the autonomy of the IWM field and the extent to which the village field influences irrigation water management in both governorates.

State, Society, and Irrigation Management in Egypt

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia M. Gouda
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Access To The Field ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
Egyptian Government

This chapter brings together the different elements that explain irrigation water management in Egypt and how it has changed over time, leading to the initiation of irrigation improvement projects and the formation of water users' organizations (WUOs) from the late 1980s onward. It looks at the role of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation and the customary social organizations (informal water user groups) for irrigation water management, and how they have changed over the past sixty years. It outlines the different irrigation improvement projects and discusses the objectives of the Egyptian government and donor agencies in the creation of WUOs, and how these have affected the functioning of WUOs at different hydrological levels. Finally, it summarizes the fieldwork strategy used to carry out the research, giving the reasons for the selection of the villages in Kafr al-Sheikh and Fayoum governorates and the author's access to the field.

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