Infectious disease burden in Gujarat (2005–2011): comparison of selected infectious disease rates with India

ABSTRACT Clinical surveillance of enteric pathogens like Salmonella is integral to track outbreaks and endemic disease trends. However, clinic-centered disease monitoring biases toward detection of severe cases and underestimates the incidence of self-limiting gastroenteritis and asymptomatic strains. Monitoring pathogen loads and diversity in municipal wastewater (MW) can provide insight into asymptomatic or subclinical infections which are not reflected in clinical cases. Subclinical infection patterns may explain the unusual observation from a year-long sampling campaign in Hawaii: Salmonella enterica serovar Derby was the most abundant pulsotype in MW but was detected infrequently in clinics over the sampling period. Using whole-genome sequencing data of Salmonella isolates from MW and public databases, we demonstrate that the Derby serovar has lower virulence potential than other clinical serovars, particularly based on its reduced profile of genes linked with immune evasion and symptom production, suggesting its potential as a subclinical salmonellosis agent. Furthermore, MW had high abundance of a rare Derby sequence type (ST), ST-72 (rather than the more common ST-40). ST-72 isolates had higher frequencies of fimbrial adherence genes than ST-40 isolates; these are key virulence factors involved in colonization and persistence of infections. However, ST-72 isolates lack the Derby-specific Salmonella pathogenicity island 23 (SPI-23), which invokes host immune responses. In combination, ST-72’s genetic features may lead to appreciable infection rates without obvious symptom production, allowing for subclinical persistence in the community. This study demonstrated wastewater’s capability to provide community infectious disease information—such as background infection rates of subclinical enteric illness—which is otherwise inaccessible through clinical approaches. IMPORTANCE Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been conventionally used to analyze community health via the detection of chemicals, such as legal and illicit drugs; however, municipal wastewater contains microbiological determinants of health and disease as well, including enteric pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that WBE can be used to examine subclinical community salmonellosis patterns. Derby was the most abundant Salmonella serovar detected in Hawaii wastewater over a year-long sampling study, with few corresponding clinical cases. Comparative genomics analyses indicate that the normally rare strain of S. Derby found in wastewater has a unique combination of genes which allow it to persist as a subclinical infection without producing symptoms of severe gastroenteritis. This study shows that WBE can be used to explore trends in community infectious disease patterns which may not be reflected in clinical monitoring, shedding light on overall enteric disease burden and rates of asymptomatic cases.

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Infectious Disease Prevalence, Not Race Exposure, Predicts Both Implicit and Explicit Racial Prejudice Across the United States

Social Psychological and Personality Science ◽

10.1177/1948550619862319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 345-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Brian A. O’Shea ◽

Derrick G. Watson ◽

Gordon D. A. Brown ◽

Corey L. Fincher

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

United States ◽

Black Americans ◽

State Level ◽

The United States ◽

Racial Prejudice ◽

White Americans ◽

Disease Rates ◽

Prejudicial Attitudes ◽

Implicit And Explicit

What factors increase racial prejudice? Across the United States, increased exposure to Black Americans has been hypothesized to increase White Americans’ prejudicial attitudes toward Black Americans. Here we test an alternative explanation: People living in regions with higher infectious disease rates have a greater tendency to avoid out-groups because such avoidance reduces their perceived likelihood of contracting illnesses. Consistent with this parasite-stress hypothesis, we show that both White and Black individuals ( N > 77,000) living in U.S. states in which disease rates are higher display increased implicit (automatic) and explicit (conscious) racial prejudice. These results survived the inclusion of several individual- and state-level controls previously used to explain variability in prejudice. Furthermore, showing disease-related primes to White individuals with strong germ aversion increased their explicit, but not implicit, anti-Black/pro-White prejudice. Domestic out-groups, not just foreigners, may therefore experience increased overt forms of prejudice when disease rates are high.

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Seventy-five years of estimating the force of infection from current status data

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268809990781 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 138 (6) ◽

pp. 802-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

N. HENS ◽

M. AERTS ◽

C. FAES ◽

Z. SHKEDY ◽

O. LEJEUNE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Parvovirus B19 ◽

Current Status Data ◽

Current Status ◽

Force Of Infection ◽

Status Data ◽

Notification Data ◽

Case Notification ◽

Key Parameter

SUMMARYThe force of infection, describing the rate at which a susceptible person acquires an infection, is a key parameter in models estimating the infectious disease burden, and the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of infectious disease prevention. Since Muench formulated the first catalytic model to estimate the force of infection from current status data in 1934, exactly 75 years ago, several authors addressed the estimation of this parameter by more advanced statistical methods, while applying these to seroprevalence and reported incidence/case notification data. In this paper we present an historical overview, discussing the relevance of Muench's work, and we explain the wide array of newer methods with illustrations on pre-vaccination serological survey data of two airborne infections: rubella and parvovirus B19. We also provide guidance on deciding which method(s) to apply to estimate the force of infection, given a particular set of data.

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PIN7 Estimate of Infectious Disease Burden Attributable to Climate Change

Value in Health ◽

10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.376 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. A666-A667

Author(s):

P. Pathak ◽

C. Rana

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Burden

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The winding road to health: A systematic scoping review on the effect of geographical accessibility to health care on infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0244921

Author(s):

Fleur Hierink ◽

Emelda A. Okiro ◽

Antoine Flahault ◽

Nicolas Ray

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Health Care ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Geographical Accessibility ◽

Physical Accessibility

Background Geographical accessibility to healthcare is an important component of infectious disease dynamics. Timely access to health facilities can prevent disease progression and enables disease notification through surveillance systems. The importance of accounting for physical accessibility in response to infectious diseases is increasingly recognized. Yet, there is no comprehensive review of the literature available on infectious diseases in relation to geographical accessibility to care. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the current state of knowledge on the effect of geographical accessibility to health care on infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Methods and findings A search strategy was developed and conducted on Web of Science and PubMed on 4 March 2019. New publications were checked until May 28, 2020. All publication dates were eligible. Data was charted into a tabular format and descriptive data analyses were carried out to identify geographical regions, infectious diseases, and measures of physical accessibility among other factors. Search queries in PubMed and Web of Science yielded 560 unique publications. After title and abstract screening 99 articles were read in full detail, from which 64 articles were selected, including 10 manually. Results of the included publications could be broadly categorized into three groups: (1) decreased spatial accessibility to health care was associated with a higher infectious disease burden, (2) decreased accessibility was associated to lower disease reporting, minimizing true understanding of disease distribution, and (3) the occurrence of an infectious disease outbreak negatively impacted health care accessibility in affected regions. In the majority of studies, poor geographical accessibility to health care was associated with higher disease incidence, more severe health outcomes, higher mortality, and lower disease reporting. No difference was seen between countries or infectious diseases. Conclusions Currently, policy-makers and scientists rely on data collected through passive surveillance systems, introducing uncertainty on disease estimates for remote communities. Our results highlight the need for increasing integration of geographical accessibility measures in disease risk modelling, allowing more realistic disease estimates and enhancing our understanding of true disease burden. Additionally, disease risk estimates could be used in turn to optimize the allocation of health services in the prevention and detection of infectious diseases.

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Changes And Future Challenges In The Disease Burden of Inpatients Living With HIV In China: A Predictive Study Based On Retrospective Cohort Data

10.21203/rs.3.rs-753064/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yong Shuai ◽

Jingmin Nie ◽

Yinqiu Huang ◽

Yaokai Chen

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Quality Of Life ◽

Infectious Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Age Groups ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Living With Hiv

Abstract Objective: In China, the widespread use of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) has significantly improved the prognosis and quality of life in people living with HIV(PLWH). However, some PLWH still got worse and were hospitalized for some reasons, including AIDS-Defining Diseases(AD, such as opportunistic infections and AIDS-related Malignancies), Non-AIDS-Defining Diseases (NAD, such as non-AIDS-defining Malignancies and metabolic syndrome). At present, the age and disease of inpatients living with HIV(ILWH) are undergoing some significant changes. For example, the average age of ILWH is gradually increasing, the proportions of ILWH with NAD in all age groups are increasing, and the proportion of ILWH suffering from multiple types of NAD is increasing, which will have a greater impact to both ILWH and infectious disease hospitals. We aim to predict the changes in ILWH in the next 10 years, analyze the impact of such changes on ILWH and infectious disease hospitals in China, and propose corresponding countermeasures.Methods: Based on the 12618 data of ILWH admitted to Chongqing Public Health Medical Center during 2010-2020, We have established a long- and short-term time-series network (LSTNet) deep learning framework based on the Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). By the framework, we have predicted the age, the proportion of AD and NAD , the proportion of multiple NADs, and the proportion of NAD occurrences in ILWH up to 2030 .Results: Our model showed that the average age of ILWH has risen from 43.8 years in 2010 to 57.6 years in 2030, and the increase in the age of women is greater than that of men. The number of ILWH in different age groups has changed significantly. Among them, the proportion of ILWH under 50 years old has gradually decreased, and the proportion of ILWH over 50 years old has gradually raised. By 2030, the proportion of ILWH over 50 years old will be close to 80%. The proportion of fatal opportunistic infections among ILWH has decreased year by year, and the most common diseases are tuberculosis-related diseases. The proportions of ILWH with only AD or NAD have gradually decreased, and the proportion of ILWH with both AD and NAD has increased year by year. It is estimated that the proportion of all ILWH with both AD and NAD will exceed 80% by 2030. Among all kinds of diseases in NAD, metabolic syndrome will have the highest rate of increase. By 2030, it will account for 16% in all ILWH. The proportion of hepatobiliary and pancreatic system diseases and blood system diseases in NAD will gradually decrease, while the proportion of metabolic syndrome, kidney disease, gastrointestinal disease, non-AIDS defining malignancies(NADM), bone disease and neurological diseases in NAD will gradually increase. The proportion of ILWH with NAD in all age groups will increase significantly after 10 years. Among them, the proportion of ILWH with NAD in 50-60 years old will be more than 80%, and among the ILWH under 30 years old, the proportion of ILWH suffering from NAD will increase to 69.6%. The proportion of ILWH without NAD or only 1 NAD will decrease, while the proportion of ILWH with 3 or more NAD will rise sharply. The proportion of ILWH with 1 type of NAD will drop to 12.6%, while the proportion of ILWH with 2 types of NAD, and the proportion of ILWH with 3 or more types of NAD will increase greatly.Conclusions: Significant changes have took place in the disease burden of ILWH in China, including the aging, the increase in the proportion of ILWH with NAD, and the increase in the proportion of ILWH with multiple types of NAD. These changes mean that in the next 10 years, the diagnosis, treatment and care of ILWH, as well as the development and construction of infectious disease hospitals will all face new challenges. This finding is based on a large number of long-term ILWH data in Chongqing, China, so we can consider that our research strategy can be promoted in China to improve the cure rate and quality of life in ILWH.

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Egypt's sanitation plan hinges on funding and strategy

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db239333 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Service Provision ◽

Food Industry ◽

Disease Burden ◽

School Attendance ◽

Content Type ◽

The Real Estate ◽

Sanitation Services ◽

Disease Rates ◽

The Social ◽

The Government

Subject Egypt's rual sanitation programme. Significance To meet the social equity and wellbeing goals of the January 25 Revolution and to protect the health of the population, the government has embarked on a new National Rural Sanitation Programme (NRSP) targeting the country's poorest governorates. To remedy the shortfalls of the existing system, the government aims both to increase the coverage of public sewerage networks and to improve the effectiveness of service provision. Impacts The provision of sanitation services will promote investment in the real estate and tourism sectors. Reducing water pollution will benefit fisheries and the food industry. The new sanitation system will reduce the total disease burden and lead to healthcare savings. Decreased disease rates will lead to more productive working days among beneficiaries with access to the new sanitation services. Better health outcomes will lead to higher school attendance.

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Analysis of research intensity on infectious disease by disease burden reveals which infectious diseases are neglected by researchers

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1814484116 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 116 (2) ◽

pp. 478-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Yuki Furuse

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Research Activity ◽

Country Level ◽

Life Years ◽

Considerable Morbidity ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽

Research Intensity

Infectious diseases are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although human, financial, substantial, and time resources are limited, it is unknown whether such resources are used effectively in research to manage diseases. The correlation between the disability-adjusted life years to represent disease burden and number of publications as a surrogate for research activity was investigated to measure burden-adjusted research intensity for 52 infectious diseases at global and country levels. There was significantly low research intensity for paratyphoid fever and high intensity for influenza, HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis considering their disease burden. We identified the infectious diseases that have received the most attention from researchers and those that have been relatively disregarded. Interestingly, not all so-called neglected tropical diseases were subject to low burden-adjusted research intensity. Analysis of the intensity of infectious disease research at a country level revealed characteristic patterns. These findings provided a basis for further discussion of the more appropriate allocation of resources for research into infectious diseases.

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Infectious Disease Rates in the U.S. Navy, 1980-1995

10.21236/ada381292 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

E. K. Gunderson ◽

C. Garland ◽

L. L. Hourani

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Rates ◽

The U.S

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Disease transmission and introgression can explain the long-lasting contact zone of modern humans and Neanderthals

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-019-12862-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gili Greenbaum ◽

Wayne M. Getz ◽

Noah A. Rosenberg ◽

Marcus W. Feldman ◽

Erella Hovers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Immune System ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Species Interaction ◽

Disease Dynamics ◽

Modern Humans ◽

Systems Models ◽

Species Boundary ◽

Infectious Disease Dynamics

Abstract Neanderthals and modern humans both occupied the Levant for tens of thousands of years prior to the spread of modern humans into the rest of Eurasia and their replacement of the Neanderthals. That the inter-species boundary remained geographically localized for so long is a puzzle, particularly in light of the rapidity of its subsequent movement. Here, we propose that infectious-disease dynamics can explain the localization and persistence of the inter-species boundary. We further propose, and support with dynamical-systems models, that introgression-based transmission of alleles related to the immune system would have gradually diminished this barrier to pervasive inter-species interaction, leading to the eventual release of the inter-species boundary from its geographic localization. Asymmetries between the species in the characteristics of their associated ‘pathogen packages’ could have generated feedback that allowed modern humans to overcome disease burden earlier than Neanderthals, giving them an advantage in their subsequent spread into Eurasia.

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