Temperature influence on tire/road noise measurements: recently collected data and discussion of various issues related to standard testing procedures

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. 1380-1395
Author(s):  
Erik Bühlmann ◽  
Felix Schlatter ◽  
Ulf Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Test Surface ◽  
Road Noise ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
Testing Standards ◽  
Special Studies

Air, road, and tire temperatures substantially affect tire/road noise emission. For measuring purposes, one would like to normalize measurements to a reference temperature by means of a reliable correction procedure. Current studies show that temperature effects remain an important source of uncertainty in tire/road noise measurements and tire testing, even after applying the correction terms provided in the various standards. This seems to be the case for the measurement methods used in OBSI, CPX, SPB, and various regulations or directives based on ECE R117. This paper examines a new dataset consisting of 7.5 million temperature measurements aimed at contributing to a better understanding of temperature effects and the ways they relate to air, road, and tire temperatures. It is assumed that tire temperatures are the most relevant for noise corrections; therefore, special studies are made for how tire temperatures relate to air and road (test surface) temperatures. A profound analysis is provided on how these relationships vary over different day times, seasons, and climatic regions. Based on this analysis, the authors provide suggestions for improvement of temperature normalization in current tire/road noise and tire testing standards. Special considerations are devoted to measurements on test tracks having ISO 10844 reference surfaces.

The effects of road surface and tyre deterioration on tyre/road noise emission

2013 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka-Yee Ho ◽  
Wing-Tat Hung ◽  
Chung-Fai Ng ◽  
Yat-Ken Lam ◽  
Randolph Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Surface ◽  
Road Noise ◽  
Noise Emission

scholarly journals Autoerythrocyte Sensitization A Form of Purpura Producing Painful Bruising Following Autosensitization to Red Blood Cells in Certain Women

Blood ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK H. GARDNER ◽  
LOUIS K. DIAMOND
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
Abnormal Tissue

Abstract Four patients with purpura who manifested an unusual response to bruising were studied. This response was characterized by the development of an area of painful ecchymosis at the site of trauma followed by progressive erythema and edema. This unusual tissue response was seen only in women. The various features of the cases suggested an autosensitization by the patients to their own blood. Special studies utilizing skin testing procedures indicated an abnormal tissue response of sensitivity to red blood cells. The factor responsible was present in the red cell stroma and was not associated with the hemoglobin. The clinical manifestations and possible therapy are discussed. This syndrome may represent another example of autosensitization such as has been speculated for lupus erythematosus, some forms of acquired hemolytic anemia and of thrombocytopenic purpura, and for an increasing number of disease states.

Effects of speed and road condition on annoyance caused by motorcycle noise emission

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. 5748-5753
Author(s):  
Omid Samani ◽  
Anna Martius ◽  
M. Ercan Altinsoy
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Vehicle Category ◽  
Road Condition ◽  
Noise Measurements

Recently much attention has been drawn to the noise emission of two-wheelers and motorcycles. Considering the high levels of noise pollution and annoyance caused by motorcycles, it is necessary to evaluate the contribution of their noise emission to the overall traffic noise. Furthermore, this emission must be included in traffic noise studies and noise maps. In order to have a clear understanding of the noise characteristics of this vehicle category, extensive studies are required. This paper aims to investigate the effects of speed and road condition on annoyance caused by motorcycle noise emission. For this purpose, noise measurements are carried out for various engine speeds, and road conditions. These stimuli are used later in a perceptual experiment to realize the effect of each parameter on the caused annoyance. Stimuli are reproduced in the laboratory where participants can determine their annoyance toward each stimulus. Finally, based on the outcome of the perceptual experiment and analysis of psychoacoustic parameters, a conclusion is drawn to clarify how annoyance and noise emission alter in response to the changes in speed and road condition.

Directivity of tire/road noise emission for selected tires and pavements

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Mioduszewski ◽  
Jerzy A. Ejsmont
Keyword(s):  
Road Noise ◽  
Noise Emission

Control of Steam Venting Noise in Power Plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Safety Valve ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Valve Operation ◽  
Effective Use

Steam venting to atmosphere from piping system pressures as high as 2500 psig, as may occur during safety valve and power relief valve operation or during initial steam piping clean up, is one of the most intense sources of noise emitted by fossil and nuclear power plants. This paper discusses characteristics of sonic and turbulent vent noise. Analytical methods to estimate vent noise intensity and frequency characteristics are presented for use where unsilenced noise measurements are not feasible. Design considerations in the effective use of silencers and acoustic lagging materials are discussed. Power plant noise measurements illustrating the severity of the noise emission and its control are presented.

scholarly journals Tensile Properties of 3D Printed Polymeric Pieces: Comparison of Several Testing Setups

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. e84467
Author(s):  
Andres E Romero ◽  
Marcelo T. Piovan ◽  
Carlos A. Mainetti ◽  
Darío Stechina ◽  
Sandra Mendoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Testing Standards ◽  
Precision Machines

This work aims to evaluate and compare variations of a methodology for performing tensile tests on thermoplastic specimens constructed by additive manufacturing technologies (AMT) with filament deposition modeling (FDM). The testing procedures of pieces made in FDM machines do not yet have any conclusive standards because 3D printing, as a disruptive and exponentially growing technology, has not allowed enough time to reach a definitive scientific consensus. Nowadays, testing standards for injected thermoplastic parts or laminated composites are employed as substitutes with careful implementation. A comparative study was carried out on the elasticity modulus, determined within the framework of the same standard but with different measuring devices and testing machines. These machines cover a broad range from professional automated high precision machines to lab and specialized machines. Sets of 3Dprinted specimens with identical manufacturing parameters were constructed in a commercial 3D printer. An analysis of variance was performed in order to evaluate the consistency and significance of experimental data for the same polymer, considering the machine type and its corresponding setup. From the experimental data, it is concluded that, with the due care, all evaluated testing setups can reach comparable results, especially in the absence of sophisticated and expensive measuring systems.

scholarly journals Effect of intensity and duration of anthropic noises on European mink locomotor activity and faecal cortisol metabolite levels

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Ortiz-Jiménez ◽  
Carlos Iglesias-Merchan ◽  
Alba Itzel Martínez-Salazar ◽  
Isabel Barja
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Road Noise ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
European Mink ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
Activity Duration

Abstract Human activities involving noise emission can affect wild animals. European mink was exposed to road noise and human voice playbacks to analyse how sound intensity level and duration of both noises altered the time that individuals were active and if their faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) levels varied. A Hierarchical Analysis Cluster was performed to established two mink groups with respect to both noise source type: short duration/low intensity (SL) and long duration/high intensity (LH). We performed General Linear Mixed Models to evaluate the variation in locomotor activity duration (s) and FCM (ng/g) levels, respectively. The results showed both road noise and human voices decreased locomotor activity duration in SL more sharply compared to LH, and human voices were the triggers that induced the most pronounced response to both exposure conditions. FCM levels increased in SL compared to LH during road noise while the opposite happened during human voices. Differences based on sex and age of individuals were observed. In conclusion, noise characteristics given by the sound type determined the variations in locomotor activity duration while noise exposure level determined the variations in FCM levels. Attention should be paid to noisy activities (e.g. recreational activities for visitors in protected natural areas) and loud groups of people to conserve wildlife, especially noise sensitive species.

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