scholarly journals Assessment of Climatic and Anthropogenic Controls on Bridge Deck Drainage and Sediment Removal

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3556
Author(s):  
Alexander Michalek ◽  
Admin Husic ◽  
Joshua Roundy ◽  
Amy T. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Testing ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hydraulic Infrastructure ◽  
Slope Sediment ◽  
Projected Changes

Bridge deck drainage is essential to prevent hydroplaning and maintain safety along major roadways. With projected changes in climate, current designs may not be sufficient and a better understanding of the primary controls (climate, bridge deck, and inlet design) on the hydraulic efficiency and sediment removal of drainage systems is needed to maintain public safety. To evaluate the controls on hydraulic drainage efficiency, 576 controlled laboratory experiments were conducted testing grate type (rectangular bar vs. curved vane) and downspout configuration (square vs. circular and 20 cm vs. 25 cm) across a range of flow rates, cross slopes, and longitudinal slopes. An additional 144 sediment erosion experiments were performed to identify controls on the removal of sediment. Hydraulic testing indicated that inflow driven by climate is a primary control on drainage efficiency and spread of water on a roadway. For anthropogenic controls, downspout opening size was found to be the primary control followed by longitudinal slope. Sediment removal results indicated that inflow regime and grate type were the primary controls on the sediment removal rate. Given that inflow, driven by climate, is a control on both hydraulic and sediment removal performance, hydraulic engineers should consider forecasted changes in rainfall intensity in their present-day drainage designs. We provide design guidance and discussion for developing a proactive approach to hydraulic infrastructure in the face of future climate uncertainty.

Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS Area 3

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Ostoja ◽  
Tapan Pathak ◽  
Katherine Jarvis-Shean ◽  
Mark Battany ◽  
George Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
The Face ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Large Acreage ◽  
On Farm

The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California Area 3 for some key, climate-sensitive crops.

Machinability Evaluation in the Ultrasonic Drilling (USD) Process of Aluminum Oxide-based Ceramics

2011 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
pp. 804-812
Author(s):  
R. S. Jadoun
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Oxide ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Ultrasonic Drilling ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Central Composite

The ultrasonic drilling (USD) has been used in the manufacture of the hard, fragile, difficult to cut, nonconductive ceramic materials. In this study, the mathematical models of material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) have been obtained for the machinability evaluation in the USD process of aluminum oxide-based ceramic material. The experimental plan adopts the face centered central composite design (CCD). The mathematical models using the response surface methodology (RSM) are developed so as to investigate the influences of three machining parameters, including the power rating, grit size and slurry concentration on the performance characteristics of MRR and SR. It has been proved that the proposed mathematical models in this study would fit and predict values of the performance characteristics, which would be close to the readings recorded in experiment with a 95% confidence level. The significant parameters that critically affect the performance characteristics are examined.

Water for the Saints of Baghdad: The Hydrology of a Sacred Ottoman Geography

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Faisal H. Husain
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Active Management ◽  
The Political ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sacred Geography ◽  
Religious Dimensions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hydraulic Infrastructure ◽  
Territorial Claims

Abstract Following the conquest of Baghdad in 1534, the Ottoman Empire pursued a wide range of policies to maintain the shrines of Muslim saints buried in the province, many of whom were revered by both the Sunni Ottomans and the Shiʿi Safavids. Ottoman endeavors entailed active management of the Tigris and Euphrates waters to provision inland shrines with water and guard those on the riverbanks from damaging floods. With a hydraulic infrastructure, the Ottomans appropriated the memories of the saints of Baghdad and reinforced their territorial claims to the province in the face of a rising Shiʿi power in Persia. The story highlights the political and religious dimensions of water control in a sacred geography as imperial conflicts within Islamdom and Christendom redrew the map of Eurasia.

scholarly journals Contribution to the Study of Cutting Temperature and Tool Wear

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
The Face ◽  
Surface Regeneration ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Significant Production

The quality of a machined part strongly depends on the state of wear and the cutting tool. This wear is a major problem in the field of industry. This depends on several factors such as the material to be machined, the cutting tool, the cutting conditions and the machining process. All these factors have the corollary of a significant production of heat at the tool-chip interface. This heat induces accelerated wear of the cutting tool, which considerably limits the performance of the machine tool and is mainly detrimental to both the workpiece and the cutting tool. In this study, the main objective is to contribute to the study of the mechanisms of degradation of the tool by carrying out from an experimental approach based on the techniques of thermocouples located in places studied in order to avoid the influence of parasitic and undesirable parameters such as surface regeneration vibrations, etc. This approach is carried out experimentally by measuring the temperature of the cutting face (friction tool / chip interface). From the results collected during the experiment, we can understand the effects of different turning parameters on the temperature developed on the face of the tool and the appropriate turning conditions to obtain a maximum material removal rate at a lower temperature. The results obtained are represented and analyzed graphically.

Dynamics Modeling-Based Optimization of Process Parameters in Face Milling of Workpieces With Discontinuous Surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilong Li ◽  
Shichang Du ◽  
Delin Huang ◽  
Chen Zhao ◽  
Yafei Deng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Quality ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Face Milling ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Geometric Characteristics ◽  
Chatter Prediction ◽  
The Face ◽  
Free Material

Abstract Face milling is widely used in machining processes, aimed at providing workpieces with high surface quality. The chatter generated in face milling could lead to tremendous damage to machine tools, poor machined surface quality, and loss of processing efficiency. Most related researches have been focused on the modeling of spindle dynamics and discretization algorithms for chatter prediction. However, few published articles have taken the geometric characteristics of workpieces into consideration, especially for workpieces with discontinuous surfaces in face milling, which leads to poor accuracy of chatter prediction as well as the waste of processing efficiency. To overcome this shortage, a novel dynamic model for the face milling process is built in this paper, considering the cutting insert engagement based on the geometric characteristics of the workpieces and the tool path. The stability lobe diagrams (SLDs) applicable to workpieces with discontinuous surfaces are constructed. A process parameter optimization model is developed to maximize the chatter-free processing efficiency of the face milling process. The sensitivity analysis is utilized to simplify the objective function, and the genetic algorithm is employed to solve the optimization model. The proposed approach is validated by an experimental case study of an engine block, improving the chatter-free material removal rate by 53.3% in comparison to the classic approach.

Improving sediment removal in standard stormwater sumps

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2099-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyi Ma ◽  
David Z. Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Stormwater Treatment ◽  
Sediment Removal ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
Study Offer

Standard sumps are an important component of our stormwater drainage system. Recently they have received significant attention as a stormwater pre-treatment device to remove sediment from stormwater runoff. The objective of this research is to explore some simple structures to be installed inside standard sumps to improve sediment removal efficiency. A number of structures were tested and two structures were found to be most effective in sediment removal. Both structures can increase the sediment removal rate by around 20–25% for sediment sizes of 80–140 μm and 110–170 μm under all tested flowrates, and 10–20% for sediment of 160–240 μm. The flow patterns in these structures were simulated using a numerical model, and the energy loss was also examined. The results of this study offer a new direction for the development of stormwater treatment devices.

scholarly journals From Traditional Food to Functional Food? Evaluation of Malvaceae Species as Novel Food Crops

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1294
Author(s):  
Loai Basheer ◽  
Eyal Ben-Simchon ◽  
Alisa Cohen ◽  
Oren Shelef
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Generic Term ◽  
The Face ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Potential Food

Diversification of local food production can streamline supply chains, and ultimately increase food security. Research often focuses on improving existing crops by selection and by agro-technology rather than searching for novel crops. Plants that are traditionally eaten are interesting candidates for adaptation to commercialised agriculture. In this research, two Malvaceae species were explored as potential food crops, as the literature suggests Malvaceae exhibits valuable nutritional merits. This work examined Malva nicaeensis and Lavatera cretica, referred to as “Khubeza” (or “Hubeza”) as a generic term. The plants were experimentally cultivated in two different locations, their leaves were collected, and nutritive values compared. Khubeza leaves exhibited similar or better nutritive value to that of spinach, used here as a reference product. Thus, we conclude that “Khubeza” has potential to enhance food security, expand economic implementation, and to overall diversify agriculture, making it more resilient in the face of projected changes.

Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS Area 1

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Ostoja ◽  
Tapan Pathak ◽  
Katherine Jarvis-Shean ◽  
Mark Battany
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
The Face ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Large Acreage ◽  
On Farm

The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California Area 1 for five key, climate-sensitive crops.

Adapt - On-farm changes in the face of climate change: NRCS Area 2

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Ostoja ◽  
Tapan Pathak ◽  
Katherine Jarvis-Shean ◽  
Mark Battany ◽  
Andre S. Biscaro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
The Face ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Large Acreage ◽  
On Farm

The agricultural economy is more vulnerable to projected changes in climate in some California counties than in others. This flyer highlights on-farm adaptation strategies to mitigate some of the effects of increased winter temperatures and more frequent summer heatwaves. Projected conditions will put the most strain on heat intolerant crops and crops with high chill requirements. When crops with these characteristics also have a high market value or are grown in large acreage, counties can be at risk for economic declines. Information on this flyer identifies the most vulnerable counties in California NRCS Area 2 for six key, climate-sensitive crops.

Modeling the impacts of cave ventilation and CO2 dynamics on speleogenesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Covington ◽  
Franci Gabrovšek
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Dissolution Rates ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Slope Sediment ◽  
Karst Systems ◽  
Longitudinal Variability

<div>Approximately 10 years worth of field observations of dissolved and gaseous CO<sub>2</sub> within caves and karst springs across a variety of settings suggest that CO<sub>2</sub> dynamics provide a first-order control on both the spatial and temporal variability in dissolution rates within karst systems. Three primary effects emerge from the field studies: 1) Changes in stream slope, sediment characteristics, and resulting CO<sub>2</sub> production and exchange can drive longitudinal variability in dissolution rates along cave streams; 2) Cave airflow patterns, and resulting cave gaseous CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, can be the primary control on the variability of in-stream dissolution rates over storm to seasonal timescales; 3) The maturation of karst systems and resulting increases of permeability within the vadose zone can increase ventilation of the subsurface, reduce the PCO<sub>2</sub> of water flowing through cave passages, and ultimately reduce dissolution rates within these passages. While these effects are evident from the field data, it is difficult to quantify the long-term impacts of these effects on the evolution of karst systems using field data alone. The processes of CO<sub>2</sub> production, cave ventilation, and CO<sub>2</sub> exchange between gas and liquid phases have not been included in previous numerical models of speleogenesis. Here we extend existing models of speleogenesis to incorporate a suite of processes that are relevant for simulating physically realistic CO<sub>2</sub> dynamics. We use this new model to explore the impacts of ventilation and CO<sub>2</sub> exchange over timescales relevant for the evolution of karst aquifers. </div><div> </div>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document