Faculty Opinions recommendation of Erect leaves caused by brassinosteroid deficiency increase biomass production and grain yield in rice.

SUMMARYTen leading varieties of winter wheat released during 1950–2009 in North China were tested in a free-air temperature increase (FATI) facility. The FATI facility mimicked the local air temperature pattern well, with an increase of 1·1 °C in the daily mean temperature. For all the tested varieties, warming caused a significant reduction in the total length of wheat growth period by 5 days and especially in the pre-anthesis period, where it was reduced by 9 days. However, warming increased wheat biomass production and grain yield by 8·4 and 11·4%, respectively, on an average of all the tested varieties. There was no significant difference in the warming-led reduction in the entire growth period among the tested varieties. Interestingly, the warming-led increments in biomass production and grain yield increased along with the variety release year. Significantly higher warming-led increases in post-anthesis biomass production and 1000-grain weight were found in the new varieties compared to the old ones. Meanwhile, a significant improvement in plant productivity was noted due to wheat breeding during the past six decades, while no significant difference in the length of entire growth period was found among the varieties released in different eras. The results demonstrate that historical wheat breeding might have enhanced winter wheat productivity and adaptability through exploiting the positive effects rather than mitigating the negative impacts of warming on wheat growth in North China.

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Effects of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation on Yield and Fertilizer Requirement of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Bangladesh

The Agriculturists ◽

10.3329/agric.v14i1.29096 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 01-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M A Mojid ◽

G C L Wyseure ◽

S K Biswas

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Crop Production ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Biomass Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Fertilizer Requirement ◽

Raw Wastewater

Due to increasing scarcity of fresh water, use of unconventional water source (e.g., wastewater) in irrigation has now become important. However, inclusive information on the effects of wastewater on crop production and soil health is necessary for such intervention. This study was designed to evaluate these effects by demonstrating the contribution of municipal wastewater (hereafter called wastewater) on yield and nutrient requirement of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) cv Shatabdi. Five irrigation treatments - I1, I2, I3, I4 and I5 were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during November-March of 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010 at the experimental field of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The treatments I2-I5 consisted of blended wastewater and I1 of fresh water (control). The ratio of wastewater to total irrigation water was 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 in I2, I3, I4 and I5, respectively. Wheat was cultivated with three irrigations and recommended doses of fertilizer in three consecutive years. Wastewater contained nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) @ 17.5, 3.7 and 10.3 mg/L, respectively, and irrigation by raw wastewater (I5) contributed 19.1, 15.1 and 21.7% of the recommended N, P and K, respectively. Biomass yield increased with increasing fraction of wastewater in irrigation. Grain yield increased for the wastewater fraction of 0.50 - 0.75 in irrigation but decreased when irrigation was applied by raw wastewater. Excess fertilizer (under I5) boosted up growth of wheat, but did not contribute to the grain yield. Number of grains per spike; and grain, straw and biological yields significantly (p = 0.05) increased due to the contribution of wastewater. Wastewater significantly improved grain and biomass production, with the largest value obtained in I4 (4.61 t/ha grain yield and 11.36 t/ha biomass yield). Raw wastewater in combination with recommended fertilizer doses caused over-fertilization that contributed only in biomass production but not in grain production of wheat and irrigation by wastewater substantially reduced fertilizer requirement of wheat.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(1) 01-14

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Seeding Density and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Agronomic Responses of Some Hybrid Barley Lines in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11101942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1942

Author(s):

Giovanni Preiti ◽

Antonio Calvi ◽

Maurizio Romeo ◽

Giuseppe Badagliacca ◽

Monica Bacchi

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Biogas Production ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Seeding Density ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Grain Production ◽

Mediterranean Environment ◽

Seeding Rate

Over two cropping seasons, 2017/18 and 2018/19, an experimental trial was conducted in a typical cereal-growing environment of the Calabrian hills (southern Italy) to study seeding rate (D) and nitrogen fertilization (N) effects on two barley F1 hybrids (Zoo and Jallon) compared to those of a traditional variety (Lutece), assessing the bio-agronomic response. Barley hybrids, gradually introduced into the principal European countries starting in 2010 as winter forage, currently represent a significant part of the EU internal market. Productive performance was evaluated as grain yield for feed and total biomass for silage and/or biogas production. Research results pointed out the greater performance of barley hybrids compared to conventional varieties in terms of both grain and biomass production. On average, barley hybrids vigour mainly manifested itself through a high tillering and a greater number of ears m−2 compared to those of the conventional variety (+24 and +23%, respectively). Furthermore, barley hybrids were characterized by a greater 1000-kernel weight and hectolitre weight than those of the Lutece variety (conventional variety). A significant increase in grain production was observed, increasing density from D150 to D225 rates (+35% and +33%, respectively) which was followed by a decrease in production shifting from D225 to D300 doses. A significant increase in biomass production was as well highlighted for the two hybrids, shifting from D150 to D225 rates (+26% and +27%, respectively). The applied nitrogen dose highlighted a different behaviour between the hybrids and the conventional variety; in particular, the lowest nitrogen dose (N80) negatively influenced the Lutece variety both in terms of grain and biomass production (−9% and −16%, respectively) while the hybrids showed the best agronomic response even at the lowest dose. On average, with the N80 dose, grain yield of Zoo and Jallon was greater than 20% and 16%, while with the N120 dose grain yield was 9% and 7%, respectively. A similar behaviour was found for biomass yield. It should therefore be emphasized that barley hybrids possess high yielding capacities and that such higher grain production can be achieved in a Mediterranean environment by using a lower seed rate (approximately −25%) and a reduced nitrogen dose (approximately −33%) compared with those commonly applied to conventional varieties.

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Role of salicylic acid as foliar spray on hydride rice (BRRI Hybrid dhan3) cultivation in Bangladesh

Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries ◽

10.3329/ralf.v4i3.35092 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 157-164

Author(s):

Mohammad Issak ◽

Most Moslama Khatun ◽

Amena Sultana

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Block Design ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Matter Production

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) as foliar spray on yield and yield contributing characters of BRRI Hybrid dhan3.The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatment combinations as, T1: 0 μM SA, T2: 200 μM SA, T3: 400 μM SA, T4: 600 μM SA, T5: 800 μM SA and T6: 1000 μM SA. The results revealed that biomass production, dry matter production and yield and yield contributing characters were significantly increased due to the foliar application of SA. At the maximum tillering (MT) stage, the highest biomass production (15.0 t/ha) and dry matter production was observed in T3 treatment. Treatments T4, T5 and T6 showed significant variation on the effective tillers/hill. The maximum effective tillers/hill were found in the treatment T6. The percentages of spikelet sterility were decreased with increasing the level of SA and the percentage of filled grains/panicle were increased with increasing level of SA. The insect infestation was reduced with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM. The maximum grain yield (9.21 t/ha) and straw yield (9.22 t/ha) was found in the treatment T6 which was identical to T5. On the other hand, in all cases the lowest results were found in the control treatment. The result showed that grain yield of rice increased with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM (T6 treatment). Our results suggest that foliar spray of SA might be applied to increase the yield of hybrid rice in Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.4(3): 157-164, December 2017

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Field evaluation of early vigour for genetic improvement of grain yield in wheat

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar02007 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 53 (10) ◽

pp. 1137 ◽

Cited By ~ 95

Author(s):

T. L. Botwright ◽

A. G. Condon ◽

G. J. Rebetzke ◽

R. A. Richards

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Field Evaluation ◽

Field Trials ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Seeding Density ◽

Recurrent Parent ◽

Early Vigour

Improved early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been proposed as an important trait for increasing grain yield through greater water-use efficiency in rainfed, Mediterranean-type environments. Three years of field trials were undertaken in Western Australia at 2 sites, Merredin (low rainfall, 244 mm in the growing season) and Wongan Hills (medium rainfall, 308 mm), to examine the influence of increased early vigour on crop growth and yield. The effect of breeding for greater early vigour was tested in 1998 and 1999 using 3 high vigour and 3 low vigour BC2:F5 lines of the cultivar Amery backcrossed to a 'high vigour' donor. Averaged across environments, the high vigour backcross lines had a 10% increase in early vigour (i.e. leaf area/plant) at 50 DAS compared with the low vigour lines. Differences in yield across environments were associated with variation in total rainfall, rainfall distribution, and soil properties. In the wetter of the 2 years (1999), greater early vigour translated to increased yield of c. 12%, averaged across environments, but there was no difference in yield in either environment in the drier year (1998). Potential deleterious effects of the recurrent parent on yield were eliminated in field trials in 1999 and 2000 by manipulating early vigour through varying grain size (25, 35, or 50 mg) or seeding density (50, 200, or 400 plants/m2) of Amery at sowing. Large grain increased the embryo size and early vigour at 50 DAS in both environments in 1999. This translated to greater biomass production at anthesis and maturity to increase grain yield at Wongan Hills in 1999. In contrast, there was no relationship between grain size, biomass production, and yield at Merredin in 1999 or at either site in 2000. Sowing density treatments also had no effect on yield in 2000. In conclusion, there is potential to increase yield of wheat by selecting for greater early vigour in a wheat breeding program. The expression of vigour in field conditions and the translation of this improvement to higher yields is, however, dependent on the environment. Current yield limitations arising through backcrossing with a high vigour, yet poor yielding donor, need to be addressed.

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Early generation selection in wheat. I. Yield potential

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9891117 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 1117 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

KJ Quail ◽

RA Fischer ◽

JT Wood

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Traits ◽

Genotypic Variation ◽

Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Leaf Angle ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Spike Number ◽

Erect Leaves

F3 single plant traits were tested as possible selection criteria for increasing yield potential. F3 plants were grown spaced in a glasshouse, while yield was measured in southern New South Wales under irrigation and optimum management. Thc population studied comprised 220 F1-derived lines taken at random from a multiple convergent cross amongst 16 parents representing elite CTMMYT germplasm of the mid 1970s but containing diversity for major dwarfing genes, maturity, leaf angle and other traits. More than 50 traits were determined, comprising numerical components of yield, size and morphology, partitioning ratios, development rates and physiological activities. All F3 traits showed significant genotypic variation which was usually greater for progeny lines than for parents although only occasionally significantly so. Broad sense heritability was generally moderate to high.F3 lines were advanced by single seed descent for replicated F7 and F8 yield experiments, two in each of 1982 and 1983. In each experiment 60-68 progeny lines chosen at random were tested; 44 lines were common to all experiments. Plot size was 8 rows X 5 m, and edge rows and plot ends were discarded. Yield levels were high (mean yield 5.9 t h a 1 at 10Yo moisture) and largely free of interference from lodging and disease. The progeny main effect on grain yield was highly significant, but no progeny line significantly outyielded the best parent. Best correlations with progeny grain yield were given by F3 plant height (r= -0.31 to -0.50 across experiments), F3 kernel weight (r= -0.03 to -0.44), F3 harvest index (r = 0.18 to 0.5 l), F3 leaf angle (r = -0.13 to -0.40, erect leaves favouring high yicld) and F3 spike number (r=0.08 to 0.40). Retrospective selection in F3 using these traits singly at a selection intensity of 25% gave increases in population mean yield (0 to + 12%) and in the proportion of high yielding lines (doubled in some cases), but only selection in F3 for reduced stature is considered worthwhile for advancing yield potential. It is suggested that the ineffectiveness of F3 selection is largely due to genotype by environment interaction, along with the complex multigenic nature of grain yicld.

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Association of biomass production and canopy spectral reflectance indices in winter wheat

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps08137 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 485-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. Prasad ◽

M. A. Babar ◽

B. F. Carver ◽

W. R. Raun ◽

A. R. Klatt

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Content ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Spectral Reflectance ◽

Water Based ◽

Canopy Spectral Reflectance ◽

Reflectance Indices ◽

Canopy Water ◽

Spectral Reflectance Indices

Increased biomass production could be an important criterion for future grain yield improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Quick assessment of genetic variations for biomass production may become a useful tool for wheat breeders. The potential of using canopy spectral reflectance indices (SRI) to assess genetic variation for biomass production in winter wheat was evaluated. Three experiments were conducted for 2 yr (2003-2004 and 2004-2005) at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. The first experiment consisted of 25 winter wheat cultivars, and the other two experiments contained two sets of 25 F4:6 and F4:7 recombinant inbred lines from two crosses developed by breeding programs in the great plains of the United States of America. Three groups of SRI (vegetation-based, pigment-based, and water-based) were tested for their ability to assess biomass production at three growth stages (booting, heading, and grainfilling). The water index and the normalized water indices gave stronger genetic correlations (P < 0.01) and linear relationship for biomass production compared with the vegetation-based and pigment-based indices. The strong association of water-based indices with biomass was related to the canopy water content of the genotypes. Canopy water content was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with biomass production. A strong positive association (P < 0.05) of grain yield and dry biomass was observed at the heading and grainfilling stages. Our study demonstrated the potential of using water-based SRI as a breeding tool to estimate genetic variability and identify genotypes with higher biomass production, and could eventually help to achieve higher grain yield in winter wheat. Key words: Wheat; biomass; grain yield; spectral reflectance index

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Yield Response of Cowpea to Phosphorus Fertilizer Application

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i230475 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 125-135

Author(s):

Alhassan Bawa

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Phosphorus Deficiency ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Yield Response ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Production Plant ◽

Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Cowpea Varieties

Phosphorus fertilizer application plays a major role in nodulation and grain yield production of cowpea. However, phosphorus is a major limiting nutrient in soils in Ghana. Selection of cowpea varieties that produce good biomass and grain yield under low soil phosphorus or those with high phosphorus response efficiency could be a cost-effective approach in solving the phosphorus deficiency problem in Ghana. This study was therefore conducted to determine the appropriate levels of phosphorus fertilizer application for improved nodulation and grain yield of four cowpea varieties. Two-season experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on growth, nodulation, biomass and grain yield in cowpea. Each of the two experiments comprised of 16 treatment combinations of 4 cowpea varieties and 4 levels of P2O5 application laid out in 4×4 factorial experiments in RCBD with three replications. The cowpea varieties were IT × P 148, Valenga, Bengkpla and DPC. The levels of P were 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha−1. The study revealed that varieties DPC and Valenga performed relatively better with respect to grain yield, shoot and root dry biomass production, nodulation, nodule dry biomass production, plant height, number of branches produced and number of days to 50% flowering across all levels of phosphorus fertilizer application. The study further established that P level of 60 kgha−1 also produced significantly higher quantities of yield and vegetative parameters such as grain yield, 100-grain weight, number of pods and branches, shoot and root dry biomass, nodulation and nodule dry biomass, as compared to P levels of 0 kgha−1, 20 kgha−1 and 40 kgha−1. Phosphorus fertilizer application level of 60 kgha−1 should be used for increased grain and biomass yield. For the purpose of producing grains for human consumption and leguminous fodder crops for feeding livestock, it is recommended that varieties DPC and Valenga should be cultivated for increased yield.

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