scholarly journals Natural Background Levels in Groundwater

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2770
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Preziosi ◽  
Marco Rotiroti ◽  
M. Teresa Condesso de Melo ◽  
Klaus Hinsby
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
The World

High levels of inorganic compounds in groundwater represent a significant problem in many parts of the world, with major economic, social and environmental drawbacks [...]

scholarly journals eNaBLe, an On-Line Tool to Evaluate Natural Background Levels in Groundwater Bodies

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Daniele Parrone ◽  
Eleonora Frollini ◽  
Elisabetta Preziosi ◽  
Stefano Ghergo
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Database Management System ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
On Line ◽  
Groundwater Body

Inorganic compounds in groundwater may derive from both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The assessment of natural background levels (NBLs) is often useful to distinguish these sources. The approaches for the NBLs assessment can be classified as geochemical (e.g., the well-known pre-selection method) or statistical, the latter involving the application of statistical procedures to separate natural and anthropogenic populations. National Guidelines for the NBLs assessment in groundwater have been published in Italy (ISPRA 155/2017), based mainly on the pre-selection method. The Guidelines propose different assessment paths according to the sample size in spatial/temporal dimension and the type of the distribution of the pre-selected dataset, taking also into account the redox conditions of the groundwater body. The obtained NBLs are labelled with a different confidence level in function of number of total observations/monitoring sites, extension of groundwater body and aquifer type (confined or unconfined). To support the implementation of the Guidelines, the on-line tool evaluation of natural background levels (eNaBLe), written in PHP and using MySQL as DBMS (DataBase Management System), has been developed. The main goal of this paper is to describe the functioning of eNaBLe and test the tool on a case study in central Italy. We calculated the NBLs of As, F, Fe and Mn in the southern portion of the Mounts Vulsini groundwater body, within the volcanic province of Latium (Central Italy), also separating the reducing and oxidizing facies. Specific results aside, this study allowed to verify the functioning and possible improvements of the online tool and to identify some criticalities in the procedure NBLs assessment at the groundwater body scale

scholarly journals Assessing Natural Background Levels in the Groundwater Bodies of the Apulia Region (Southern Italy)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 958
Author(s):  
Rita Masciale ◽  
Stefano Amalfitano ◽  
Eleonora Frollini ◽  
Stefano Ghergo ◽  
Marco Melita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
Apulia Region ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Iron Manganese

Defining natural background levels (NBL) of geochemical parameters in groundwater is a key element for establishing threshold values and assessing the environmental state of groundwater bodies (GWBs). In the Apulia region (Italy), carbonate sequences and clastic sediments host the 29 regional GWBs. In this study, we applied the Italian guidelines for the assessment of the NBLs, implementing the EU Water Framework Directive, in a south-European region characterized by the typical Mediterranean climatic and hydrologic features. Inorganic compounds were analyzed at GWB scale using groundwater quality data measured half-yearly from 1995 to 2018 in the regional groundwater monitoring network (341 wells and 20 springs). Nitrates, chloride, sulfate, boron, iron, manganese and sporadically fluorides, boron, selenium, arsenic, exceed the national standards, likely due to salt contamination along the coast, agricultural practices or natural reasons. Monitoring sites impacted by evident anthropic activities were excluded from the dataset prior to NBL calculation using a web-based software tool implemented to automate the procedure. The NBLs resulted larger than the law limits for iron, manganese, chlorides, and sulfates. This methodology is suitable to be applied in Mediterranean coastal areas with high anthropic impact and overexploitation of groundwater for agricultural needs. The NBL definition can be considered one of the pillars for sustainable and long-term groundwater management by tracing a clear boundary between natural and anthropic impacts.

ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF СOVID-19, SARS-COV-2 VIRUS AND THE DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
A.A. Korenkova ◽  
◽  
E.M. Mayorova ◽  
V.V. Bahmetjev ◽  
M.V. Tretyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Optimal Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The new coronavirus infection has posed a major public health challenge around the world, but new data on the disease raises more questions than answers. The lack of optimal therapy is a significant problem. The article examines the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis of COVID-19, special attention is paid to features of pathological processes and immune responses in children. COVID-19 leads to a wide diversity of negative outcomes, many of which can persist for at least months. Many of the consequences have yet to be identified. SARS-CoV-2 may provoke autoimmune reactions. Reinfection, herd immunity, vaccines and other prevention measures are also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Measurement of the 36Cl deposition flux in central Japan: natural background levels and seasonal variability

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Tosaki ◽  
Norio Tase ◽  
Kimikazu Sasa ◽  
Tsutomu Takahashi ◽  
Yasuo Nagashima
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Deposition Flux ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Background Levels

Natural background levels and threshold values for groundwater in fluvial Pleistocene and Tertiary marine aquifers in Flanders, Belgium

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1155-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen Coetsiers ◽  
Petra Blaser ◽  
Kristine Martens ◽  
Kristine Walraevens
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Values ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
Background Levels

Comparing methods to estimate chloride natural background levels to assess sea water intrusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pulido-Velazquez ◽  
Leticia Baena-Ruiz ◽  
Denitza Voutchkova ◽  
Birgitte Hansen ◽  
Klaus Hinsby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Natural Background ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Water Intrusion ◽  
Background Levels ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Perform Sensitivity Analysis

<p>In order to assess the anthropogenic impacts on groundwater quality we generally need to identify the natural conditions or Natural background levels (NBLs) within groundwater systems, which are used as references to assess the evolution of the contamination status. This information, in addition to the threshold values (TVs), which are derived from NBLs and based on specific criteria values for legitimate water uses and the environment (terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems), is required to appropriately assess of the chemical status of groundwater in accordance with the European Water Framework Directive and to analyse and propose potential measures where they are required.</p><p>In literature, different methodologies are available to assess NBLs and reference TVs for different geochemical substances based on the available measurements of groundwater salinity (e.g. based on probability plots). In this work we analyze and compare three previously proposed methods for derivation of chloride NBLs, which is a conservation solute and is closely related to salt water intrusion in inland and coastal aquifers. We discuss and compare their applicability in pilots located in different settings (southern /northern European / Mediteranean/ North Sea /Baltic Sea) covering different typologies (detrital, karstic, fissured aquifers) and management issues (overexploitation, land use and land cover changes, etc). We perform sensitivity analysis to different constraints applied to remove samples affected by human activity (Nitrate and the brackish saline constraints) in the assessment of NBLs. Finally, based on this analysis, we propose a general approach for derivation of NBLs that could be applied to any of the tested pilots as well as other similar settings in Europe.</p><p> </p><p>This research has been partially supported by the SIGLO-AN project (RTI2018-101397-B-I00) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Programa Estatal de I+D+I orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad).</p><p>This work has been partially supported by the GeoE.171.008-TACTIC and GeoE.171.008-HOVER projects from GeoERA organization funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.</p>

The Nightmare of Reason and Regression into the Night of the World

2018 ◽  
pp. 119-139
Author(s):  
Wes Furlotte
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Radical Freedom ◽  
Finite Subjectivity

This chapter critically reads finite subjectivity in terms of its natural, instinctual dimension. The chapter’s objective is to further substantiate the significant problem Hegel’s conception of nature poses to his project of radical freedom. Developing a sense of subjectivity’s potential for “regression”, the chapter seeks to outline how, as in the case of acute psychopathology, subjectivity’s ordering of its instinctual dimension might be undermined. Hegelian regression, therefore, is a haywire inversion where the logical superiority of spirit’s freedom is subordinated to the ontologically prior register of instinct. Extrapolating from this analysis, the chapter contends that the unconscious-instinctual depth of the subject is never entirely abandoned; this abyss (Schacht) of indeterminacy lingers within the matrices of finite spirit and has the perpetual possibility of breaking-loose to the detriment of subjectivity’s free self-actualizing activity. Consequently, a reconstruction of Hegel’s account of mental illness forcefully demonstrates how nature remains a perpetual source of trauma for finite subjectivity and, therefore, the life of spirit.

Why We Need a New Kind of Higher Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Kosslyn ◽  
Ben Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
Curricular Model ◽  
Enhance Student Learning

Minerva is a response to problems that beset higher education writ large. We focus in large part on the most significant problem, which centers on the value of higher education. We address this problem by teaching “practical knowledge,” which is knowledge the students can use to achieve their goals. Practical knowledge is rooted in critical thinking, creative thinking, effective communication and effective interaction. We also have considered in depth how to teach this material effectively; all of our pedagogy is informed by the science of learning, which has led us to develop new forms of active learning. In addition, we have developed a software platform that supports our unique pedagogical and curricular model. This platform provides tools that not only facilitate teaching but also--and more importantly--enhance student learning. Furthermore, we believe that the future is increasingly international and thus our students learn to use practical knowledge in a global context. To achieve this, no one nationality is a majority—so students learn from each other—and students live and study together in up to seven different cities around the world. Finally, the Minerva talent agency supports our students from the beginning of their tenure through their post-graduate career, helping them succeed for many years to come.

Nano Particles and Their Mode of Action in Environment

2018 ◽  
pp. 212-219
Author(s):  
Rakesh Bhatt ◽  
Sandeep Gupta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovative Materials

Nano particles are particles that exist on a nanometer scale. Nanoparticles exist in our surrounding either naturally or created by human activities. As per Commission of European Union (2011), a nano-object needs only one of its characteristic dimensions to be in the range of 1-100nm to be classed as a nanoparticle even if its other dimensions are outside that range. Nanoparticles have revolutionized the world through the introduction of a unique class of material and consumer products in many fields due to production of innovative materials and devices. Despite their unique benefits and utility in daily activities, this could result in undesirable changes in the environment and affect the workplace. Carbon-based nanoparticles, oxides of metals, and natural inorganic compounds can have biological effects on the environment and human health. This chapter deals with the nanoparticles and their mode of action in the environment.

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