scholarly journals Calibration of the Plants for Verification of Stopwatchs

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
O. Velychko ◽  
S. Shevkun ◽  
O. Meshcheriak ◽  
M. Dobroliubova
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Standard Uncertainty ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Measuring Circuit ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Frequency Meter ◽  
Electronic Counting

The method of calibration of plants for verification of stopwatches with the help of the electronic-counting CNT-90 frequency meter is presented. The measurement circuits for verification (calibration) of reference plants for verification (calibration) of stopwatches are given. The device for synchronous start, which is based on the transformation of the motion signal of the moving part of the plant into an electrical signal of direct current using optical sensors, is used in the measuring circuit for calibration plants of mechanical stopwatches, and, the device for synchronous start, which is based on the transformation of the audio signal of an electronic stopwatch into an electrical signal of direct current using microphone, is used in the measuring circuit for calibration plants of electronic stopwatches. An example of the applying of the CNT-90 electronic frequency counter software is provided, which allows you to calculate the verification and calibration results (rejections the measurements of time and instability indexes) in the automatic mode. The calibration model and uncertainty budget for calibration of stopwatches are presented. The components of Type A and B, in accordance with calibration model are recorded when calculating the combined standard uncertainty in the form of standard uncertainties. The components of Type B: standard uncertainty due to the electronic counting frequency meter readings from the nominal value is taken from the calibration certificate of the frequency meter; standard uncertainty due to the drift of an electron-counting frequency meter since its last calibration; standard uncertainty due to the discreteness of indications of the plant indicator; standard uncertainty due to the effect of the device for synchronous start. The method of verification and calibration of installations for verification (calibration) of stopwatches, which are describe in the article, can be used in scientific metrological institutions, state enterprises, metrological services of state bodies, by enterprises and organizations, conformity assessment bodies of measuring instruments and in any other laboratories which have appropriate equipment and required standards.

scholarly journals The Technique Analysis of CO2 in Troposphere using AIRS

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Nunung Isnaini Dwi Ningsih
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

Currently global warming has become an international issue. One of the biggest contributors to global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 gas is one of the most prominent gases of greenhouse gases or greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and has an important role in the Earth's climate. Increased CO2 contributes more than 50% to the effects of global warming. Various methods and measuring instruments of CO2 concentration developed from optical sensors to measuring CO2 directly from space using satellites. Atmosphere Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is one of NASA's six (6) instances launched on May 4, 2002 installed on the AQUA satellite. This instrument uses sounding technology that determines the vertical profile of CO2 from space. This instrument supports climate-related research and also in improving weather forecasts. AIRS data can be obtained online from the Giovanni Website at http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov. Giovani is an application provided by NASA to make it easier to acquire, visualize, and analyze remote sensing data with ASCII data facilities that can be downloaded directly. The purpose of this research is to conduct CO2 analysis in Indonesia online using Giovanni Website year 2013-2016. Rendering data online shows the CO2 fluctuated every month, but yearly data shows the CO2 increased signifantly and the higest value in 2016, its reach 4.039 ppm. The results of CO2 analysis is expected to assist in the process of prevention or reduction of CO2 emissions in the air as one of the activities of environmental conservation.

scholarly journals Use of statistical analysis methods in processing population survey data

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-60
Author(s):  
Vasilij Kalinchik ◽  
Vitaliy Pobigaylo ◽  
Vitaliy Kalinchyk ◽  
Daniil Filjanin
Keyword(s):  
Total Error ◽  
Current Transformer ◽  
Measuring Channel ◽  
Measuring Circuit ◽  
Metrological Characteristics ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Voltage Transformer ◽  
Current Transformers ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
Communication Lines

The article analyzes the structures of the measuring channels of electricity metering systems. It is shown that such a structure is determined by the types of measuring instruments used and the scheme of their connection, in particular, by the types of electricity meters installed at the metering points. Moreover, the counters can have a pulse or interface information output. It is shown that the path for measuring and metering electricity includes a measuring circuit consisting of measuring current and voltage transformers, an electricity meter, communication lines, a metering device and a data collection device. The applied method is based on the standardization of the metrological characteristics of individual elements of the measuring path and their synthesis based on the metrological characteristics of the entire electricity metering system. To calculate the total error of the measuring channel, a formula is used that takes into account only the errors of the measuring circuit. It is shown that in recent years there has been a tendency when measuring current transformers and, accordingly, electricity meters operate in the mode of low current loads. In this case, the errors of the elements of the measuring path are poorly studied. The graphs of errors of current transformers depending on load currents are given. It is shown that the values of the errors of current transformers vary with the magnitude of the load current and are in the region of negative values. Therefore, the wrong choice of current transformers can lead to a significant underestimation of electricity. The errors of voltage transformers depend mainly on the load on the secondary winding and do not significantly affect the total error. The resulting error of the measuring path current transformer - voltage transformer - electricity meter in the area of low loads is given. A change in errors in the area of low loads leads to serious metrological losses (underpayment of electricity). In the automation of electricity metering, graphs of changes in errors in the area of low loads are presented, which can serve as a basis for correcting the error of the measuring paths.

The Phenomenology of Electric Discharges Generated between a Negatively Charged Water Aerosol Cloud and Earth

Vestnik MEI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Nikolay Yu. Lysov ◽  
◽  
Aleksandr V. Orlov ◽  
Aleksandr G. Temnikov ◽  
Leonid L. Chernensky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Electric Discharges ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Charged Aerosol

Studies of electrical discharges generated in the electric field of charged aerosol clouds make it possible to obtain better understanding of how lightning occurs in thunderclouds. For this purpose, an experimental setup was developed, which allows charged aerosol clouds of negative polarity to be produced. A charged aerosol cloud creates electric field strength sufficient to generate electrical discharges between this cloud and the earth. The experimental setup for obtaining an artificially produced charged aerosol cloud is briefly described. The experimental setup is equipped with a set of measuring instruments for recording the electrical and optical signals of discharges and for photographing the discharges themselves. A database has been accumulated in the course of experiments, which includes the waveforms of discharge current pulses recorded using digital oscilloscopes, the waveforms of signals from optical sensors recording the development of discharges in space and time, and the snapshots of discharges. By using the accumulated information it is possible to classify discharges that occur between artificially produced charged aerosol clouds of negative polarity and the earth by type and parameters. An analysis of the experimental data has shown that both upward and downward discharges can occur between a charged aerosol cloud and the earth, which is typical for natural lightning phenomena. The snapshots of the most characteristic types of electric discharges observed in experiments and simple models explaining the development of these discharges are studied.

MODELING OF STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PNEUMATIC STRAIN GAUGE TRANSDUCER

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
A. P. Vasytenko ◽  
A. Yu. Tarakhovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Static Characteristics ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Jet Impact ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Strain Gauge Transducer ◽  
Processing Of Measurement Results

Measuring instruments that implement the pneumatic principle of measurement, have a number of significant advantages: small dimensions of the measuring equipment, allowing to produce multiparameter control in a limited size of the working area, insensitivity to vibration, simplicity of design and reliability. The disadvantage of pneumatic converters is a discrete output electrical signal, which does not allow the processing of measurement results. In this regard, it seems appropriate to investigate the pneumatic-electric Converter, which includes a jet pneumatic and differential strain gauges, which allows to obtain an analog electrical signal at the output. The article describes the design and principle of operation pneumoenteritis Converter to control the diameter of the part. Pneumotensometric Converter converts the change in the diameter of the part in the movement of the nozzle, which causes a change in the force of the air jet on the beam, its deformation and, accordingly, a change in the resistance of he strain gauge. An expression describing the stoic characteristic of the transducer and allowing to determine the force of the air jet impact on the load cell from the gap between the nozzle and the beam, the air pressure and the nozzle diameter is given. The results of modeling the static characteristics of the Converter at different combinations of design parameters are given, the values of straight sections of characteristics and sensitivity are determined, their comparative evaluation is given.

scholarly journals Optical repeater for indoor visible light communication using amplify-forward method

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1351
Author(s):  
Arsyad Ramadhan Darlis ◽  
Lucia Jambola ◽  
Lita Lidyawati ◽  
Adisty Hanny Asri
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Optical Amplifier ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Good Signal

<p><span>In this paper, the implementation of an optical repeater for indoor visible light communication using the amplify-forward method was proposed. In indoor, Visible Light Communication (VLC) can occur by transmitting information signals from Lamps as a VLC transmitter toward the VLC receiver as Line-of-Sight (LOS) that is located with only a few meters. In the Non-LOS (NLOS) Communication, the signal will be attenuated, so it needs to amplify to improve good signal quality in a VLC receiver. The optical repeater could be used to improve the signal quality that attenuating due to distance. The audio signal was generated and sent using VLC Transmitter toward the Light Emitting Diode (LED). Then, the electrical signal was converted to become visible light, and it was amplified using an optical amplifier with an amplify-forward method. The signal in the form of visible light that had been amplified would be received by the Photodiode (PD), and the VLC Receiver processed it. The measurement results showed the system that used the optical repeater could improving the distance until 9.5 m with frequency 6000 Hz, where the best signal quality at a frequency of 3000 Hz.  The measurement result showed that the use of repeater components with the amplify forward method for VLC systems, especially in the room, can increase the range until 4.5 m compare without an optical repeater. This result exceeds the minimum distance of an indoor visible light communication system, with an average distance of the roof to the floor is 3.5 m.</span></p>

Adaptive celestial positioning for the stationary Mars rover based on a self-calibration model for the star sensor

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Yinhu Zhan ◽  
Shaojie Chen ◽  
Xu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Star Sensor ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Accuracy Improvement ◽  
Mars Rover ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Self Calibration ◽  
Imaging Model

Abstract This paper proposes a method for self-calibrating the star sensor on the Mars rover considering several years of exploration on the surface of Mars. The natural stars in the night sky are considered the control points, and a self-calibration model is deduced in detail according to an imaging model. An adaptive celestial positioning (ACP) algorithm is then introduced, and the calculation procedure is presented in detail to realise self-adjustment based on the self-calibration of the star sensor. Three field tests were conducted on Earth, the results of which show good self-calibration and celestial positioning performances. The positioning results indicate an obvious accuracy improvement using the ACP algorithm compared with that without calibration. Multiple positionings in one night can improve the celestial positioning accuracy to approximately 15 m. For future studies, this self-calibration model will be useful not only for star sensors but also for other optical sensors, such as sun sensors and binocular or stereo-vision cameras.

Sensors in the system of monitoring the technical condition of nodes and units of self-propelled agricultural machines

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
M. Kostomakhin ◽  
A. Voronov
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Simple Complex ◽  
Measuring Range ◽  
Optimum Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Agricultural Machines

The article presents material on the choice and justification of sensors that perform the transformation and communication of signals coming from units and assemblies of self-propelled agricultural machines. The main requirements of measuring means for monitoring controlled parameters of self-propelled agricultural machinery are given. It is established that analog and digital converters must be used as measuring sensors, with conversion to an electrical signal from 0 to 5 V. For optimum selection of measuring means, for simple, complex diagnostics, it is recommended to use the criterion of minimum costs, taking into account the established measurement error, and with the possibility of real physical control of the parameters at the object of diagnosis. After the fi nal choice of measuring instruments, they are carried out in the laboratory in order to determine the measuring range of the monitored quantities, their characteristics: frequency and maximum amplitude of the oscillation, and the choice of the characteristic attachment points of the measuring means. Based on the analysis and expert assessment, a list of several sensors for recording the monitored parameters used to determine the technical state of self-propelled agricultural machines was identified.

scholarly journals Noninvasive Measurement of Glucose by Metabolic Heat Conformation Method

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1894-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ok Kyung Cho ◽  
Yoon Ok Kim ◽  
Hiroshi Mitsumaki ◽  
Katsuhiko Kuwa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Noninvasive Measurement ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Thermal Generation ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Data Points

Abstract Background: We developed a method, called the metabolic heat conformation (MHC) method, for the noninvasive measurement of blood glucose. The MHC method involves the measurement of physiologic indices related to metabolic heat generation and local oxygen supply, which correspond to the glucose concentration in the local blood supply. Methods: We used noninvasive thermal and optical sensors on the fingertip of an individual to measure thermal generation, blood flow rate, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and oxyhemoglobin concentration. The calibration model incorporates mathematical procedures to convert signals from the sensor pickup to final glucose concentrations. The mathematical procedures are multivariate statistical analyses, involving values from sensor signals, polynomials from various values, regression analyses of individual patients, and cluster analyses of patient groups. The glucose value is calculated for each patient measurement, applying one of the clusters by discriminant analysis. Results: Regression analysis was performed to compare the noninvasive method with the hexokinase method, using 127 data points (109 data points from diabetic patients, 18 data points from nondiabetic patients) with glucose concentrations ranging from 3.0 to 22.5 mmol/L (54–405 mg/dL). The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.91. Reproducibility was measured for healthy fasting persons; the CV was 6% at 5.56 mmol/L (100 mg/dL). Conclusions: These data provide preliminary evidence that the MHC method can be used to estimate blood glucose concentrations noninvasively.

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