scholarly journals Evaluating Stream Restoration Projects: What Do We Learn from Monitoring?

Water ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zan Rubin ◽  
G. Kondolf ◽  
Blanca Rios-Touma
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Stream Restoration ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Ecosystem Change ◽  
Know How ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Meta Analyses

Two decades since calls for stream restoration projects to be scientifically assessed, most projects are still unevaluated, and conducted evaluations yield ambiguous results. Even after these decades of investigation, do we know how to define and measure success? We systematically reviewed 26 studies of stream restoration projects that used macroinvertebrate indicators to assess the success of habitat heterogeneity restoration projects. All 26 studies were previously included in two meta-analyses that sought to assess whether restoration programs were succeeding. By contrast, our review focuses on the evaluations themselves, and asks what exactly we are measuring and learning from these evaluations. All 26 studies used taxonomic diversity, richness, or abundance of invertebrates as biological measures of success, but none presented explicit arguments why those metrics were relevant measures of success for the restoration projects. Although changes in biodiversity may reflect overall ecological condition at the regional or global scale, in the context of reach-scale habitat restoration, more abundance and diversity may not necessarily be better. While all 26 studies sought to evaluate the biotic response to habitat heterogeneity enhancement projects, about half of the studies (46%) explicitly measured habitat alteration, and 31% used visual estimates of grain size or subjectively judged ‘habitat quality’ from protocols ill-suited for the purpose. Although the goal of all 26 projects was to increase habitat heterogeneity, 31% of the studies either sampled only riffles or did not specify the habitats sampled. One-third of the studies (35%) used reference ecosystems to define target conditions. After 20 years of stream restoration evaluation, more work remains for the restoration community to identify appropriate measures of success and to coordinate monitoring so that evaluations are at a scale capable of detecting ecosystem change.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil microbial diversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Bebber ◽  
Victoria R. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Microbial Diversity ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Fertilizer Regimes ◽  
Diversity Metrics

ABSTRACTThe Green Revolution of agriculture was in part driven by application of synthetic mineral fertilizers, largely supplanting organic manure as a source of the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK). Though enhancing crop production and global food security, fertilizers have contributed to soil acidification, eutrophication of water bodies, and greenhouse gas emissions. Organic agriculture, employing manures or composts, has been proposed as a way of mitigating these undesirable effects. Of particular interest is the effect of fertilizer regime on soil microbes, which are key to nutrient cycling, plant health and soil structure. Meta-analyses of experimental studies indicate that mineral fertilizer increases soil microbial biomass over unfertilized controls, and that organic fertilizers increase microbial biomass and activity over mineral fertilizers. However, the effect of fertilizers on soil microbial diversity remains poorly understood. Since biological diversity is an important determinant of ecosystem function and a fundamental metric in community ecology, the effects of fertilizer regimes on soil microbial diversity are of theoretical and applied interest. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of 31 studies reporting microbial diversity metrics in mineral fertilized (NPK), organically fertilized (ORG) and unfertilized control (CON) soils. Of these studies, 26 reported taxonomic diversity derived from sequencing, gradient gel electrophoresis, RFLP, or dilution plate assay. Functional diversity, derived from Biolog Ecoplate™ measures of carbon substrate metabolism, was reported in 8 studies, with 3 studies reporting both diversity metrics. We found that functional diversity was on average 2.6 % greater in NPK compared with CON, 6.8 % greater in ORG vs CON and 3.6 % greater in ORG vs NPK. Prokaryote taxonomic diversity was not significantly different between NPK and CON, 4.2 % greater in ORG vs CON and 4.6 % greater in ORG vs. NPK. Fungal taxonomic diversity was not significantly different between NPK or ORG vs CON, but 5.4 % lower between ORG and NPK. There was very high residual heterogeneity in all meta-analyses of soil diversity, suggesting that a large amount of further research with detailed analysis of soil properties is required to fully understand the influence of fertilizer regimes on microbial diversity and ecosystem function.

scholarly journals Methodical approaches to the evaluation of surface pollution of water objects in the area of mining enterprises (on the example of Donetsk-Pridniprovsk region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Olena Voloshkina ◽  
Olena Zhukova ◽  
Irina Korduba ◽  
Daniil Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Long Time

The most important component of ecologically safe development of natural and socio-economic systems is the use of nature, which involves the organization of water resources, which ensures sustainable development and for a long time retains sufficient water potential. The ХХІ century is characterized by significant negative changes in the natural environment caused by the uncontrolled use of natural resources, the development of industry and transport, which leads to increased water consumption and at the same time increase its pollution. This has been particularly noticeable over the last 50 years, when human impact on the planet's water cycle has reached a global scale. Deterioration of the ecological condition of surface waters is due to qualitative and quantitative depletion of factors of their formation, which in some cases makes it impossible to use them for economic purposes. Water quality of water bodies is formed under the influence of both natural and anthropogenic factors. As a result of human activity in reservoirs many anthropogenic substances of various degree of toxicity can arrive. The article attempts to assess changes in surface water quality over the past decade and to determine the degree of natural and man-made transformation of rivers in the region and the possibility of their self-restoration and stabilization of the ecological danger of the region. The existing methods of assessment of water bodies by chemical indicators used in the area of operation of mining enterprises are considered. In some methods, the assessment of water bodies usually reflects regional features rather than their own pollution. Calculations for the water basin river Siverskyi Donets are made and relevant patterns are established.

scholarly journals Global flows of government practices: development technologies and their effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Silva
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
State Building ◽  
The Political ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Know How ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Economic And Social Impacts

This article discusses certain technologies with which government practices are diffused on a global scale and some of the effects of this process. Using Foucault as a main source of inspiration, the circulation of know-how and capital are seen as the principal means by which government practices are irradiated. By analyzing social techniques such as projects, programs, conditionalities, documents, international laws and others, I argue that these are fundamental conduits for devising and reproducing the global order. In a second moment, I approach some of the outcomes of developmental practices in processes of state building and other political dynamics among recipients and donor countries. I stress some of the political, economic and social impacts of local appropriations of development actions. Of these, I emphasize those related to capacity building and what I call the misrecognition effect. The final remarks propose an articulated perspective on government practices that are shaped by diverse strategies.

scholarly journals Mapping perception of consumer antivirus software with multidimensional scaling method

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Ai Nurhayati ◽  
Frencius .
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Scaling Method ◽  
Know How ◽  
Antivirus Software ◽  
The World ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Program Version

Antivirus software industry is growing rapidly in the world in 2018. The domestic antivirus software industrymust be able to compete on a global scale. To face free trade, Indonesia's antivirus software industry must be able toknow its position in the minds of consumers, especially domestic consumers. In this research, Smadav will representthe antivirus software industry from Indonesia. In this research want to know how the position of smadav comparedwith its current competitors, namely Avast, Avira, AVG, Kaspersky, McAfee and Norton. This research is only done tomap antivirus software based on similarity according to respondent's perception. This research uses Multidimensionalscaling (MDS) method through SPSS software program version 23. The results showed that there are three groups ofdifferent antivirus software based on similarity level according to the respondent's perception. On the two-dimensionaland three-dimensional maps Norton antivirus software, Avast and Avira have similar resemblance according to therespondent's perception, because the location is closest and is in the same quadrant. Smadav differs according toperceptions of respondents. AVG, McAfee and Kaspersky have similarities according to respondents' perceptions.

scholarly journals Mapping Perception of Consumer Antivirus Software with Multidimensional Scaling Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Ai Nurhayati ◽  
Frencius Frencius
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Scaling Method ◽  
Know How ◽  
Antivirus Software ◽  
The World ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Program Version

Antivirus software industry is growing rapidly in the world in 2018. The domestic antivirus software industry must be able to compete on a global scale. To face free trade, Indonesia's antivirus software industry must be able to know its position in the minds of consumers, especially domestic consumers. In this research, Smadav will represent the antivirus software industry from Indonesia.In this research want to know how the position of smadav compared with its current competitors, namely Avast, Avira, AVG, Kaspersky, McAfee and Norton. This research is only done to map antivirus software based on similarity according to respondent's perception.This research uses Multidimensional scaling (MDS) method through SPSS software program version 23. The results showed that there are three groups of different antivirus software based on similarity level according to the respondent's perception.On the two-dimensional and three-dimensional maps Norton antivirus software, Avast and Avira have similar resemblance according to the respondent's perception, because the location is closest and is in the same quadrant. Smadav differs according to perceptions of respondents. AVG, McAfee and Kaspersky have similarities according to respondents' perceptions.

scholarly journals Contrasting Responses among Aquatic Organism Groups to Changes in Geomorphic Complexity Along a Gradient of Stream Habitat Restoration: Implications for Restoration Planning and Assessment

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza Hasselquist ◽  
Lina Polvi ◽  
Maria Kahlert ◽  
Christer Nilsson ◽  
Lisa Sandberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stream Restoration ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Aquatic Organism ◽  
Restoration Planning ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Restoration Measure ◽  
Size Heterogeneity ◽  
Value Of Learning ◽  
Restoration Measures ◽  
Organism Group

Many stream restoration projects aim to increase geomorphic complexity, assuming that this increases habitat heterogeneity and, thus, biodiversity. However, empirical data supporting these linkages remain scant. Previous assessments of stream restoration suffer from incomplete quantification of habitat complexity, or a narrow focus on only one organism group and/or one restoration measure, limiting learning. Based on a comprehensive quantification of geomorphic complexity in 20 stream reaches in northern Sweden, ranging from streams channelized for timber floating to restored and reference reaches, we investigated responses of macroinvertebrates, diatoms, and macrophytes to multiple geomorphic metrics. Sediment size heterogeneity, which was generally improved in restored sites, favored macroinvertebrate and diatom diversity and macroinvertebrate abundance. In contrast, macrophyte diversity responded to increased variation along the longitudinal stream profile (e.g., step-pools), which was not consistently improved by the restoration. Our analyses highlight the value of learning across multiple restoration projects, both in identifying which aspects of restoration have succeeded, and pinpointing other measures that might be targeted during adaptive management or future restoration. Given our results, a combination of restoration measures targeting not only sediment size heterogeneity, but also features such as step-pools and instream wood, is most likely to benefit benthic biota in streams.

Comparing palynological abundance and diversity: implications for biotic replacement during the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation

Paleobiology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lupia ◽  
Scott Lidgard ◽  
Peter R. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Vegetational Change ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

The Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms initiated a major reorganization of terrestrial plant communities as dominance by pteridophytic and gymnospermic groups eventually gave way to dominance by angiosperms. Previously, patterns of biotic replacement have been assessed using measures based on taxonomic diversity data. However, using measures of both abundance and diversity to investigate replacement patterns provides more information about macroecological change in the fossil record than either can provide alone. Analyses of an updated and expanded database of North American palynological samples from Cretaceous sediments document a rapid increase in angiosperm diversity and abundance within individual fossil palynofloras (representing local/subregional vegetation). New analyses of floristic diversity patterns support previous results and indicate that the decline of free-sporing plants is more pronounced than the decline of gymnosperms. In contrast, analyses of abundance data appear to show that the decline of gymnosperms is far more pronounced than the decline of free-sporing plants. Detailed examination of both data sets segregated by paleolatitude shows that this apparent contradiction reflects biogeographical differences in the patterns of vegetational change (e.g., free-sporing plants declined in abundance at lower latitudes) as well as sampling bias (e.g., greater sampling in the northern region in the Late Cretaceous). Analyses accounting for these biases support the conclusion that as angiosperms radiated, free-sporing plants rather than gymnosperms (in this case, mainly conifers) experienced the most pronounced decline. A thorough understanding of the Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms will require both abundance and diversity data. It also will require expanding the analyses presented here into other geographic regions as well as sampling more completely at all spatial scales.

scholarly journals A unifying ecological theory of microbial biodiversity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R Shoemaker ◽  
Kenneth J Locey ◽  
Jay T Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Microbial Biodiversity ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Number Dynamics ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Better Than

An ecological theory of microbial biodiversity has yet to be developed. This shortcoming leaves patterns of abundance, distribution, and diversity for the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth without a predictive framework. However, because of their high abundance and complex dynamics, microbial communities may be underpinned by lognormal dynamics, i.e., synergistic interactions among complex stochastic variables. Using a global-scale compilation of 20,456 sites from a diverse set of natural and host-related environments, we test whether a lognormal model predicts microbial distributions of abundance and diversity-abundance scaling laws better than other well-known models, including the most successful macroecological theory of biodiversity, i.e., maximum entropy theory of ecology. We found that the lognormal explains the greatest percent variation in abundance, that the success of the lognormal increased with abundance while other models decreased, and that the lognormal was the only model to reproduce recently documented diversity-abundance scaling laws. Our unifying ecological theory of microbial biodiversity explains and predicts macroecological patterns based on dynamics that capture the complex large number dynamics of microbial life.

scholarly journals The global molecular epidemiology of microsporidia infection in sheep and goats with focus on Enterocytozoon bieneusi: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Taghipour ◽  
Saeed Bahadory ◽  
Ehsan Javanmard
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Global Estimate ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background Microsporidia is a zoonotic pathogen with health consequences in immunocompromised patients. Small ruminants are a potential reservoir of microsporidia for humans in their vicinity. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the molecular prevalence of microsporidian infections with emphasis on Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes among sheep and goats at a global scale through systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods The standard protocol of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Eligible prevalence studies on small ruminant microsporidiosis, published from 1 January 2000 until 15 April 2021 were gathered using systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects model. The variance between studies (heterogeneity) was quantified by I2 index. Results In total, 25 articles (including 34 datasets) were included for final meta-analysis. The pooled molecular prevalence of microsporidia in sheep and goats was estimated to be 17.4% (95% CI: 11.8–25%) and 16% (95% CI: 11.2–22.4%), respectively. Likewise, the overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was estimated to be 17.4% (95% CI: 11.8–25%) for sheep and 16.3% (95% CI: 11.3–22.8%) for goats. According to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene analysis, E. bieneusi with genotypes BEB6 (15 studies) and COS-1 (nine studies) in sheep, and CHG3 (six studies) and BEB6 (five studies) in goats were the highest reported genotypes. Conclusion The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for human-infecting microsporidia. Therefore, this global estimate could be beneficial on preventive and control measures.

scholarly journals The mystery of COVID-19 reinfections: A global systematic review and meta-analysis of 577 cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubaid Azhar Dhillon ◽  
Mohammad Aadil Qamar ◽  
Omar Irfan ◽  
Jaleed Ahmed Gilani ◽  
Usama Waqar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, reports on disparities in vaccine roll out alongside reinfection and reactivation from previously recovered cases have been emerging. With newer waves and variants of COVID-19, we conducted a systematic review to assess the determinants and disease spectrum of COVID-19 reinfection. Methods A comprehensive search covering relevant databases was conducted for observational studies reporting Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) confirmed infection and reinfection cases. Quality assessment tool developed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) for assessment of case series was used. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 for pooled proportions of findings in first infection and reinfection with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Eighty-one studies reporting 577 cases were included from 22 countries. The mean age of patients was 46.2±18.9 years with males accounting for 45.8% of the study population while 179 (31.0%) cases of comorbidities were reported. The average time duration between first infection and reinfection was 63.6±48.9 days. During first infection and reinfection, fever was the most common symptom (41.4% and 36.4%,respectively) whilst anti-viral therapy was the most common treatment regimen administered (44.5% and 43.0%, respectively). Overall, comparable odds of symptomatic presentation and management were reported in the two infections. However, a higher Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission rate was observed in reinfection compared to first infection (10 vs 3). Ten deaths were reported with 565 patients fully recovering. Respiratory failure was the most common cause of death (7/10 deaths). Seventy-two studies were determined to be of good quality whilst nine studies were of fair quality. Conclusion As the first global-scale systematic review of its kind, our findings support immunization practices given increased ICU admissions and mortality in reinfections. Our cohort serves as a guide for clinicians and authorities for devising an optimal strategy for controlling the pandemic.

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