scholarly journals Modelling Watershed and River Basin Processes in Cold Climate Regions: A Review

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Junye Wang ◽  
Narayan Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Mojtaba Aghajani Delavar ◽  
Tesfa Worku Meshesha ◽  
Soumendra N. Bhanja
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Watershed Modeling ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Watershed Modelling ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Model Structures

Watersheds in cold regions provide water, food, biodiversity and ecosystem service. However, the increasing demand for water resources and climate change challenge our ability to provide clean freshwater. Particularly, watersheds in cold regions are more sensitive to changing climate due to their glaciers’ retreat and permafrost. This review revisits watershed system and processes. We analyze principles of watershed modelling and characteristics of watersheds in cold regions. Then, we show observed evidence of their impacts of cold processes on hydrological and biogeochemical processes and ecosystems, and review the watershed modeling and their applications in cold regions. Finally, we identify the knowledge gaps in modeling river basins according to model structures and representations of processes and point out research priorities in future model development.

Strategies to manage stream flow to benefit people and nature: a non-government conservation organisation's perspective

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
J. Pittock ◽  
R. Holland
Keyword(s):  
Stream Flow ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
River Basins ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Freshwater Biodiversity ◽  
Flow Management ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
Freshwater Management ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Impact

More than for any other biome, freshwater biodiversity is increasingly imperiled, particularly due to poor stream flow management and increasing demand for water diversions. The adoption by the world's governments of targets to extend water services to the poor and at the same time to conserve biodiversity increase the need to better direct investments in freshwater management. In this paper WWF draws on examples from its work to identify areas where investment can be focused to assure efficient water use and improve stream flow management, namely:• Prioritize and target those river basins and sub-catchments that are most critical for conservation of freshwater biodiversity to maintain stream flows;• Link strategic field, policy and market interventions at different scales in river basins to maximize the impact of interventions;• Implement the World Commission on Dams guidelines to minimize investment in large scale and costly infrastructure projects;• Apply market mechanisms and incentives for more sustainable production of the world's most water consuming crops;• Enhance statutory river basin management organizations to draw on their regulatory and financial powers;• Implement international agreements, such as the Convention on Wetlands;• Integrate environment and development policies.

scholarly journals Simulating cold-region hydrology in an intensively drained agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada, using the Cold Regions Hydrological Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 3483-3506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos R. C. Cordeiro ◽  
Henry F. Wilson ◽  
Jason Vanrobaeys ◽  
John W. Pomeroy ◽  
Xing Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Red River ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Agricultural Watersheds ◽  
Cold Regions

Abstract. Etrophication and flooding are perennial problems in agricultural watersheds of the northern Great Plains. A high proportion of annual runoff and nutrient transport occurs with snowmelt in this region. Extensive surface drainage modification, frozen soils, and frequent backwater or ice-damming impacts on flow measurement represent unique challenges to accurately modelling watershed-scale hydrological processes. A physically based, non-calibrated model created using the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform (CRHM) was parameterized to simulate hydrological processes within a low slope, clay soil, and intensively surface drained agricultural watershed. These characteristics are common to most tributaries of the Red River of the north. Analysis of the observed water level records for the study watershed (La Salle River) indicates that ice cover and backwater issues at time of peak flow may impact the accuracy of both modelled and measured streamflows, highlighting the value of evaluating a non-calibrated model in this environment. Simulations best matched the streamflow record in years when peak and annual discharges were equal to or above the medians of 6.7 m3 s−1 and 1.25  × 107 m3, respectively, with an average Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.76. Simulation of low-flow years (below the medians) was more challenging (average NSE  <  0), with simulated discharge overestimated by 90 % on average. This result indicates the need for improved understanding of hydrological response in the watershed under drier conditions. Simulation during dry years was improved when infiltration was allowed prior to soil thaw, indicating the potential importance of preferential flow. Representation of in-channel dynamics and travel time under the flooded or ice-jam conditions should also receive attention in further model development efforts. Despite the complexities of the study watershed, simulations of flow for average to high-flow years and other components of the water balance were robust (snow water equivalency (SWE) and soil moisture). A sensitivity analysis of the flow routing model suggests a need for improved understanding of watershed functions under both dry and flooded conditions due to dynamic routing conditions, but overall CRHM is appropriate for simulation of hydrological processes in agricultural watersheds of the Red River. Falsifications of snow sublimation, snow transport, and infiltration to frozen soil processes in the validated base model indicate that these processes were very influential in stream discharge generation.

scholarly journals Thermo-mechanical performance of a proposed energy pile system in cold regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Saaly ◽  
Pooneh Maghoul ◽  
Hartmut Hollaender ◽  
Ali Fatolahzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Thermal Loads ◽  
Foundation Soil ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Energy Pile ◽  
Energy Piles ◽  
Thermal Imbalance

Energy piles are bi-functional structural elements that are used to support the structural loads of a building and to operate as a geo-heat exchanger for shallow geothermal energy systems. In urban areas, energy piles can eventually be used to harvest the heat loss through the basement enclosure and re-inject the energy to the building for the heating and cooling purposes. In spite of a higher thermal profile beneath the buildings due to energy loss through the below-grade envelope, an underground thermal imbalance may still occur due to the application of energy piles in cold regions. This paper aims to study the structural performance of an energy pile in cold regions considering the potential occurrence of thermal imbalance in the foundation soil through a Thermo-Mechanical (TM) analysis. This will be the first step of adoption of such a technology in Canadian cold climate. Results showed a safe margin between the pile settlement and the allowable settlement. However, the axial stress applied to the pile increased by 9% due to thermal loads. In addition, a maximum decrease of 9% in mobilized shaft friction along the pile-soil interface was recorded due to the thermal loads. To consider the energy piles as an alternative for buildings energy supply in cold regions, further considerations should be made to keep the mechanical response of the energy piles in the admissible range.

scholarly journals Technological Parameters Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Materials Using FDM

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona-Nicoleta Mazurchevici ◽  
Bogdan Pricop ◽  
Bogdan Istrate ◽  
Andrei-Danut Mazurchevici ◽  
Vlad Carlescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Biodegradable Materials ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Part Orientation

The additive manufacturing technology has made its debut in the industrial field about 30 years ago, when prototyped parts were usually used at the 3D printing stage during fabrication, to give the end customer a truthful concept of how a part will looks when conventional manufacturing techniques were used for final part fabrication. Because of the increasing demand for non-toxic, biodegradable materials and products, human society is always searching for new materials with specific applications, which are able to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements. Consequently, it is essential to identify the qualities of these materials and their behavior when subjected to various external factors, in order to find their optimal solutions for application in various domains. Manufacturing parts from biodegradable materials by 3D printing represents a major concern of industry specialists. The 3D printing process involves several parameters whose influence on the sample functional characteristics is a topical issue. In this paper are determined influences of certain technological parameters (thickness of the layer, filling speed, and part orientation on the printing bed) on some mechanical properties (tensile strength, structure, thermal analysis by DSC, and friction coefficient). Experiments were performed on specimens made of three materials: PLA, HD PLA Green, and Impact PLA Gray. A complete factorial experimental plan was used with three input parameters on two levels. Each experiment was repeated three times following the process stability. The obtained mean values of the tensile test were used in the analysis. The analysis was performed with the MiniTab application, which allowed the parameters hierarchy by influencing each mechanical characteristic studied, model development, and optimum values setting.

Hydrology of Rivers of the Cryolithic Zone in the U.S.S.R.

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Cryolithic Zone

The investigations provided the possibility to obtain a considerably better knowledge of the water balance of river basins and the water exchange between rivers and aquifers. The hydrological role of seasonal glaciation under the conditions of cold climate and permafrost has been studied and a methodological base for field studies of the specific phenomena and processes developed.

Assessing the impact of diseases and their control on livestock productivity: the rôle of quantitative epidemiology

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
B. D. Perry ◽  
J. J. McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Quantitative Epidemiology ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Livestock Productivity ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn determining research priorities, as well as in evaluating the relative merits of different disease control options, there is an increasing demand for impact assessment, in order to justify and support research and development investments. In this process, quantitative epidemiology has a significant role to play. This paper first outlines the categories of impacts that diseases have on society and discusses how these can be measured. Using the example of tick-borne infections of livestock, the paper describes five quantitative epidemiological tools that can be used in impact assessment. These are: geographical information systems (GIS) to estimate disease distribution; mathematical models to quantify infection dynamics; observational field studies to link infection status with production loss; statistical models to enhance study design; and spreadsheet models for economic impact assessment. In each category, examples are given of recent studies.

scholarly journals Population Modeling Approach for Evaluating Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Development and Control

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Maxwell ◽  
Mark V. Wilson ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Population Models ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
Modeling Approach

Weed population models can serve as a framework to organize weed biology information and to develop weed control strategies. Models help to identify information gaps, to set research priorities, to develop hypotheses pertinent to weed population regulation, and to suggest control strategies. A population simulation model of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. # EPHES) was used to demonstrate the applicability of population models to weed science. Sensitivity analysis of an existing leafy spurge model indicated that transition from basal buds to vegetative shoots, survival of vegetative shoots, and survival of basal buds over winter were important transition parameters influencing population growth of this weed species. Possible mechanisms (intraspecific competition and environmental factors) that influence the transition from basal buds to vegetative shoots were shown. Intraspecific density effects on basal bud transition and production were included to show model refinement and second-generation model development. Four control strategies were simulated and were compared to field studies to show the predictive and management potential of the modeling approach. Simulations of population response to foliage feeding herbivores was highly correlated (r = 0.98) with field data for sheep grazing on leafy spurge. Simulation of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) applied to leafy spurge also was correlated (r = 0.97) with field results.

Research on Mixture Design and Mechanical Performance of Porous Asphalt Concrete in Cold Regions

2011 ◽  
Vol 299-300 ◽  
pp. 770-773
Author(s):  
Jin Hua Xu ◽  
Si Li Chen ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Gang Li
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Porous Asphalt ◽  
Marshall Test ◽  
Porous Asphalt Concrete

Porous asphalt pavement (PAC) is constructed with an open-graded porous mixture with 15–25% designed air void and 4–5 cm surface thickness. This paper presents paving material selection and requirements of porous asphalt concrete in the cold regions. Through a series of laboratory tests, optimum gradation of the aggregates and bitumen content (BC) were selected, which met all aspects of performance indexes. Uniform experiment design methods, including Marshall test, immersion Marshall test and Freezing–thaw indirect tensile test, were applied to analyze road performance of PAC, such as temperature stability, water stability, resistance to Freezing and thawing and so on. The results confirmed that PAC studied is an effective pavement surfacing materials in cold climate regions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document