scholarly journals The Policy Coherence Framework Approach in a Multi-Level Analysis of European, German and Thuringian Climate Policy with a Special Focus on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)

World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-424
Author(s):  
Justus Eberl ◽  
Evgenia Gordeeva ◽  
Norbert Weber
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Framework Approach ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Area Development

This work sets out to apply the Policy Coherence Framework (PCF) to the case of climate policy, taking into account the European, German and Thuringian political levels of analysis. It combines an analysis of vertical coherence between these levels and horizontal coherence within and between different sectoral policies. The study demonstrates disparities between coherence within climate policy itself and between other policy sectors as regards forest area development. It further reveals some contradictions between economic and ecological goals in German climate policy, particularly as concerns the role of forests. According to the authors, this observation can, at least in part, be explained by the national security obligations of Germany as a nation state. This assumption is supported by the observation that the regional level of Thuringia is more consistent with the supranational level of the European Union, both of which can “afford” to favour ecology over economy due to not being nation states. Another finding suggests that the broad and ambiguous definition of climate policy causes many contradictions, leading to an “omnipresence” of climate policy, and in doing so, strips it of its meaning and, consequently, practical relevance.

International Aspects of Investment Liberalization in the PRC: A Case of EU-China Cooperation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-224
Author(s):  
D. A. Potapov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
World Order ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
International Aspects ◽  
The Eu

The paper examines the role of investment cooperation and national foreign investment regime as a means to promote China’s economic and political interests and to respond to new global challenges that the country faces nowadays. To this end, the author examines the main stages of China’s liberalization of the legal regime for foreign investment from the end of the 1970s with a special focus on a new foreign investment law. In doing so the author attempts to link the evolution of investment regulation in the PRC with the dynamics of international relations development and the changing role of China as a regional and global actor. The author emphasizes that a trend towards the emergence of a polycentric world order not only provokes the rise of international tensions but also provides new incentives to promote dialogue and enhance cooperation between states and non-governmental actors, particularly by encouraging foreign investments. At the same time, there is a growing need to improve regulatory mechanisms for direct foreign investments. All these contradictory trends have directly affected China’s foreign investment regime reform. In this context the investment cooperation between the PRC and the European Union is of particular importance. The EU possesses a set of innovative technological solutions and competencies that are of particular interest to the Chinese leaders in the context of their efforts to modernize the country’s economy. The paper examines the volume, dynamics and key directions of investment flows between China and the EU member-states. The fact that after seven years of difficult negotiations, the EU and China managed to develop a special bilateral regulatory mechanism — EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment — underscores again the importance of this cooperation for both parties. Even though the EU has suspended the ratification of this deal on the pretext of human right violations in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the author concludes, that in the future this agreement will come into force, since the very logic of the emerging polycentric world order urges for deeper cooperation between the EU and China. In this context, the investment regulation appears not only as a means to protect the Chinese economic interests, but also as an instrument to strengthen China’s international positions in the changing global context.

scholarly journals BUILDING CITIZENS: SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SOCIETAL PROGRAMME - COMPARATIVE VISIONS FROM 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY SWITZERLAND AND LUXEMBOURG

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Helfenberger ◽  
Catherina Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
School Architecture ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACT The paper examines the hypothesis, that school buildings construct the future citizens of the nation-state. We specifically ask, how such national constructions play out in multilingual nation-states. With a special focus on the development of school architecture in a variety of regions including as major cases Luxembourg and Switzerland, the paper analyses school buildings as the spaces where the act of physically going to school takes place. As a dominant of the local scenery, schools were also actively involved in the presentation of spaces, displaying concepts of the nation or its sub-units. In Switzerland, it reveals the strong importance of the cantons and communities; in Luxembourg it showed the significant role of the capital as well as the local commune and demographical policies of the country: While national coherence was emphasized and also symbolically transported for instance through uniform school buildings or model school types, we found also that the school buildings were of overall importance for the profile finding of regions and communes and became powerful agents of societal planning in anchoring citizens to specific regions and shaping the core of the village. In both cases, the article demonstrates the significant contribution of school buildings to the manifold ways of unifying citizens and differentiating them according to societal needs.

Institutions

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Stefan Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Transformation Property ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Transformation Processes

This chapter offers a look at transformation processes from the perspective of the new institutional economics (NIE). It briefly describes the main pillars of this research area, including its assumptions, the definition of institutions, and their interplay. It is shown that the NIE can contribute to explaining the outcome of transformation processes by pointing at the different institutions relied upon during transition. In the section surveying the large literature on institutions and transition, special focus is laid on the role of constitutions for political transformation, property rights for economic transformation, and internal or informal institutions as institutions largely exempt from deliberate transformation which can, hence, constitute an important constraint in transformation processes. The chapter concludes by pointing out some research gaps.

Umweltzölle, fairer Wettbewerb und Klimaschutz: Ökozölle und ein besserer globaler Klimavertrag

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Ekardt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Role Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Stimulate Action ◽  
Climate Economics ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Border Adjustments

AbstractThe paper offers an innovative structure for a future transnational climate policy beyond the Kyoto Protocol (and criticizes the overall methodology of climate economics), but mainly assesses the possibilities for a strongly extended pioneering role of the European Union - secured by complementary border adjustments for imports and exports. Border adjustments do not discriminate against anybody in global free markets and therefore do not violate WTO rules, as they make sure that whoever refuses to protect the climate will not be granted an unfair advantage by eco-dumping. Border adjustments do not spare us to rethink our way of life. But border adjustments allow the EU to act as a role model for countries like China, India and or the USA in advancing an effective and social (and economically prospering) climate policy. This may be the only way to stimulate action for a global, effective and social climate policy.

scholarly journals Conflicting Perspectives on the “Migrant Crisis” in the Horn of Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 228-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Population Displacement ◽  
Nation States ◽  
And Migration

In sharp contrast to the sense of a “migrant crisis” which prevails in Europe, nation states in the Horn of Africa understand migration, including state-induced population displacement, as unexceptional. The chapter addresses this apparent paradox by contrasting European policy discourse on migration with the long-term political and structural processes in northeastern Africa that cause population displacement and migration. The chapter then examines the migration policies of governments in the Horn and concludes by arguing that the European Union misrepresents and misunderstands the factors responsible for large-scale migration and the role of states in exploiting migrants. For these reasons it is highly unlikely that the EU-Horn of Africa Action Plan/Khartoum process will bring about better border management policies and practices.

scholarly journals Evolution of European Sanctions: From Individual Measures to Consolidated Policy

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
V. A. Silaeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Military Force ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Union Policy ◽  
High Level ◽  
Restrictive Measures

In modern world, as more and more states are reluctant to apply direct military force, the role of non-military instruments of coercion such as economic sanctions augments in international relations. In recent years economic sanctions have become firmly anchored in the system of European instruments of foreign policy. Although their implementation and monitoring still requires substantial improvements, progress and high level of consolidation can be witnessed on several recent examples. The article focuses on the evolution of the institutional basis and the mechanisms of coordination of the European Union policy in the sphere of restrictive measures, as well as detailed analysis of current tools of elaboration and implementation of various economic foreign instruments. Three stages can be distinguished in the evolution of European restrictive measures. Originally, there was no coordination as sanctions were introduced by nation states separately and individually. However, with the rise of economic interdependency of the allies there appeared new instruments for the exchange of information and opinions that have evolved into strictly binding mechanisms we can witness today. The example of Iranian sanctions shows what new schemes have been elaborated to increase the effectiveness of sanctions policy and how they have spread and developed, including to work out sanctions against Russia.

Future War and the Defence of Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Allen ◽  
Frederick Ben Hodges ◽  
Julian Lindley-French
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Transatlantic Relationship ◽  
Future War ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Cyber War

Set against the backdrop of the COVID-19 crisis, Future War and the Defence of Europe considers in the round how peace can be maintained on a continent that has suffered two cataclysmic conflicts since 1914. COVID-19 and the trend-accelerating impact of such pandemics is first considered. The book then weaves history, strategy, policy, and technology into a compelling analytical narrative that sets the scale of the challenge Europeans and their allies will face if Europe’s peace is to be upheld in a transformative century. The book challenges foundational assumptions about how Europe’s defence is organized, the role of a fast-changing transatlantic relationship, NATO, the European Union, and their constituent nation-states. At the heart of the book is a radical vision of a technology-enabling future European defence built around a new kind of Atlantic alliance, an innovative strategic public–private partnership, and the future hyper-electronic European force it must spawn. Europeans should be under no illusion: unless they do far more for their own defence, and very differently, all that Europeans now take for granted could be lost in the maze of hybrid war, cyber war, and hyperwar they must face.

scholarly journals Pravne posljedice provjere putnikovih putnih isprava u zračnim lukama

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1131-1148
Author(s):  
Željka Primorac
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Air Carriers ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint

In this paper the author is making an elaborated analysis on the topic of countering illegal migration of air passengers (with the emphasis on third-country nationals) from a legal and theoretical standpoint, pointing out to the methods and legal consequences of verifying the validity and authenticity of passengers’ travel documents according to the latest provisions of Schengen acquis and assessing the role of the air carrier in the protection of the EU's external borders. The author is drawing attention to an insufficient legal definition of the terms “inadequate travel documents” and “necessary travel documents” by examining the legal effects of possession and presentation of inadequate travel documents as a justified reason for denying boarding to passengers pursuant to the provisions of Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and the interpretations of the provisions in question in accordance with the Guidelines of 2016. In this context, the aim of this paper is to point out to the current changes regarding the private legal protection of passengers in conformity with the European legal provisions in force, as well as to the latest proceeding before the Court of Justice of the European Union (Case C-584/18) concerning the interpretation of certain provisions of the European regulations relevant to this issue (Regulation (EU) 261/2004 and Regulation (EU) 2016/399). The author concludes with the analysis of the air carriers' obligations to pay financial sanctions (fines) in the case of carriage of passengers without the necessary travel documents and puts forward solutions de lege ferenda.

The Role of the Nation State in International Environmental Policy

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Trittin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Transnational Corporation ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
International Environmental Policy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Global Environmental

In this article, the German Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety analyzes the role of the nation state in international environmental policy. With reference to the European Union, he argues that independent national environmental policy no longer exists inside the Union. Brussels now has greater influence on environmental legislation than any nation state in Europe—a development that the minister expressly welcomes. He argues that it has proven highly useful for Union members to speak with one voice at global environmental conferences and to present a united front just like one strong nation state. On the other hand, the communitarization within Europe does not prevent members from becoming front-runners in environmental policy. The minister further calls for changes at the global level to ensure that global environmental institutions and environmental law are given much greater weight. The historic task of nation states today is to introduce global environmental legislation that is more powerful than any nation state or any transnational corporation. The German government therefore strongly favors transforming UNEP into a world environment organization that can stand up to the WTO, the FAO and transnational corporations.

Core–Periphery Relations in the European Union and the Role of Central Places in Europe with a Focus on Regional Policy in Britain and Germany

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bennett C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The North ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The One ◽  
Depressed Regions ◽  
The Eu

Core–periphery analysis is vital to an understanding of the European Union (EU) and regional development. The European Economic Community (EEC), which would eventually become the EU, was formed in 1957 in order to promote progressive economic integration. Recognizing that there were depressed regions within both peripheral and core nation-states, the EC adopted a programme with the goal of bringing those regions into convergence. Its programme is essentially a liberal centre–periphery model similar to the one proposed by Friedman. Many of the nation-states within the EC also have their own regional policies and programmes regarding intervention within their own spatial boundaries. To present an approach for comparison this article will focus on two examples of regional policy: Britain's attitude toward regional development in the North and the German programme for integrating East Germany.

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